(18)主謂一致
1、定義:所謂“主謂一致”,就是指謂語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上必須受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的支配。這是英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在構(gòu)句里的又一迥異之處。
2、主謂一致的種類:
⑴ 語(yǔ)法形式上的一致
主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
I often help him and he often helps me. 我經(jīng)常幫助他,他經(jīng)常幫助我。
We often help each other and learn from each other. 我們經(jīng)?;ハ鄮椭?,互相學(xué)習(xí)。
⑵ 意義上的一致
a.主語(yǔ)形式雖為單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
The crowd were surrounding the government official. 人群包圍住了這位政府官員。
單數(shù)形式代表復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容的詞有:people,police,cattle等。如:
The Chinese people are brave and hard-working. 中國(guó)人民勇敢而又勤勞。
b.主語(yǔ)形式為復(fù)數(shù),而意義上卻是單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:
Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in 1860. 《遠(yuǎn)大前程》是查爾斯?狄更斯1860年所著。
形復(fù)意單的單詞有:news,works 和一些以s結(jié)尾的書名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)的名稱(如:“The Selected Poems of Li Bai”,the United States,the United Nations)以及以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(如:physics,politics,maths,economics等)。
⑶ 就近原則
就近原則即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于靠近它的詞語(yǔ)。
a. 并列主語(yǔ)用連詞or,either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also等連接,謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)同相鄰的主語(yǔ)保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。如:
Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.
不僅學(xué)生而且這位老師也喜歡聽(tīng)這種音樂(lè)。
Are either you or he wrong? 要么是你錯(cuò),要么是他錯(cuò)嗎?
b. 在there be 表存在的句式中,主語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)或多個(gè)名詞(短語(yǔ))的并列時(shí),be 的形式與前邊的一個(gè)名詞(短語(yǔ))一致。如:
There is a pen,two knives and several books on the table.
═ There are two knives,a pen and several books on the table.桌子上有一支鋼筆、兩把小刀和幾本書。
C. 副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)在句首的倒裝句中,必須認(rèn)準(zhǔn)哪是主語(yǔ)。如:
Between the two buildings stands a monument. 兩幢樓之間聳立著一塊紀(jì)念碑。
On the ship were over 2,200 people. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young woman. 船上有2,2001人,1,500多人喪生,這位年輕婦女也在其中。
名詞作主語(yǔ)
1、某些集體名詞,如family,team等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),如果作為一個(gè)整體看待,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,如果就其中一個(gè)個(gè)成員而言,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
My family is large. 我的家庭是個(gè)大家庭。?。醋饕徽w)
My family all like music. 我的家人都喜歡音樂(lè)?!。ㄖ讣彝ブ幸粋€(gè)個(gè)成員之和)
屬于這類的集體名詞還有:audience,class,club,company,crew,crowd,group,government,party,public,staff 等。
名詞population一詞的使用情況類似。如:
The population of the earth is increasing very fast. 地球上的人口數(shù)增長(zhǎng)很快 .
One third of the population in this country enjoy drinking coffee. 這國(guó)三分之二的人喜歡喝咖啡。
“a group(crowd) of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”等短語(yǔ)之后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也同樣可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù),前者強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,后者強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)部分。
2、單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),按意義一致的原則。作單數(shù)意義時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),反之,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有:sheep,fish,deer,means(方法),works(工廠),Chinese,Japanese等。如:
Every means has been tried out without much result.每一種方法都試過(guò)了卻沒(méi)什么結(jié)果。
All means have been tried out without much result. 所有方法都試過(guò)了卻沒(méi)什么結(jié)果。
This shoe works was set up in 1980. 這家鞋廠建于1980年。
Those shoe works were all set up in 1980. 這些鞋廠都建于1980年。
當(dāng)它們前面有a,such a,this,that修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);有all,such,these,those修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。
3、名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略,這種情況一般指商店、工場(chǎng)、住宅等,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。如:
My doctor's is not far from my home. 我的家庭醫(yī)生診所離我家不遠(yuǎn)。
My uncle's is just across the street. 我叔叔家在街對(duì)面。
常見(jiàn)的省略名詞有:the baker's,the barber's,the carpenter's,the Smith's 等等。
表示店鋪的名詞一般作集體名詞看待,但作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常常用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
Richardson's have a lot of goods to sell. Richardson的店里有許多貨可賣。
4、當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、距離、金額、時(shí)間等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),往往可以根據(jù)意義一致的原則,把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如:
Two hours is enough for me to finish the work. 兩小時(shí)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)完成這項(xiàng)工作足夠了。
Two hundred dollars gives Jack much help. 兩百美元幫了Jack大忙。
5、如果主語(yǔ)有more than one… 或many a…構(gòu)成,盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容,但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。如:
More than one comrade has asked to stay. 不止一位同志已經(jīng)要求留下。
Many a passenger was killed in the accident. 許多乘客在這事故中喪生。
但是“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)及“more than one hundred+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)之后,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
More members than one are against your plan. 不止一位成員反對(duì)你的計(jì)劃。
6、不定代詞each,every,no所修飾的名詞及each…and each…,every…and every…,no…and no…,many a …and many a…結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如:
Every man and every woman is at work. 所有男的和女的都在工作。
Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall. 許多課桌和凳子將被搬出大廳。
7、表示成雙成套的名詞,如:chopsticks (筷子),compasses,clothes,glasses,jeans,scissors,shoes,socks,trousers等,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但如與a kind of,a pair of,the pair of,a series of 連用,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如:
The trousers are in the drawer. 褲子在抽屜里。
There is a pair of shoes under the bed. 有一雙鞋在床下。
The pair of shoes is rather expensive. 這雙襪子很貴。
8、this kind of book ═ a book of this kind (這種書),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);短語(yǔ)this kind of books═ books of this kind═ these kind of books(口語(yǔ))(這類書),但this kind of books作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);books of this kind 和these kind of books作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。all/these kinds of 后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
This kind of books is very popular with young people. 這類書很受年輕人歡迎。
Books of this kind are very popular with young people.這類書很受年輕人歡迎。
These kind of parties are dangerous. 這類政黨很危險(xiǎn)。
All kinds of flowers have come out in the valley. 山谷里各種各樣的花已競(jìng)相開(kāi)放。
1、定義:所謂“主謂一致”,就是指謂語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上必須受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的支配。這是英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在構(gòu)句里的又一迥異之處。
2、主謂一致的種類:
⑴ 語(yǔ)法形式上的一致
主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
I often help him and he often helps me. 我經(jīng)常幫助他,他經(jīng)常幫助我。
We often help each other and learn from each other. 我們經(jīng)?;ハ鄮椭?,互相學(xué)習(xí)。
⑵ 意義上的一致
a.主語(yǔ)形式雖為單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
The crowd were surrounding the government official. 人群包圍住了這位政府官員。
單數(shù)形式代表復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容的詞有:people,police,cattle等。如:
The Chinese people are brave and hard-working. 中國(guó)人民勇敢而又勤勞。
b.主語(yǔ)形式為復(fù)數(shù),而意義上卻是單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如:
Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in 1860. 《遠(yuǎn)大前程》是查爾斯?狄更斯1860年所著。
形復(fù)意單的單詞有:news,works 和一些以s結(jié)尾的書名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)的名稱(如:“The Selected Poems of Li Bai”,the United States,the United Nations)以及以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(如:physics,politics,maths,economics等)。
⑶ 就近原則
就近原則即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于靠近它的詞語(yǔ)。
a. 并列主語(yǔ)用連詞or,either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also等連接,謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)同相鄰的主語(yǔ)保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。如:
Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.
不僅學(xué)生而且這位老師也喜歡聽(tīng)這種音樂(lè)。
Are either you or he wrong? 要么是你錯(cuò),要么是他錯(cuò)嗎?
b. 在there be 表存在的句式中,主語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)或多個(gè)名詞(短語(yǔ))的并列時(shí),be 的形式與前邊的一個(gè)名詞(短語(yǔ))一致。如:
There is a pen,two knives and several books on the table.
═ There are two knives,a pen and several books on the table.桌子上有一支鋼筆、兩把小刀和幾本書。
C. 副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)在句首的倒裝句中,必須認(rèn)準(zhǔn)哪是主語(yǔ)。如:
Between the two buildings stands a monument. 兩幢樓之間聳立著一塊紀(jì)念碑。
On the ship were over 2,200 people. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young woman. 船上有2,2001人,1,500多人喪生,這位年輕婦女也在其中。
名詞作主語(yǔ)
1、某些集體名詞,如family,team等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),如果作為一個(gè)整體看待,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,如果就其中一個(gè)個(gè)成員而言,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
My family is large. 我的家庭是個(gè)大家庭。?。醋饕徽w)
My family all like music. 我的家人都喜歡音樂(lè)?!。ㄖ讣彝ブ幸粋€(gè)個(gè)成員之和)
屬于這類的集體名詞還有:audience,class,club,company,crew,crowd,group,government,party,public,staff 等。
名詞population一詞的使用情況類似。如:
The population of the earth is increasing very fast. 地球上的人口數(shù)增長(zhǎng)很快 .
One third of the population in this country enjoy drinking coffee. 這國(guó)三分之二的人喜歡喝咖啡。
“a group(crowd) of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”等短語(yǔ)之后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也同樣可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù),前者強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,后者強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)部分。
2、單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),按意義一致的原則。作單數(shù)意義時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),反之,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有:sheep,fish,deer,means(方法),works(工廠),Chinese,Japanese等。如:
Every means has been tried out without much result.每一種方法都試過(guò)了卻沒(méi)什么結(jié)果。
All means have been tried out without much result. 所有方法都試過(guò)了卻沒(méi)什么結(jié)果。
This shoe works was set up in 1980. 這家鞋廠建于1980年。
Those shoe works were all set up in 1980. 這些鞋廠都建于1980年。
當(dāng)它們前面有a,such a,this,that修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);有all,such,these,those修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。
3、名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略,這種情況一般指商店、工場(chǎng)、住宅等,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。如:
My doctor's is not far from my home. 我的家庭醫(yī)生診所離我家不遠(yuǎn)。
My uncle's is just across the street. 我叔叔家在街對(duì)面。
常見(jiàn)的省略名詞有:the baker's,the barber's,the carpenter's,the Smith's 等等。
表示店鋪的名詞一般作集體名詞看待,但作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常常用復(fù)數(shù)。如:
Richardson's have a lot of goods to sell. Richardson的店里有許多貨可賣。
4、當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、距離、金額、時(shí)間等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),往往可以根據(jù)意義一致的原則,把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如:
Two hours is enough for me to finish the work. 兩小時(shí)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)完成這項(xiàng)工作足夠了。
Two hundred dollars gives Jack much help. 兩百美元幫了Jack大忙。
5、如果主語(yǔ)有more than one… 或many a…構(gòu)成,盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容,但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。如:
More than one comrade has asked to stay. 不止一位同志已經(jīng)要求留下。
Many a passenger was killed in the accident. 許多乘客在這事故中喪生。
但是“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)及“more than one hundred+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)之后,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
More members than one are against your plan. 不止一位成員反對(duì)你的計(jì)劃。
6、不定代詞each,every,no所修飾的名詞及each…and each…,every…and every…,no…and no…,many a …and many a…結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如:
Every man and every woman is at work. 所有男的和女的都在工作。
Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall. 許多課桌和凳子將被搬出大廳。
7、表示成雙成套的名詞,如:chopsticks (筷子),compasses,clothes,glasses,jeans,scissors,shoes,socks,trousers等,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但如與a kind of,a pair of,the pair of,a series of 連用,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如:
The trousers are in the drawer. 褲子在抽屜里。
There is a pair of shoes under the bed. 有一雙鞋在床下。
The pair of shoes is rather expensive. 這雙襪子很貴。
8、this kind of book ═ a book of this kind (這種書),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);短語(yǔ)this kind of books═ books of this kind═ these kind of books(口語(yǔ))(這類書),但this kind of books作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);books of this kind 和these kind of books作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。all/these kinds of 后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
This kind of books is very popular with young people. 這類書很受年輕人歡迎。
Books of this kind are very popular with young people.這類書很受年輕人歡迎。
These kind of parties are dangerous. 這類政黨很危險(xiǎn)。
All kinds of flowers have come out in the valley. 山谷里各種各樣的花已競(jìng)相開(kāi)放。