7.該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為“A method may replace the LD50.”“using a fixed amount ”和“which gives the same eventual information but uses fewer animals and does not require that they die”分別是分詞短語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)從句做method的定語(yǔ)。
本句譯文：“另一種方法是使用固定量的有毒物質(zhì)，能夠給出同樣的最終信息，但使用較少的動(dòng)物并且不需要它們死亡，這個(gè)方法可以代替LD50.”
8.此句中that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾techniques；因?yàn)閺木溥^(guò)長(zhǎng)，所以放到了主句謂語(yǔ)are now available 之后。這是由于修辭需要而引起的倒裝。
本句譯文：“現(xiàn)在已有很多別的新技術(shù)，使更多的研究能在試管里進(jìn)行，以便發(fā)現(xiàn)化學(xué)藥品是否產(chǎn)生有毒的生物效果?！?BR> The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years. This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need to be used ——healthier animals provide better experimental results. ⑨For example， it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine， now it takes only 22. Also， lack of money has reduced the number of animals used - they are expensive to buy and expensive to keep.
9.句中“that”引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句修飾the fact； fewer 之后省略了experiments .其中due to 表示“由于…”的意思。
本句譯文：“這部分地是由于采用了替代的方法，部分地是由于實(shí)驗(yàn)比以前設(shè)計(jì)得更好，所以需要的動(dòng)物就少了。”
Birmingham University now has Britain‘s first department of Biomedical Ethics. Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible. Animals spend 95% of their time in their cages and refinement also means making their lives better when not undergoing tests. This includes keeping them in more suitable cages， allowing social animals like dogs to live together and trying to reduce the boredom that these animals can experience.
In Professor Morton‘s laboratory， rabbits live together in large runs， filled with deep litter and boxes that they can hide in. The researchers have also refined some experiments. In the US， one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat’s leg， leaving its leg paralysed. ⑩In Morton‘s lab， the researcher cuts a small nerve in the foot. He can see if it can regrow and the rat can still run around its cage.
10.句中 leaving its leg paralysed 是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作 cutting 的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，其中paralysed是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
本句譯文：“在美國(guó)，進(jìn)行一次神經(jīng)再生實(shí)驗(yàn)要在老鼠腿上切掉一大段神經(jīng)，結(jié)果就把它的腿弄癱瘓了。
Even with these new developments in research， only a tiny proportion of all tests are done without using animals at some stage. The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately if medical research is to continue and consumer products are to be properly tested， and Professor Blakemore believes that sometimes there are no alternatives：
Wherever possible， for both ethical and scientific reasons， we do not use animals. ⑾But cells live in animals and we can only really see how they behave when they are inside animals. We cannot possibly reproduce in a test tube or a computer model all the complex reactions of the body to a drug or a disease.⑿ When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body， or diseases of the brain for example， we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals.⒀
11.句中Wherever possible，的完整表達(dá)為Wherever it is possible，意為“不管在哪里，只要有可能”。
例如：Whenever possible， he would practice speaking English.
不管什么時(shí)候，只要有可能他就練習(xí)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。
本句譯文：“只要可能，為了道德的和科學(xué)的兩種理由，我們不使用動(dòng)物?！?BR> 12.句中all the complex reactions of the body to a drug or a disease是reproduce的賓語(yǔ)，因?yàn)檫^(guò)長(zhǎng)所以放到狀語(yǔ)in a test tube or a computer model.后面。
本句譯文：“我們不可能在試管里或用計(jì)算機(jī)模型模擬出身體對(duì)藥物或疾病的全部復(fù)雜反應(yīng)?！?BR> 13.句中heart disease and its effect on the body 和disease of the brain 做research into 的并列賓語(yǔ)?！癴or example”是針對(duì)由when 引導(dǎo)的整個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句而言，因此譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)放到句首。
本句譯文：“例如當(dāng)研究心臟病和它對(duì)身體的影響時(shí)，或者當(dāng)研究大腦疾病時(shí)，我們沒(méi)有充分的代用品來(lái)代替動(dòng)物?！?BR> As research techniques become more advanced， the number of animals used in experiments may decrease， but stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away. ⒁
14.這是一個(gè)由but并列的兩個(gè)分句。前一句中，as引導(dǎo)的從句作伴隨時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，后半句中stopping testing on animals altogether 是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，注意stop后面的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法。（stop doing sth / stop to do sth）
本句譯文：“隨著研究技術(shù)的日益先進(jìn)，用于實(shí)驗(yàn)的動(dòng)物的數(shù)量可能會(huì)減少，但距離徹底停止使用動(dòng)物還很遙遠(yuǎn)?！?BR> Text B Let‘s Stop Keeping Pets
New Words
1.pet n. 寵物，愛(ài)畜
a. 寵愛(ài)的，表示親昵的
2.delightful a. 令人高興的；討人喜歡的
3.humanity n. 1.人性，博愛(ài)，仁慈；2.人類
4.negative a.1.否定的，否認(rèn)的；2.反面的，消極的；3.[數(shù)]負(fù)的，[電]陰性的
n. 1.負(fù)片，底片；2.負(fù)數(shù)
本句譯文：“另一種方法是使用固定量的有毒物質(zhì)，能夠給出同樣的最終信息，但使用較少的動(dòng)物并且不需要它們死亡，這個(gè)方法可以代替LD50.”
8.此句中that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾techniques；因?yàn)閺木溥^(guò)長(zhǎng)，所以放到了主句謂語(yǔ)are now available 之后。這是由于修辭需要而引起的倒裝。
本句譯文：“現(xiàn)在已有很多別的新技術(shù)，使更多的研究能在試管里進(jìn)行，以便發(fā)現(xiàn)化學(xué)藥品是否產(chǎn)生有毒的生物效果?！?BR> The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years. This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need to be used ——healthier animals provide better experimental results. ⑨For example， it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine， now it takes only 22. Also， lack of money has reduced the number of animals used - they are expensive to buy and expensive to keep.
9.句中“that”引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句修飾the fact； fewer 之后省略了experiments .其中due to 表示“由于…”的意思。
本句譯文：“這部分地是由于采用了替代的方法，部分地是由于實(shí)驗(yàn)比以前設(shè)計(jì)得更好，所以需要的動(dòng)物就少了。”
Birmingham University now has Britain‘s first department of Biomedical Ethics. Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible. Animals spend 95% of their time in their cages and refinement also means making their lives better when not undergoing tests. This includes keeping them in more suitable cages， allowing social animals like dogs to live together and trying to reduce the boredom that these animals can experience.
In Professor Morton‘s laboratory， rabbits live together in large runs， filled with deep litter and boxes that they can hide in. The researchers have also refined some experiments. In the US， one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat’s leg， leaving its leg paralysed. ⑩In Morton‘s lab， the researcher cuts a small nerve in the foot. He can see if it can regrow and the rat can still run around its cage.
10.句中 leaving its leg paralysed 是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作 cutting 的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，其中paralysed是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
本句譯文：“在美國(guó)，進(jìn)行一次神經(jīng)再生實(shí)驗(yàn)要在老鼠腿上切掉一大段神經(jīng)，結(jié)果就把它的腿弄癱瘓了。
Even with these new developments in research， only a tiny proportion of all tests are done without using animals at some stage. The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately if medical research is to continue and consumer products are to be properly tested， and Professor Blakemore believes that sometimes there are no alternatives：
Wherever possible， for both ethical and scientific reasons， we do not use animals. ⑾But cells live in animals and we can only really see how they behave when they are inside animals. We cannot possibly reproduce in a test tube or a computer model all the complex reactions of the body to a drug or a disease.⑿ When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body， or diseases of the brain for example， we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals.⒀
11.句中Wherever possible，的完整表達(dá)為Wherever it is possible，意為“不管在哪里，只要有可能”。
例如：Whenever possible， he would practice speaking English.
不管什么時(shí)候，只要有可能他就練習(xí)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。
本句譯文：“只要可能，為了道德的和科學(xué)的兩種理由，我們不使用動(dòng)物?！?BR> 12.句中all the complex reactions of the body to a drug or a disease是reproduce的賓語(yǔ)，因?yàn)檫^(guò)長(zhǎng)所以放到狀語(yǔ)in a test tube or a computer model.后面。
本句譯文：“我們不可能在試管里或用計(jì)算機(jī)模型模擬出身體對(duì)藥物或疾病的全部復(fù)雜反應(yīng)?！?BR> 13.句中heart disease and its effect on the body 和disease of the brain 做research into 的并列賓語(yǔ)?！癴or example”是針對(duì)由when 引導(dǎo)的整個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句而言，因此譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)放到句首。
本句譯文：“例如當(dāng)研究心臟病和它對(duì)身體的影響時(shí)，或者當(dāng)研究大腦疾病時(shí)，我們沒(méi)有充分的代用品來(lái)代替動(dòng)物?！?BR> As research techniques become more advanced， the number of animals used in experiments may decrease， but stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away. ⒁
14.這是一個(gè)由but并列的兩個(gè)分句。前一句中，as引導(dǎo)的從句作伴隨時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，后半句中stopping testing on animals altogether 是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，注意stop后面的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法。（stop doing sth / stop to do sth）
本句譯文：“隨著研究技術(shù)的日益先進(jìn)，用于實(shí)驗(yàn)的動(dòng)物的數(shù)量可能會(huì)減少，但距離徹底停止使用動(dòng)物還很遙遠(yuǎn)?！?BR> Text B Let‘s Stop Keeping Pets
New Words
1.pet n. 寵物，愛(ài)畜
a. 寵愛(ài)的，表示親昵的
2.delightful a. 令人高興的；討人喜歡的
3.humanity n. 1.人性，博愛(ài)，仁慈；2.人類
4.negative a.1.否定的，否認(rèn)的；2.反面的，消極的；3.[數(shù)]負(fù)的，[電]陰性的
n. 1.負(fù)片，底片；2.負(fù)數(shù)