（13）過去完成時
1 過去完成時的定義
過去完成時表在過去某一時刻以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。強調(diào)“過去的過去”
2 過去完成時的構(gòu)成
過去完成時由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成
3 過去完成時的基本句型
肯定式
否定式
疑問式
簡略回答
I had worked
I had not worked
Had I worked？
Yes，I had. No，I hadn't.
He/She/It had worked
He /She/It had not worked
Had he/she/it worked？
Yes，he/she/it had.
No，he/she/it hadn't.
We had worked
We had not worked
Had we worked？
Yes，we had.
No，we hadn't.
You had worked
You had not worked
Had you worked？
Yes，you had.
No，you hadn't.
They had worked
They had not worked
Had they worked？
Yes，they had.
No，they hadn't.
4 過去完成時的基本用法
（1）表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”?？梢杂胋y，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。例如：
By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。
（2）表示由過去的某一時刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)，常和for，since構(gòu)成的時間狀語連用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.當(dāng)車來的時候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。
（3）敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補述以前發(fā)生的動作時，常使用過去完成時。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson.我對動詞一無所知，因為我沒有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。
（4）在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。
She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
（5）過去完成時常常用在賓語從句（或間接引語）中，這時從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。例如：
He said that he had known her well.他說他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6）在包含有when，until等連詞的復(fù)合句中，如果主句謂語動詞和從句謂語動詞所表示的過去動作不是同時發(fā)生的，那么先發(fā)生的動作通常用過去完成時表示。例如：
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.我醒來時雨已停了。
She didn't go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。
注意：如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因為這時從句的動作和主句的動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。例如：
After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。
（7）動詞think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時趕到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我們本來希望能來看看你。
（8）過去完成時還可用在hardly…when…，no sooner…than…，It was the first （second，etc） time （that）…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。
1.歷史事實通常用一般過去時表示，如：
They learned that President Lincoln led the American War.
He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.
2.過去完成時可以代替一般過去時，表示驚奇，如：
I saw her coming，but in a minute，she had disappeared.
They wanted to keep it a secret，but a few days later，everyone had known it.
3. 過去完成時可表示對后來動作的影響，對比下面兩組句子：
A） He had eaten something before taking dinner. （So he had no appetite at dinner.）
B） He ate something before taking dinner. （He might have his usual appetite at dinner.）
A） She felt better after she had taken a few days'rest. （Feeling better is the result of taking a few days'rest.）
B） She felt better after she took a few days'rest. （Feeling better may not be the result of taking a few days's rest.）
單項選擇
1.By the time he was twelve，Edison ______ to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun
2.That dinner was the most expensive meal we _______.
A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had
3.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party.
A. left； had arrived B. left； arrived C. had left； had arrived D. had left； arrived
4.When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. has set off C. had left D. had been away
5. ——How long _______ each other before they ______ married？ ——For about a year.
A. have they known； get B. did they know； were going to get
C. do they know； are going to get D. had they known； got
6.Helen ________ her key in the office so she had to wait until her hu**and _______ home.
A. has left； comes B. left； had come C. had left； came D. had left； would come
下列各句中出現(xiàn)了時態(tài)使用錯誤，請指出并改正
1.When she was at the middle school，she often reads in the library.
2.When she got home，the children went to bed.
3.He said he didn't see his uncle for many years.
4.I didn't go to see the film because I saw it before.
5.The wind was still blowing，but the rain has stopped.
6.By the end of last term we learned about 1，500 English words.
7.Lu Xun had spoken to the youth about the study of the foreign language.
8.Yang Mei learned some English before she came to this school.
1 過去完成時的定義
過去完成時表在過去某一時刻以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。強調(diào)“過去的過去”
2 過去完成時的構(gòu)成
過去完成時由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成
3 過去完成時的基本句型
肯定式
否定式
疑問式
簡略回答
I had worked
I had not worked
Had I worked？
Yes，I had. No，I hadn't.
He/She/It had worked
He /She/It had not worked
Had he/she/it worked？
Yes，he/she/it had.
No，he/she/it hadn't.
We had worked
We had not worked
Had we worked？
Yes，we had.
No，we hadn't.
You had worked
You had not worked
Had you worked？
Yes，you had.
No，you hadn't.
They had worked
They had not worked
Had they worked？
Yes，they had.
No，they hadn't.
4 過去完成時的基本用法
（1）表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”?？梢杂胋y，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。例如：
By nine o'clock last night，we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。
（2）表示由過去的某一時刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)，常和for，since構(gòu)成的時間狀語連用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.當(dāng)車來的時候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。
（3）敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補述以前發(fā)生的動作時，常使用過去完成時。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn't know a thing about the verbs，for I had not studied my lesson.我對動詞一無所知，因為我沒有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。
（4）在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。
She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
（5）過去完成時常常用在賓語從句（或間接引語）中，這時從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。例如：
He said that he had known her well.他說他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6）在包含有when，until等連詞的復(fù)合句中，如果主句謂語動詞和從句謂語動詞所表示的過去動作不是同時發(fā)生的，那么先發(fā)生的動作通常用過去完成時表示。例如：
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining.我醒來時雨已停了。
She didn't go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。
注意：如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因為這時從句的動作和主句的動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。例如：
After he arrived in England，Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。
（7）動詞think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時趕到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我們本來希望能來看看你。
（8）過去完成時還可用在hardly…when…，no sooner…than…，It was the first （second，etc） time （that）…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。
1.歷史事實通常用一般過去時表示，如：
They learned that President Lincoln led the American War.
He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.
2.過去完成時可以代替一般過去時，表示驚奇，如：
I saw her coming，but in a minute，she had disappeared.
They wanted to keep it a secret，but a few days later，everyone had known it.
3. 過去完成時可表示對后來動作的影響，對比下面兩組句子：
A） He had eaten something before taking dinner. （So he had no appetite at dinner.）
B） He ate something before taking dinner. （He might have his usual appetite at dinner.）
A） She felt better after she had taken a few days'rest. （Feeling better is the result of taking a few days'rest.）
B） She felt better after she took a few days'rest. （Feeling better may not be the result of taking a few days's rest.）
單項選擇
1.By the time he was twelve，Edison ______ to make a living by himself.
A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun
2.That dinner was the most expensive meal we _______.
A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had
3.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party.
A. left； had arrived B. left； arrived C. had left； had arrived D. had left； arrived
4.When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______ for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. has set off C. had left D. had been away
5. ——How long _______ each other before they ______ married？ ——For about a year.
A. have they known； get B. did they know； were going to get
C. do they know； are going to get D. had they known； got
6.Helen ________ her key in the office so she had to wait until her hu**and _______ home.
A. has left； comes B. left； had come C. had left； came D. had left； would come
下列各句中出現(xiàn)了時態(tài)使用錯誤，請指出并改正
1.When she was at the middle school，she often reads in the library.
2.When she got home，the children went to bed.
3.He said he didn't see his uncle for many years.
4.I didn't go to see the film because I saw it before.
5.The wind was still blowing，but the rain has stopped.
6.By the end of last term we learned about 1，500 English words.
7.Lu Xun had spoken to the youth about the study of the foreign language.
8.Yang Mei learned some English before she came to this school.