8.Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person.
vary … from …。 to …
全句大意：人與人的情緒反應(yīng)差異很大。
Physical distractors are always present and rarely understood
Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.⑼ Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.⑽ One research report has shown that comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. However， rate of reading was not affected ， so that many students were not aware that they were affected by the background distractor. Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distracting conditions. Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output. Still， the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students.
9.Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.
本句中much more … than … 結(jié)構(gòu)表示“遠比…要…得多”，
…。how we feel and react 是介詞to 的賓語從句
全句大意：環(huán)境對于我們?nèi)绾胃杏X和反應(yīng)的重要性比我們所想的要大得多。
10.Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.
此句是倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu)，正常語序為：This is particularly true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.
全句大意為：物理性干擾對需要動腦筋完成的作業(yè)的影響尤其如此。
ROUTINE AND REASONING TASKS ARE AFFECTED DIFFERENTLY BY DISTARCTORS
Many routine tasks can be performed with distraction in the background with little or no adverse effect on output. Most students have found this fact to be true from their own experience. They may have had high school homework which was drill or merely copying assignments. It was possible to do such work with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background. In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work - routine or problem- solving -in the same manner.⑾ The evidence indicates the contrary conclusion.
11.In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work——routine or problem-solving ——in the same manner.
In time 最后，在不定的時間內(nèi)，最終
feel certain 相當于feel sure，意為“感到肯定”
本句中that引導賓語從句，
最后（終于）這些學生開始確信，他們能用同樣的方式完成作業(yè)，無論是常規(guī)性的還是解決問題性的。
EXCEPTIONS MAY MISLEAD YOU
Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin， friend， or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station.”⑿ And he makes “all A‘s” too！ There is evidence， of course. That motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention. ⒀Either of these factors could account for some individuals being able to do well using inefficient methods. ⒁The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner. ⒂Your chances of success are higher if you avoid the distractors which are known to hinder the typical student.
12.Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin， friend， or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station”。
that 引導同位語從句，修飾the argument
典型的情況是，當要求學生們拿出關(guān)于干擾物的證據(jù)時，他們提出自己的表兄弟、朋友或同學能在紐約的“中央火車站”學習。
13.There is evidence， of course， that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention.
Play an important role in …。在… 起到一個重要作用。
當然，有證據(jù)表明，學習動機在克服干擾的影響方面起作用，并且每個人的注意力廣度相差很大
14.Either of these factors could account for some individuals being able to do well using inefficient methods.
account for ： 解釋…的原因，
這兩種因素中哪一種都能解釋某些人用效率不高的方法都能學得很好。
15.The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner.
第一個 that 引導同位語從句， 第二個that 是動名詞assuming 的賓語從句
justify 意為 “證明…”，它的賓語是動名詞assuming，
物主代詞your 是動名詞assuming的邏輯主語。
譯文：一些特殊的人在不利條件下能學得好，這一事實絕不能證明，你有理由認為自己在同樣的條件下也是特殊的。
vary … from …。 to …
全句大意：人與人的情緒反應(yīng)差異很大。
Physical distractors are always present and rarely understood
Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.⑼ Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.⑽ One research report has shown that comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. However， rate of reading was not affected ， so that many students were not aware that they were affected by the background distractor. Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distracting conditions. Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output. Still， the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students.
9.Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.
本句中much more … than … 結(jié)構(gòu)表示“遠比…要…得多”，
…。how we feel and react 是介詞to 的賓語從句
全句大意：環(huán)境對于我們?nèi)绾胃杏X和反應(yīng)的重要性比我們所想的要大得多。
10.Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.
此句是倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu)，正常語序為：This is particularly true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.
全句大意為：物理性干擾對需要動腦筋完成的作業(yè)的影響尤其如此。
ROUTINE AND REASONING TASKS ARE AFFECTED DIFFERENTLY BY DISTARCTORS
Many routine tasks can be performed with distraction in the background with little or no adverse effect on output. Most students have found this fact to be true from their own experience. They may have had high school homework which was drill or merely copying assignments. It was possible to do such work with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background. In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work - routine or problem- solving -in the same manner.⑾ The evidence indicates the contrary conclusion.
11.In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work——routine or problem-solving ——in the same manner.
In time 最后，在不定的時間內(nèi)，最終
feel certain 相當于feel sure，意為“感到肯定”
本句中that引導賓語從句，
最后（終于）這些學生開始確信，他們能用同樣的方式完成作業(yè)，無論是常規(guī)性的還是解決問題性的。
EXCEPTIONS MAY MISLEAD YOU
Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin， friend， or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station.”⑿ And he makes “all A‘s” too！ There is evidence， of course. That motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention. ⒀Either of these factors could account for some individuals being able to do well using inefficient methods. ⒁The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner. ⒂Your chances of success are higher if you avoid the distractors which are known to hinder the typical student.
12.Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin， friend， or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station”。
that 引導同位語從句，修飾the argument
典型的情況是，當要求學生們拿出關(guān)于干擾物的證據(jù)時，他們提出自己的表兄弟、朋友或同學能在紐約的“中央火車站”學習。
13.There is evidence， of course， that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention.
Play an important role in …。在… 起到一個重要作用。
當然，有證據(jù)表明，學習動機在克服干擾的影響方面起作用，并且每個人的注意力廣度相差很大
14.Either of these factors could account for some individuals being able to do well using inefficient methods.
account for ： 解釋…的原因，
這兩種因素中哪一種都能解釋某些人用效率不高的方法都能學得很好。
15.The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner.
第一個 that 引導同位語從句， 第二個that 是動名詞assuming 的賓語從句
justify 意為 “證明…”，它的賓語是動名詞assuming，
物主代詞your 是動名詞assuming的邏輯主語。
譯文：一些特殊的人在不利條件下能學得好，這一事實絕不能證明，你有理由認為自己在同樣的條件下也是特殊的。