Para.6
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization， this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example， the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
一個省略that或which的定語從句，修飾a state of affairs “事物的狀態(tài)，事態(tài)”
to seek to do sth. 追求，爭取，尋求，設法（去做某事）
17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
本句中，because 引導了原因狀語從句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介詞賓語從句。
18.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.
兩個that引導的都是定語從句，修飾decisions
less than 在此做狀語，表示否定的含義， less than optimal “不太理想”
例如：This job is less than perfect. 這份工作不十分理想（完美）。
19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
that引導定語從句，修飾trade-off “權衡”
increases 和 decreases 是定語從句的并列謂語
Para.7
These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on.
20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.
Because 引導的原因狀語從句中，有一個that引導的定語從句，修飾many objectives
21.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department.
vary from … to … 表示各不相同的意思。
例：The percentage varies from person to person. （稅收的） 比例因人而異。
22.When presented with a common case
presented with 面對
過去分詞短語前面加上when作時間狀語。
為了表示明確的時間或條件，有時常在分詞前面加上when， while， even if ， even though ， unless 等連詞作時間、條件、讓步等狀語。 （詳見語法要點）
Para.8
The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal； they are hard to understand， even by the individual， because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker.
be based on 基于，取決于
in part 部分地，在某種程度上
對于多項目標的排序和重要性，部分地基于決策者的價值觀。
24.different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
兩個about都是介詞短語作定語，修飾前邊的名詞
不同人關于風險和收益可接受程度的價值觀，導致了對于決策正確性的不同意見。
Para.9
People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view， problems have multiple causes， and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity， and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon
assume vt. 認為，假定，設想 that 引導賓語從句
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization， this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example， the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
一個省略that或which的定語從句，修飾a state of affairs “事物的狀態(tài)，事態(tài)”
to seek to do sth. 追求，爭取，尋求，設法（去做某事）
17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
本句中，because 引導了原因狀語從句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介詞賓語從句。
18.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.
兩個that引導的都是定語從句，修飾decisions
less than 在此做狀語，表示否定的含義， less than optimal “不太理想”
例如：This job is less than perfect. 這份工作不十分理想（完美）。
19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
that引導定語從句，修飾trade-off “權衡”
increases 和 decreases 是定語從句的并列謂語
Para.7
These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on.
20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.
Because 引導的原因狀語從句中，有一個that引導的定語從句，修飾many objectives
21.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department.
vary from … to … 表示各不相同的意思。
例：The percentage varies from person to person. （稅收的） 比例因人而異。
22.When presented with a common case
presented with 面對
過去分詞短語前面加上when作時間狀語。
為了表示明確的時間或條件，有時常在分詞前面加上when， while， even if ， even though ， unless 等連詞作時間、條件、讓步等狀語。 （詳見語法要點）
Para.8
The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal； they are hard to understand， even by the individual， because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker.
be based on 基于，取決于
in part 部分地，在某種程度上
對于多項目標的排序和重要性，部分地基于決策者的價值觀。
24.different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
兩個about都是介詞短語作定語，修飾前邊的名詞
不同人關于風險和收益可接受程度的價值觀，導致了對于決策正確性的不同意見。
Para.9
People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view， problems have multiple causes， and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity， and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.
25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon
assume vt. 認為，假定，設想 that 引導賓語從句