5.The system of elections makes it easy for the major parties to maintain their dominant position， because they are likely to win more than their share of the offices. （para.4）
句中 it 是形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式to maintain their dominant position 是實(shí)際賓語(yǔ)，the major parties是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
“這種選舉制度使大黨容易保持優(yōu)勢(shì)地位，因?yàn)樗麄冓A得的席位有可能多于應(yīng)得到的席位?！?BR> One of the great consequences of the system is that it produces majorities automatically. Because there are only two competitors in the running， it is almost inevitable that one will receive a majority. Moreover， he system tends slightly to exaggerate the victory of the winning party. This is not always true， but the strong tendency to produce majorities is built into the system.
In over 200 years of constitutional history， Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other.⑥ At he level of presidential elections， the party in power has been overturned by the party out of power nineteen times， almost once a decade. In the election of 1860， the political system broke down， and the Civil War， the worst disaster in American history， resulted. Our history justifies our confidence in the system but also shows that it is not foolproof.
6.In over 200 years of constitutional history， Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. （para.6）
句中的in which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the way.
其中，the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other 是make 的賓語(yǔ)，possible 是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)；因賓語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，所以后置。to make … possible 使…成為可能
e.g. His financial support made our trips possible. 他在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的支持使我們的出行成為可能。
Modern technology makes possible human‘s visits to the outer space. 現(xiàn)代科技使人類訪問外層空間成為可能。
The second major party is able to survive a defeat because the statistical tendency that exaggerates the victory of the winning party operates even more strongly in favor of the second party against the third， fourth， and fifth parties.⑦ As a result， the defeated major party is able to maintain a monopoly of the opposition. The advantage of the second party over the third is so great it is the only party that is likely to be able to overturn the party in power.⑧ It is able， there fore， to attract the support of everyone seriously opposed to the party in power. ⑨The second party is important as long as it can monopolize the movement to overthrow the party in power， because it is certain to come into power sooner or later.
7.The second major party is able to survive a defeat because the statistical tendency that exaggerates the victory of the winning party operates even more strongly in favor of the second party against the third， forth， and fifth parties.（para.7）
句子的主干是：主句＋because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，原因狀語(yǔ)從句中有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，由that引導(dǎo)，修飾the statistical tendency
8.The advantage of the second party over the third is so great that it is the only party that is likely to be able to overturn the party in power. （para.7）
英語(yǔ)中表示“比… 有優(yōu)勢(shì)”可用“advantage over …?！?BR> e.g. We have one advantage over our rivals： our player are taller. 我們比對(duì)方勝過(guò)一籌，我們的隊(duì)員個(gè)子比較高。
9.It is able， therefore， to attract the support of everyone seriously opposed to the party
in power.（para.7）
to oppose to the party in power 反對(duì)執(zhí)政黨
Another consequence of the two-party system is that whereas minor parties are likely to identify themselves with special interests or special programs and thus take extreme positions， the major parties are so large that they tend to be moderate.⑩ Evidence of the moderation of the major parties is that much business is conducted across party lines. What happens when the Democrats control one house of Congress and the Republicans control the other？ About the same volume of legislation is passed as when one party controls both houses， although some important legislation is likely to be blocked temporarily. It is possible to carry on the work of the government even when party control is divided because party differences are not fundamental.
10.Another consequence of the two-party system is that whereas minor parties are likely to identify themselves with special interests or special programs and thus take extreme positions， the major parties are so large that they tend to be moderate.
本句的主干為“主句+ that 引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句”，表語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)，是由whereas引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)并列句。本句意思是：“兩黨制的另一個(gè)結(jié)果是小黨很可能認(rèn)同某種特殊利益或特殊計(jì)劃而采取極端立場(chǎng)，而大黨則因?yàn)槿绱她嫶螅詢A向于中庸之道。”
語(yǔ)法 練習(xí)
補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)法知識(shí)：動(dòng)名詞的用法
動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于名詞，在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)
一、作主語(yǔ)
Forgetting the past means betrayal.
There is no joking about such matters.
It is no use waiting here.
二、作賓語(yǔ)
1.作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)：一些及物動(dòng)詞后邊要求跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)（參看上冊(cè)P284）
例如：practice， enjoy， appreciate， suggest， excuse， pardon， avoid， postpone，
delay， mind， admit， risk， miss， deny， resist，
You should practice speaking the language every day.
句中 it 是形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式to maintain their dominant position 是實(shí)際賓語(yǔ)，the major parties是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
“這種選舉制度使大黨容易保持優(yōu)勢(shì)地位，因?yàn)樗麄冓A得的席位有可能多于應(yīng)得到的席位?！?BR> One of the great consequences of the system is that it produces majorities automatically. Because there are only two competitors in the running， it is almost inevitable that one will receive a majority. Moreover， he system tends slightly to exaggerate the victory of the winning party. This is not always true， but the strong tendency to produce majorities is built into the system.
In over 200 years of constitutional history， Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other.⑥ At he level of presidential elections， the party in power has been overturned by the party out of power nineteen times， almost once a decade. In the election of 1860， the political system broke down， and the Civil War， the worst disaster in American history， resulted. Our history justifies our confidence in the system but also shows that it is not foolproof.
6.In over 200 years of constitutional history， Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. （para.6）
句中的in which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the way.
其中，the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other 是make 的賓語(yǔ)，possible 是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)；因賓語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，所以后置。to make … possible 使…成為可能
e.g. His financial support made our trips possible. 他在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的支持使我們的出行成為可能。
Modern technology makes possible human‘s visits to the outer space. 現(xiàn)代科技使人類訪問外層空間成為可能。
The second major party is able to survive a defeat because the statistical tendency that exaggerates the victory of the winning party operates even more strongly in favor of the second party against the third， fourth， and fifth parties.⑦ As a result， the defeated major party is able to maintain a monopoly of the opposition. The advantage of the second party over the third is so great it is the only party that is likely to be able to overturn the party in power.⑧ It is able， there fore， to attract the support of everyone seriously opposed to the party in power. ⑨The second party is important as long as it can monopolize the movement to overthrow the party in power， because it is certain to come into power sooner or later.
7.The second major party is able to survive a defeat because the statistical tendency that exaggerates the victory of the winning party operates even more strongly in favor of the second party against the third， forth， and fifth parties.（para.7）
句子的主干是：主句＋because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，原因狀語(yǔ)從句中有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，由that引導(dǎo)，修飾the statistical tendency
8.The advantage of the second party over the third is so great that it is the only party that is likely to be able to overturn the party in power. （para.7）
英語(yǔ)中表示“比… 有優(yōu)勢(shì)”可用“advantage over …?！?BR> e.g. We have one advantage over our rivals： our player are taller. 我們比對(duì)方勝過(guò)一籌，我們的隊(duì)員個(gè)子比較高。
9.It is able， therefore， to attract the support of everyone seriously opposed to the party
in power.（para.7）
to oppose to the party in power 反對(duì)執(zhí)政黨
Another consequence of the two-party system is that whereas minor parties are likely to identify themselves with special interests or special programs and thus take extreme positions， the major parties are so large that they tend to be moderate.⑩ Evidence of the moderation of the major parties is that much business is conducted across party lines. What happens when the Democrats control one house of Congress and the Republicans control the other？ About the same volume of legislation is passed as when one party controls both houses， although some important legislation is likely to be blocked temporarily. It is possible to carry on the work of the government even when party control is divided because party differences are not fundamental.
10.Another consequence of the two-party system is that whereas minor parties are likely to identify themselves with special interests or special programs and thus take extreme positions， the major parties are so large that they tend to be moderate.
本句的主干為“主句+ that 引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句”，表語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)，是由whereas引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)并列句。本句意思是：“兩黨制的另一個(gè)結(jié)果是小黨很可能認(rèn)同某種特殊利益或特殊計(jì)劃而采取極端立場(chǎng)，而大黨則因?yàn)槿绱她嫶螅詢A向于中庸之道。”
語(yǔ)法 練習(xí)
補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)法知識(shí)：動(dòng)名詞的用法
動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于名詞，在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)
一、作主語(yǔ)
Forgetting the past means betrayal.
There is no joking about such matters.
It is no use waiting here.
二、作賓語(yǔ)
1.作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)：一些及物動(dòng)詞后邊要求跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)（參看上冊(cè)P284）
例如：practice， enjoy， appreciate， suggest， excuse， pardon， avoid， postpone，
delay， mind， admit， risk， miss， deny， resist，
You should practice speaking the language every day.