Text A non-verbal connunication
本課主要單詞
1.non-verbal adj. wordless， without involving the use of language （非詞語(yǔ)的，非語(yǔ)言的）
non-是一個(gè)常用前綴，通常加在形容詞，名詞或副詞前，表示“非”，“無(wú)”，“不是”，“不重要的”，“無(wú)價(jià)值的”。如nonbeliever （無(wú)信仰的人）
nonsmoker （不抽煙的人），nonstop （不停的，直達(dá)的）， nonviolence（非暴力的），
nondegree （非學(xué)位的），nonbook （無(wú)真實(shí)價(jià)值的書）
1）Gesture is a form of non-verbal expression. （手勢(shì)是一種非語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)方式。）
2）Professor Wang is going to give us a lecture on non-verbal communication. （王教授將給我們做關(guān)于非語(yǔ)言交際問(wèn)題的講座。）
3）You will have a better idea of it after you read the verbal instructions.（看了文字說(shuō)明你就會(huì)對(duì)此有更深的了解。）
2.oral adj. 口頭的
1）He gave us an oral report after inspecting the factory. （視察了那家工廠后，他給我們作了口頭匯報(bào)。）
2）They will have an oral English test tomorrow afternoon. （明天下午他們將有一個(gè)英語(yǔ)口試。）
3）He broke the oral thermometer and had to buy a new one. （他摔壞了口腔溫度計(jì)，不得不去買個(gè)新的。）
3.approval n.
agreement to an idea， plan， decision， etc.（贊成，同意）；
a formal statement that sth. is acceptable （認(rèn)可批準(zhǔn)）
-al是一個(gè)名詞后綴，用在動(dòng)詞后面構(gòu)成名詞，表示“動(dòng)作”，“過(guò)程”。如：
arrive——arrival deny——denial refuse——refusal
survive——survival try——trial withdraw——withdraw 等等
我們以前也學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)-al做形容詞后綴，如：brutal 的），mortal （致命的），racial （種族的），social （社會(huì)的）等等
1）He nodded his approval when we informed him of our plan. （當(dāng)我們把計(jì)劃告訴他時(shí)，他點(diǎn)頭表示同意。）
2）His proposal won the approval of many people. （他的建議贏得了許多人的支持。）
3）My idea is unlikely to meet with the approval of my parents. （我的想法不可能得到我父母的認(rèn)可。）
4）This project has the approval of the National Treasury. （這個(gè)項(xiàng)目得到了國(guó)家財(cái)政部的批準(zhǔn)。）
5）She didn't conceal her disapproval of what we had done. （她毫不掩蓋自己對(duì)我們所為的不贊成。）
6）The colonel looked at the soldier with disapproval. （上校以非難的目光看著那個(gè)士兵。）
7）His marriage was not approved by his family. （他的家人不贊同他的婚姻。）
8）My boss approved of my attending the conference. （老板同意我出席會(huì)議。）
本句中的approve作不及物動(dòng)詞用，后面接of + （動(dòng)）名詞，不接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
4.frown n. v. 皺眉；不滿
1）He gave me a frown of disapproval. （他向我做了個(gè)不贊成的表情。）
2）She frowned at her mother when she was asked to do some housework.（要她做點(diǎn)家務(wù)事時(shí)，她朝母親皺眉頭。）
3）Critics frowned on/upon the idea. （評(píng)論家對(duì)這種意見表示不贊同。）
5.reaction n. 反應(yīng)；對(duì)抗
在前一單元中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了動(dòng)詞react， reaction是react的名詞形式。無(wú)論用動(dòng)詞還是名詞，當(dāng)表示“對(duì)…作出反應(yīng)”時(shí)，后面要用介詞to.如：
1）How did he react to the news？ （他對(duì)此消息如何反應(yīng)？）
2）What was their reaction to your proposal？ （他們對(duì)你的建議有何反應(yīng)？）
3）I am not sure how he will react to such a straightforward answer. （我吃不準(zhǔn)他會(huì)對(duì)如此直率的回答作出什么反應(yīng)。）
4）What was the audience's reaction to his speech？ （聽眾對(duì)他的發(fā)言有何反應(yīng)？）
6.embarrass v. 使窘迫，使為難；麻煩，妨礙
1）She was embarrassed by her husband's drunken behavior. （她丈夫的酒后舉止使她難堪。）
2）It embarrasses me even to think about it. （我連想想這件事都覺(jué)得不好意思。）
3）We didn't want to embarrass him in any way. （我們一點(diǎn)也不想使他為難。）
4）We found him embarrassed with debts. （我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他已經(jīng)負(fù)債累累。）
7.staff n. 全體職工、參謀部 v. 為…配備工作人員
1）The company has got a staff of more than 800. （這家公司有800多名職工。）
2）The editorial staff of a newspaper demanded pay increases. （一家報(bào)紙的全體編輯人員要求增加工資。）
3）He served as a chief of staff in the army. （他在部隊(duì)做參謀長(zhǎng)。）
4）The labs are staffed with two engineers. （實(shí)驗(yàn)室里配備了兩名工程師。）
5）We must staff the center with men with a formal training. （我們必須為中心配備受過(guò)正規(guī)訓(xùn)練的人員。）
在第七單元中我們學(xué)過(guò)stuff這個(gè)詞，并把staff和stuff做過(guò)比較，再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句，注意stuff的意思和用法。
1）The secretary has to get all the stuff ready before the meeting starts.（會(huì)議開始前秘書得把所有的東西準(zhǔn)備好。）
2）——Do you want some jelly？ （你想來(lái)點(diǎn)果子凍嗎？）
——No， I hate the stuff. （不，我討厭那東西。）
3）The buses are always stuffed with passengers during the rush hours.（上下班高峰時(shí)間，公共汽車上總是擠滿了乘客。）
4）He really wanted to stuff his ears with cotton-wool when his mother rattled on. （母親喋喋不休時(shí)，他真想用棉托把耳朵堵上。）
8.gesture n. 姿勢(shì)，手勢(shì)；（外交等方面的）姿態(tài) v. 做手勢(shì)
1）He gestured to me to sit down. （他示意我坐下。）
2）She gestured with her head towards the closed door. （她用頭朝緊閉的門示意了一下。）
3）The old man gestured me to his study. （老人示意我去他的書房。）
4）He raised his hands in a gesture of despair. （他舉起雙手以示絕望。）
5）What he has done is just a political gesture to draw popular support. （他所做的只是爭(zhēng)取民眾支持的一種政治姿態(tài)。）
9.proximity n. 接近，親近，近似
這個(gè)詞用得很正式，意思相當(dāng)于closeness.如：
1）Much of the town's attractiveness lies in its proximity to Niagara Falls.（這座城市吸引人的地方主要在于它離尼亞加拉瀑布很近。）
2）I have grown accustomed to the continual proximity of the animals. （我已習(xí)慣總有動(dòng)物在我附近。）
3）be in close proximity to （非常接近于）
4）in the proximity of （在…附近）
5）proximity of blood （近親）
6）proximity effect （鄰近效應(yīng)）
7）proximity talks （近距離間接會(huì)談）
10.cultural adj. 文化的
在講第三個(gè)單詞approval時(shí)，我們提到-al可以做名詞后綴用，也可以做形容詞后綴用。在cultural這個(gè)單詞中-al做形容詞后綴用。
1）Cultural differences caused a lot of misunderstandings. （文化方面的差異造成了許多誤解。）
2）These peoples have different cultural traditions. （這些民族有著不同的文化傳統(tǒng)。）
3）This city is often referred to as a cultural desert. （這個(gè)城市常被稱為文化沙漠。）
11.invasion n. 入侵，侵略
這個(gè)單詞的動(dòng)詞形式是invade.In是個(gè)前綴，意思是 “into”，vade是個(gè)詞根，意思是 “to go”。
-sion是個(gè)常用的名詞后綴，加在動(dòng)詞后面構(gòu)成名詞。如：
decide——decision （決定） pervade——pervasion （彌漫）
evade——evasion （逃避）
1）Japan launched an invasion into China. （日本入侵中國(guó)。）
2）This is an evasion of individual privacy. （這是對(duì)個(gè)人隱私的干預(yù)。）
3）What you are doing now will undoubtedly invade the rights of others. （你現(xiàn)在的所為無(wú)疑將侵犯他人的權(quán)利。）
4）No one would allow his family privacy to be invaded. （誰(shuí)也不會(huì)允許自己的家庭私生活受到侵?jǐn)_。）
12.fiddle n. 小提琴 v. 拉提琴；不停撥弄；閑蕩
在口語(yǔ)中人們常用fiddle來(lái)表示演奏民間音樂(lè)的小提琴。請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句，注意fiddle的意思。
1）In his eyes father plays first fiddle in the family. （在他看來(lái)父親在家里居首要地位。）
2）His face was as long as a fiddle when his request was refused. （他的要求遭到拒絕時(shí)他拉長(zhǎng)了臉。）
3）Don't worry about him. He is as fit as a fiddle. （別為他擔(dān)心，他非常健康。）
再請(qǐng)看fiddle做動(dòng)詞用時(shí)的意思：
1）He sat nervously fiddling with his spectacles. （他坐在那兒緊張地?fù)芘难坨R。）
2）He didn't like anyone to fiddle with his bicycle. （他不喜歡任何亂動(dòng)他的自行車。）
3）Don't fiddle about， go and help your mum with the housework. （別再閑蕩了，去幫媽媽做家務(wù)。）
4）Father was angry because Tom fiddled away the whole day. （父親很生氣，因?yàn)闇防速M(fèi)了整整一天的時(shí)間。）
13.wriggle v. / n. 蠕動(dòng)，扭動(dòng)，蜿蜒
英語(yǔ)中以wr開首的單詞，w通常不發(fā)音，如write （寫），wrap （包扎），wrestle （摔跤），wretched （痛苦的），wring （擰），wrinkle （皺紋），wrong （錯(cuò)誤的）
1）The child wriggled out of his mother's arms. （那孩子扭動(dòng)著掙脫了母親的懷抱。）
2）A snake wriggled across the road. （一條蛇蜿蜒游過(guò)公路。）
3）He got through the hole with a wriggle. （他扭動(dòng)著身子從洞口鉆了出去。）
14.confess v. 承認(rèn)；坦白，供認(rèn)
1）He confessed his crime in the face of the evidence. （在證據(jù)面前，他認(rèn)罪了。）
2）He confessed hating his present job. （他承認(rèn)他恨目前的工作。）
3）I have to confess that I didn't understand what she said. （我不得不承認(rèn)我沒(méi)聽懂她說(shuō)的話。）
4）He confessed to being a drug addict. （他承認(rèn)自己有毒癮。）
5）The student refused to confess to having cheated on the exam. （那個(gè)學(xué)生拒絕承認(rèn)考試作弊。）
從以上的例句中我們可以看出confess可以作及物動(dòng)詞用，也可作不及物動(dòng)詞用。作及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，confess的后面可以接名詞、動(dòng)名詞和賓語(yǔ)從句等。作不及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，confess的后面要接介詞to，其用法同于admit to sth/doing sth
15.intense adj. 強(qiáng)烈的，緊張的；熱烈的
1）Because of the intense heat， I slept very little last night. （由于天氣酷熱，我昨夜沒(méi)怎么睡。）
2）The intense light dazzled my eyes. （強(qiáng)光使我目眩。）
3）He has intense interest in computer. （他對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)有極大的興趣。）
4）Diplomatic activity has been intense recently. （近來(lái)外交活動(dòng)緊張頻繁。）
16.brief adj. 簡(jiǎn)短的，簡(jiǎn)潔的 v. 作簡(jiǎn)要的介紹，匯報(bào)
1）He will go to England for a brief visit. （他將去英國(guó)進(jìn)行短期訪問(wèn)。）
2）She only made a brief statement at the meeting. （她在會(huì)上只作了簡(jiǎn)短的陳述。）
3）They briefed the press about the recent happenings. （他們向報(bào)界通報(bào)近發(fā)生的事情。）
4）They had been well briefed about the political situation. （對(duì)政治形勢(shì)他們已被簡(jiǎn)要告知。）
17.volume n. 卷冊(cè)，書卷；體積；音量
1）The community has a library of 12，000 volumes. （這個(gè)社區(qū)有一個(gè)藏書12，000的圖書館。）
2）The passenger volume this May was not as big last May. （今天五月的客流量沒(méi)有去年的大。）
3）Turn down the volume please. The baby is sleeping. （寶寶在睡覺(jué)，請(qǐng)把音量調(diào)低。）
本課簡(jiǎn)介
談到人與人之間的交流方式，人們會(huì)很自然地想到語(yǔ)言（口頭語(yǔ)言或書面語(yǔ)言），而另一種人們?cè)跓o(wú)意識(shí)之中常常運(yùn)用的交流方式（非語(yǔ)言交際或稱肢體語(yǔ)言）也正受到越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注和研究。
一般的歐洲人會(huì)對(duì)自己所贊同的東西以微笑和點(diǎn)頭的方式表示贊許，對(duì)自己所不贊同的東西則皺眉和搖頭。不用說(shuō)一句話，人們就可以此來(lái)表明自己的態(tài)度。肢體語(yǔ)言與文化是密切相關(guān)的，比如中國(guó)人的微笑不一定表示贊許，倒可能是出于不安。
肢體語(yǔ)言可被分為五類：1）身體姿勢(shì)和臉部表情 2）目光交流 3）肢體距離 4）服裝和外貌 5）語(yǔ)言特性。關(guān)于第三點(diǎn)，不同的文化有不同的反映。在某些文化中，人們?cè)诮徽剷r(shí)緊挨在一起是很自然的事，而在其他中，如美國(guó)，這樣做則是不甚妥當(dāng)?shù)摹?BR> 有些信號(hào)對(duì)所有的人來(lái)說(shuō)都很熟悉。比如一個(gè)正跟你交談的人不停地?cái)[弄鉛筆或眼鏡，這就表明他很緊張。一個(gè)用手捂著嘴巴講話的人則缺少自信。如果你坐在椅子里扭動(dòng)身體，悄悄看手表，用手掩著嘴巴打哈欠，這就表明你感到倦了。
某些信號(hào)可以人為地控制，但眼神不易控制。如果不是想表達(dá)心中摯愛，請(qǐng)別長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地盯著別人的眼睛看，那樣會(huì)令人尷尬。
本課語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1.That isn't a catch question.
catch多用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“抓??；趕上；感染到；著（火）；領(lǐng)會(huì)”。如：
1）The thief was caught by the police on the scene. （小偷被警察當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓住。）
2）He didn't catch the last train. （他沒(méi)趕上末班火車。）
3）He caught a bad cold last week. （他上周得了重傷風(fēng)。）
1）The building caught fire and many people were trapped in it. （大樓著了火，許多人被困在里面。）
2）Sorry， I didn't quite catch you. （對(duì)不起，我沒(méi)聽清你的話。）
在本課文的這個(gè)句子中，catch用作名詞，意思是a hidden problem，difficulty，or obstacle in sth. （難人的問(wèn)題，詭計(jì)）。如：
1）There is a catch in it. （這里面有蹊蹺。）
2）Don't worry. There are no catch questions in the paper. （別擔(dān)心，試卷里沒(méi)有怪題。）
3）He was taken surprise by the catch question. （那個(gè)怪題使他詫異。）
Unit23（第68講-第70講）
2.It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words.
在第四單元中我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)refer to （提到，涉及）這個(gè)短語(yǔ)。再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句。
1）In his speech he referred to the difficulties they had overcome. （在發(fā)言中，他提到了他們所克服的困難。）
2）What he said at the meeting doesn't refer to you. （他在會(huì)上所說(shuō)的不是指你。）
在第二單元和第二十二單元中，我們已學(xué)過(guò)動(dòng)詞involve和名詞involvement，再請(qǐng)看下面的例句，
注意involve在本課文中的意思和用法。
1）If I were you，I wouldn't get myself involved in this problem. （如果我是你，我不會(huì)讓自己卷進(jìn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題中。）
2）She didn't want to be involved in trouble. （她不想卷入糾紛。）
以上兩例句中，involve都是“卷入，陷入，牽涉”的意思。
3）To accept the job would involve my living in London. （若接受這份工作，我必須得住在倫敦。）
4）Building this road will involve the construction of some tunnels. （造這條路包括建造一些隧洞。）
在例句3）和4）中，involve的意思是“必須包括某種結(jié)果”。在involve后面必須用名詞或者動(dòng)名詞。
3.NVC for short.
這是一個(gè)省略句，補(bǔ)充完整應(yīng)該是Non-verbal communication is called NVC for short.
（非語(yǔ)言交際被簡(jiǎn)稱為/縮寫為NVC.）
for short是個(gè)常用短語(yǔ)，意思是“簡(jiǎn)稱；縮寫”。如：
1）Unidentified flying object is called UFO for short. （不明飛行物被簡(jiǎn)稱為UFO）
2）People's Republic of China is ften written as P.R.C. for short. （中華人民共和國(guó)常被縮寫為P.R.C.）
4.…the average European will smile and nod approval.
在第三單元中我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)average這個(gè)詞。average可以做形容詞、名詞和動(dòng)詞用。如：
1）The average driver thinks that accidents only happen to other people.（司機(jī)一般都認(rèn)為事故只發(fā)生在其他人身人。）
2）We averaged 70 miles an hour. （我們平均每小時(shí)行70公里。）
3）His performance is above the average. （他的成績(jī)?cè)谝话闼街稀＃?BR> 在本課文的這個(gè)句子中，average做形容詞用，意思是“普通的”。
nod可以用作及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞和名詞。如：
1）They nodded agreement. （他們點(diǎn)頭表示同意。）
2）He nodded me a welcome when I went in. （我進(jìn)去時(shí)，他向我點(diǎn)頭表示歡迎。）
3）I nodded to him in greeting. （我向他點(diǎn)頭打招呼。）
4）Father nodded in approval when he listened. （父親聽著時(shí)點(diǎn)頭表示贊同。）
5）Homer sometimes nods. （智者千慮，必有一失。）
6）He didn't give our plan the nod. （他沒(méi)有同意我們的計(jì)劃。）
5.…because body language is very much tied to culture…
本句中的be tied to sth.意思是be related to， have to do with （與…有關(guān)），如：
1）Many diseases are tied to smoking. （許多疾病與吸煙有關(guān)。）
2）The misunderstanding was tied to cultural differences. （這個(gè)誤會(huì)與文化差異有關(guān)。）
be tied to 也可以表示be restricted by （受…約束），如：
1）She was tied to housework and wouldn't be able to come. （她被家務(wù)事束縛，無(wú)法前來(lái)。）
2）If you have small children， you will be tied to your home. （如果你有小孩子，你就會(huì)被束縛在家了。）
6.Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC， which is obviously important， for instance， to managers， who have to deal every day with their staff， and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions.
本句中，which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾NVC；who引導(dǎo)的也是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾managers；what引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，做understand的賓語(yǔ)。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，用which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾表物的先地詞；用who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句則修飾表人的先行詞；也可用關(guān)系 副詞where或when引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句常用逗號(hào)與主句分開，而且引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)系代詞which，that和關(guān)系副詞 where， when不能省略。
1）I want to buy the house， which has a garden. （我想買那座房子，它有一個(gè)花園。）
2）The students， who wanted to go out on a picnic， were disappointed when it rained.（學(xué)生們想出去野餐，天下雨了大家都感到失望。）
3）The football match will be put off till next week， when we can get everything ready.（足球賽將推遲到下周，那時(shí)我們能把一切準(zhǔn)備就緒。）
4）The place， where we stayed， has changed so much. （那個(gè)地方我們住過(guò)，那兒的變化很大。）
deal with的意思是“對(duì)付，打交道”。如：
1）He is not easy to deal with. （他不容易打交道。）
2）I don't know how to deal with this situation. （我不知道如何應(yīng)付這種局面。）
7.I expect you understand all those， except perhaps “proximity”。 動(dòng)詞expect通常有如下用法：
1）except + 賓語(yǔ)（名詞或代詞）
I am expecting a letter. （我在等信。）
The teacher is expecting you. （老師在等你。）
2）expect +（賓語(yǔ)）+ 動(dòng)詞不定式
I expect to be back next week. （我預(yù)計(jì)下周回來(lái)。）
I didn't expect him to come so early. （我沒(méi)料到他會(huì)來(lái)得這么早。）
3）expect + that從句
He didn't expect that the work could be so difficult. （他沒(méi)料到這工作會(huì)如此艱難。）
They expected that the war would end soon.（他們期望戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)早日結(jié)束。）
在本課文的句子中，except后面跟的是省略了that的賓語(yǔ)從句。
8.A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signaling that he is lacking in confidence.
在第十六單元中我們學(xué)過(guò)lack這個(gè)詞。lack可以用作動(dòng)詞或名詞，lacking用作形容詞。lack和lacking用法如下：
1）lack用作名詞：（for） lack of （因）缺乏
He showed a complete lack of confidence. （他顯得毫無(wú)信心。）
The case was dismissed for lack of evidence. （因缺乏證據(jù)，那個(gè)案子被駁回了。）
2）lack用作及物動(dòng)詞：lack sth
Your article lacks concert example. （你的文章缺少具體的例子。）
She lacks patience in dealing with children. （與孩子打交道她缺少耐心。）
3）lacking用作形容詞：be lacking in sth.
Philip was not lacking in ability. （菲力普并不缺少能力。）
His reception of us was lacking in warmth.（他對(duì)我們的接待缺少熱情。）
9.These are both pretty obvious signals.
通常pretty用作形容詞，而在本句中pretty作副詞用。如：
1）She was happy to live in the pretty valley. （住在美麗的山谷里她很開心。）
2）The pretty little girl brought much delight to her family. （那個(gè)漂亮的小姑娘給全家?guī)?lái)了莫大的快樂(lè)。）
3）I will be back pretty soon. （我不久就回來(lái)。）
4）She felt pretty tired. （她感到相當(dāng)累。）
5）I am pretty certain the performance will be a success. （我相當(dāng)有把握演出會(huì)成功。）
10.In fact， non-verbal communication car， as the saying goes， speak volumes.
as the saying goes意思是“正如成語(yǔ)所說(shuō)，俗話說(shuō)”。在本句中，as the saying goes做插入語(yǔ)。
speak volumes意思是“很有意義；含義很深；充分說(shuō)明”。如：
1）The one photograph speaks volumes. （這一張照片就很有意義。）
2）The look on her face spoke volumes.她的臉色意味深長(zhǎng)。）
3）Her silence spoke volumes for her attitude. （她的沉默清楚地表明了她的態(tài)度。）
本課主要詞組
1.means of
2.involve sth/doing sth
3.refer to
4.agree with
5.communicate sth. to sb.
6.tie to / be tied to
7.in order to
8.be categorized into
9.be common to
10.fiddle with
11.be lacking in
12.start doing sth.
13.and so on
14.in fact
15.give off
16.look away
17.in embarrassment
18.for short
19.as the saying goes
20. speak volumes
Text B body talk
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1.talk a liking to
He couldn't understand why the boss suddenly took a liking to him.
2.chances are that…
Chances are that he will not be able to get the job.
3.anything… but
It is not anything you say but something you do that counts.
4.devote to
Father asked him to devote his attention to his study.
5.apart from
Apart from this consideration， there is no other reason why we should not go.
6.be involved in
He was not involved in the scandal.
7.tend to
He tends to get irritated if you press him for an answer.
8.be aware of
He is not aware of the mistake he has made.
9.according to
You have to do according to what he said.
10.complain of
The moment he got in， he began to complain of the weather.
11.let alone
He wouldn't hesitate to die for her， let alone give her some help.
12.be hostile to
No knows why he is so hostile to his brother.
13.impress sb. with sth.
He impressed us with his sincerity.
14.take note of
He didn't take note of the weather forecast and was caught in a heavy rain.
15.go on
I didn't know anything about what was going on outside.
本課主要單詞
1.non-verbal adj. wordless， without involving the use of language （非詞語(yǔ)的，非語(yǔ)言的）
non-是一個(gè)常用前綴，通常加在形容詞，名詞或副詞前，表示“非”，“無(wú)”，“不是”，“不重要的”，“無(wú)價(jià)值的”。如nonbeliever （無(wú)信仰的人）
nonsmoker （不抽煙的人），nonstop （不停的，直達(dá)的）， nonviolence（非暴力的），
nondegree （非學(xué)位的），nonbook （無(wú)真實(shí)價(jià)值的書）
1）Gesture is a form of non-verbal expression. （手勢(shì)是一種非語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)方式。）
2）Professor Wang is going to give us a lecture on non-verbal communication. （王教授將給我們做關(guān)于非語(yǔ)言交際問(wèn)題的講座。）
3）You will have a better idea of it after you read the verbal instructions.（看了文字說(shuō)明你就會(huì)對(duì)此有更深的了解。）
2.oral adj. 口頭的
1）He gave us an oral report after inspecting the factory. （視察了那家工廠后，他給我們作了口頭匯報(bào)。）
2）They will have an oral English test tomorrow afternoon. （明天下午他們將有一個(gè)英語(yǔ)口試。）
3）He broke the oral thermometer and had to buy a new one. （他摔壞了口腔溫度計(jì)，不得不去買個(gè)新的。）
3.approval n.
agreement to an idea， plan， decision， etc.（贊成，同意）；
a formal statement that sth. is acceptable （認(rèn)可批準(zhǔn)）
-al是一個(gè)名詞后綴，用在動(dòng)詞后面構(gòu)成名詞，表示“動(dòng)作”，“過(guò)程”。如：
arrive——arrival deny——denial refuse——refusal
survive——survival try——trial withdraw——withdraw 等等
我們以前也學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)-al做形容詞后綴，如：brutal 的），mortal （致命的），racial （種族的），social （社會(huì)的）等等
1）He nodded his approval when we informed him of our plan. （當(dāng)我們把計(jì)劃告訴他時(shí)，他點(diǎn)頭表示同意。）
2）His proposal won the approval of many people. （他的建議贏得了許多人的支持。）
3）My idea is unlikely to meet with the approval of my parents. （我的想法不可能得到我父母的認(rèn)可。）
4）This project has the approval of the National Treasury. （這個(gè)項(xiàng)目得到了國(guó)家財(cái)政部的批準(zhǔn)。）
5）She didn't conceal her disapproval of what we had done. （她毫不掩蓋自己對(duì)我們所為的不贊成。）
6）The colonel looked at the soldier with disapproval. （上校以非難的目光看著那個(gè)士兵。）
7）His marriage was not approved by his family. （他的家人不贊同他的婚姻。）
8）My boss approved of my attending the conference. （老板同意我出席會(huì)議。）
本句中的approve作不及物動(dòng)詞用，后面接of + （動(dòng)）名詞，不接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
4.frown n. v. 皺眉；不滿
1）He gave me a frown of disapproval. （他向我做了個(gè)不贊成的表情。）
2）She frowned at her mother when she was asked to do some housework.（要她做點(diǎn)家務(wù)事時(shí)，她朝母親皺眉頭。）
3）Critics frowned on/upon the idea. （評(píng)論家對(duì)這種意見表示不贊同。）
5.reaction n. 反應(yīng)；對(duì)抗
在前一單元中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了動(dòng)詞react， reaction是react的名詞形式。無(wú)論用動(dòng)詞還是名詞，當(dāng)表示“對(duì)…作出反應(yīng)”時(shí)，后面要用介詞to.如：
1）How did he react to the news？ （他對(duì)此消息如何反應(yīng)？）
2）What was their reaction to your proposal？ （他們對(duì)你的建議有何反應(yīng)？）
3）I am not sure how he will react to such a straightforward answer. （我吃不準(zhǔn)他會(huì)對(duì)如此直率的回答作出什么反應(yīng)。）
4）What was the audience's reaction to his speech？ （聽眾對(duì)他的發(fā)言有何反應(yīng)？）
6.embarrass v. 使窘迫，使為難；麻煩，妨礙
1）She was embarrassed by her husband's drunken behavior. （她丈夫的酒后舉止使她難堪。）
2）It embarrasses me even to think about it. （我連想想這件事都覺(jué)得不好意思。）
3）We didn't want to embarrass him in any way. （我們一點(diǎn)也不想使他為難。）
4）We found him embarrassed with debts. （我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他已經(jīng)負(fù)債累累。）
7.staff n. 全體職工、參謀部 v. 為…配備工作人員
1）The company has got a staff of more than 800. （這家公司有800多名職工。）
2）The editorial staff of a newspaper demanded pay increases. （一家報(bào)紙的全體編輯人員要求增加工資。）
3）He served as a chief of staff in the army. （他在部隊(duì)做參謀長(zhǎng)。）
4）The labs are staffed with two engineers. （實(shí)驗(yàn)室里配備了兩名工程師。）
5）We must staff the center with men with a formal training. （我們必須為中心配備受過(guò)正規(guī)訓(xùn)練的人員。）
在第七單元中我們學(xué)過(guò)stuff這個(gè)詞，并把staff和stuff做過(guò)比較，再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句，注意stuff的意思和用法。
1）The secretary has to get all the stuff ready before the meeting starts.（會(huì)議開始前秘書得把所有的東西準(zhǔn)備好。）
2）——Do you want some jelly？ （你想來(lái)點(diǎn)果子凍嗎？）
——No， I hate the stuff. （不，我討厭那東西。）
3）The buses are always stuffed with passengers during the rush hours.（上下班高峰時(shí)間，公共汽車上總是擠滿了乘客。）
4）He really wanted to stuff his ears with cotton-wool when his mother rattled on. （母親喋喋不休時(shí)，他真想用棉托把耳朵堵上。）
8.gesture n. 姿勢(shì)，手勢(shì)；（外交等方面的）姿態(tài) v. 做手勢(shì)
1）He gestured to me to sit down. （他示意我坐下。）
2）She gestured with her head towards the closed door. （她用頭朝緊閉的門示意了一下。）
3）The old man gestured me to his study. （老人示意我去他的書房。）
4）He raised his hands in a gesture of despair. （他舉起雙手以示絕望。）
5）What he has done is just a political gesture to draw popular support. （他所做的只是爭(zhēng)取民眾支持的一種政治姿態(tài)。）
9.proximity n. 接近，親近，近似
這個(gè)詞用得很正式，意思相當(dāng)于closeness.如：
1）Much of the town's attractiveness lies in its proximity to Niagara Falls.（這座城市吸引人的地方主要在于它離尼亞加拉瀑布很近。）
2）I have grown accustomed to the continual proximity of the animals. （我已習(xí)慣總有動(dòng)物在我附近。）
3）be in close proximity to （非常接近于）
4）in the proximity of （在…附近）
5）proximity of blood （近親）
6）proximity effect （鄰近效應(yīng)）
7）proximity talks （近距離間接會(huì)談）
10.cultural adj. 文化的
在講第三個(gè)單詞approval時(shí)，我們提到-al可以做名詞后綴用，也可以做形容詞后綴用。在cultural這個(gè)單詞中-al做形容詞后綴用。
1）Cultural differences caused a lot of misunderstandings. （文化方面的差異造成了許多誤解。）
2）These peoples have different cultural traditions. （這些民族有著不同的文化傳統(tǒng)。）
3）This city is often referred to as a cultural desert. （這個(gè)城市常被稱為文化沙漠。）
11.invasion n. 入侵，侵略
這個(gè)單詞的動(dòng)詞形式是invade.In是個(gè)前綴，意思是 “into”，vade是個(gè)詞根，意思是 “to go”。
-sion是個(gè)常用的名詞后綴，加在動(dòng)詞后面構(gòu)成名詞。如：
decide——decision （決定） pervade——pervasion （彌漫）
evade——evasion （逃避）
1）Japan launched an invasion into China. （日本入侵中國(guó)。）
2）This is an evasion of individual privacy. （這是對(duì)個(gè)人隱私的干預(yù)。）
3）What you are doing now will undoubtedly invade the rights of others. （你現(xiàn)在的所為無(wú)疑將侵犯他人的權(quán)利。）
4）No one would allow his family privacy to be invaded. （誰(shuí)也不會(huì)允許自己的家庭私生活受到侵?jǐn)_。）
12.fiddle n. 小提琴 v. 拉提琴；不停撥弄；閑蕩
在口語(yǔ)中人們常用fiddle來(lái)表示演奏民間音樂(lè)的小提琴。請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句，注意fiddle的意思。
1）In his eyes father plays first fiddle in the family. （在他看來(lái)父親在家里居首要地位。）
2）His face was as long as a fiddle when his request was refused. （他的要求遭到拒絕時(shí)他拉長(zhǎng)了臉。）
3）Don't worry about him. He is as fit as a fiddle. （別為他擔(dān)心，他非常健康。）
再請(qǐng)看fiddle做動(dòng)詞用時(shí)的意思：
1）He sat nervously fiddling with his spectacles. （他坐在那兒緊張地?fù)芘难坨R。）
2）He didn't like anyone to fiddle with his bicycle. （他不喜歡任何亂動(dòng)他的自行車。）
3）Don't fiddle about， go and help your mum with the housework. （別再閑蕩了，去幫媽媽做家務(wù)。）
4）Father was angry because Tom fiddled away the whole day. （父親很生氣，因?yàn)闇防速M(fèi)了整整一天的時(shí)間。）
13.wriggle v. / n. 蠕動(dòng)，扭動(dòng)，蜿蜒
英語(yǔ)中以wr開首的單詞，w通常不發(fā)音，如write （寫），wrap （包扎），wrestle （摔跤），wretched （痛苦的），wring （擰），wrinkle （皺紋），wrong （錯(cuò)誤的）
1）The child wriggled out of his mother's arms. （那孩子扭動(dòng)著掙脫了母親的懷抱。）
2）A snake wriggled across the road. （一條蛇蜿蜒游過(guò)公路。）
3）He got through the hole with a wriggle. （他扭動(dòng)著身子從洞口鉆了出去。）
14.confess v. 承認(rèn)；坦白，供認(rèn)
1）He confessed his crime in the face of the evidence. （在證據(jù)面前，他認(rèn)罪了。）
2）He confessed hating his present job. （他承認(rèn)他恨目前的工作。）
3）I have to confess that I didn't understand what she said. （我不得不承認(rèn)我沒(méi)聽懂她說(shuō)的話。）
4）He confessed to being a drug addict. （他承認(rèn)自己有毒癮。）
5）The student refused to confess to having cheated on the exam. （那個(gè)學(xué)生拒絕承認(rèn)考試作弊。）
從以上的例句中我們可以看出confess可以作及物動(dòng)詞用，也可作不及物動(dòng)詞用。作及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，confess的后面可以接名詞、動(dòng)名詞和賓語(yǔ)從句等。作不及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，confess的后面要接介詞to，其用法同于admit to sth/doing sth
15.intense adj. 強(qiáng)烈的，緊張的；熱烈的
1）Because of the intense heat， I slept very little last night. （由于天氣酷熱，我昨夜沒(méi)怎么睡。）
2）The intense light dazzled my eyes. （強(qiáng)光使我目眩。）
3）He has intense interest in computer. （他對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)有極大的興趣。）
4）Diplomatic activity has been intense recently. （近來(lái)外交活動(dòng)緊張頻繁。）
16.brief adj. 簡(jiǎn)短的，簡(jiǎn)潔的 v. 作簡(jiǎn)要的介紹，匯報(bào)
1）He will go to England for a brief visit. （他將去英國(guó)進(jìn)行短期訪問(wèn)。）
2）She only made a brief statement at the meeting. （她在會(huì)上只作了簡(jiǎn)短的陳述。）
3）They briefed the press about the recent happenings. （他們向報(bào)界通報(bào)近發(fā)生的事情。）
4）They had been well briefed about the political situation. （對(duì)政治形勢(shì)他們已被簡(jiǎn)要告知。）
17.volume n. 卷冊(cè)，書卷；體積；音量
1）The community has a library of 12，000 volumes. （這個(gè)社區(qū)有一個(gè)藏書12，000的圖書館。）
2）The passenger volume this May was not as big last May. （今天五月的客流量沒(méi)有去年的大。）
3）Turn down the volume please. The baby is sleeping. （寶寶在睡覺(jué)，請(qǐng)把音量調(diào)低。）
本課簡(jiǎn)介
談到人與人之間的交流方式，人們會(huì)很自然地想到語(yǔ)言（口頭語(yǔ)言或書面語(yǔ)言），而另一種人們?cè)跓o(wú)意識(shí)之中常常運(yùn)用的交流方式（非語(yǔ)言交際或稱肢體語(yǔ)言）也正受到越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注和研究。
一般的歐洲人會(huì)對(duì)自己所贊同的東西以微笑和點(diǎn)頭的方式表示贊許，對(duì)自己所不贊同的東西則皺眉和搖頭。不用說(shuō)一句話，人們就可以此來(lái)表明自己的態(tài)度。肢體語(yǔ)言與文化是密切相關(guān)的，比如中國(guó)人的微笑不一定表示贊許，倒可能是出于不安。
肢體語(yǔ)言可被分為五類：1）身體姿勢(shì)和臉部表情 2）目光交流 3）肢體距離 4）服裝和外貌 5）語(yǔ)言特性。關(guān)于第三點(diǎn)，不同的文化有不同的反映。在某些文化中，人們?cè)诮徽剷r(shí)緊挨在一起是很自然的事，而在其他中，如美國(guó)，這樣做則是不甚妥當(dāng)?shù)摹?BR> 有些信號(hào)對(duì)所有的人來(lái)說(shuō)都很熟悉。比如一個(gè)正跟你交談的人不停地?cái)[弄鉛筆或眼鏡，這就表明他很緊張。一個(gè)用手捂著嘴巴講話的人則缺少自信。如果你坐在椅子里扭動(dòng)身體，悄悄看手表，用手掩著嘴巴打哈欠，這就表明你感到倦了。
某些信號(hào)可以人為地控制，但眼神不易控制。如果不是想表達(dá)心中摯愛，請(qǐng)別長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地盯著別人的眼睛看，那樣會(huì)令人尷尬。
本課語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
1.That isn't a catch question.
catch多用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“抓??；趕上；感染到；著（火）；領(lǐng)會(huì)”。如：
1）The thief was caught by the police on the scene. （小偷被警察當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓住。）
2）He didn't catch the last train. （他沒(méi)趕上末班火車。）
3）He caught a bad cold last week. （他上周得了重傷風(fēng)。）
1）The building caught fire and many people were trapped in it. （大樓著了火，許多人被困在里面。）
2）Sorry， I didn't quite catch you. （對(duì)不起，我沒(méi)聽清你的話。）
在本課文的這個(gè)句子中，catch用作名詞，意思是a hidden problem，difficulty，or obstacle in sth. （難人的問(wèn)題，詭計(jì)）。如：
1）There is a catch in it. （這里面有蹊蹺。）
2）Don't worry. There are no catch questions in the paper. （別擔(dān)心，試卷里沒(méi)有怪題。）
3）He was taken surprise by the catch question. （那個(gè)怪題使他詫異。）
Unit23（第68講-第70講）
2.It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words.
在第四單元中我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)refer to （提到，涉及）這個(gè)短語(yǔ)。再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句。
1）In his speech he referred to the difficulties they had overcome. （在發(fā)言中，他提到了他們所克服的困難。）
2）What he said at the meeting doesn't refer to you. （他在會(huì)上所說(shuō)的不是指你。）
在第二單元和第二十二單元中，我們已學(xué)過(guò)動(dòng)詞involve和名詞involvement，再請(qǐng)看下面的例句，
注意involve在本課文中的意思和用法。
1）If I were you，I wouldn't get myself involved in this problem. （如果我是你，我不會(huì)讓自己卷進(jìn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題中。）
2）She didn't want to be involved in trouble. （她不想卷入糾紛。）
以上兩例句中，involve都是“卷入，陷入，牽涉”的意思。
3）To accept the job would involve my living in London. （若接受這份工作，我必須得住在倫敦。）
4）Building this road will involve the construction of some tunnels. （造這條路包括建造一些隧洞。）
在例句3）和4）中，involve的意思是“必須包括某種結(jié)果”。在involve后面必須用名詞或者動(dòng)名詞。
3.NVC for short.
這是一個(gè)省略句，補(bǔ)充完整應(yīng)該是Non-verbal communication is called NVC for short.
（非語(yǔ)言交際被簡(jiǎn)稱為/縮寫為NVC.）
for short是個(gè)常用短語(yǔ)，意思是“簡(jiǎn)稱；縮寫”。如：
1）Unidentified flying object is called UFO for short. （不明飛行物被簡(jiǎn)稱為UFO）
2）People's Republic of China is ften written as P.R.C. for short. （中華人民共和國(guó)常被縮寫為P.R.C.）
4.…the average European will smile and nod approval.
在第三單元中我們已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)average這個(gè)詞。average可以做形容詞、名詞和動(dòng)詞用。如：
1）The average driver thinks that accidents only happen to other people.（司機(jī)一般都認(rèn)為事故只發(fā)生在其他人身人。）
2）We averaged 70 miles an hour. （我們平均每小時(shí)行70公里。）
3）His performance is above the average. （他的成績(jī)?cè)谝话闼街稀＃?BR> 在本課文的這個(gè)句子中，average做形容詞用，意思是“普通的”。
nod可以用作及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞和名詞。如：
1）They nodded agreement. （他們點(diǎn)頭表示同意。）
2）He nodded me a welcome when I went in. （我進(jìn)去時(shí)，他向我點(diǎn)頭表示歡迎。）
3）I nodded to him in greeting. （我向他點(diǎn)頭打招呼。）
4）Father nodded in approval when he listened. （父親聽著時(shí)點(diǎn)頭表示贊同。）
5）Homer sometimes nods. （智者千慮，必有一失。）
6）He didn't give our plan the nod. （他沒(méi)有同意我們的計(jì)劃。）
5.…because body language is very much tied to culture…
本句中的be tied to sth.意思是be related to， have to do with （與…有關(guān)），如：
1）Many diseases are tied to smoking. （許多疾病與吸煙有關(guān)。）
2）The misunderstanding was tied to cultural differences. （這個(gè)誤會(huì)與文化差異有關(guān)。）
be tied to 也可以表示be restricted by （受…約束），如：
1）She was tied to housework and wouldn't be able to come. （她被家務(wù)事束縛，無(wú)法前來(lái)。）
2）If you have small children， you will be tied to your home. （如果你有小孩子，你就會(huì)被束縛在家了。）
6.Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC， which is obviously important， for instance， to managers， who have to deal every day with their staff， and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions.
本句中，which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾NVC；who引導(dǎo)的也是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾managers；what引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，做understand的賓語(yǔ)。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，用which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾表物的先地詞；用who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句則修飾表人的先行詞；也可用關(guān)系 副詞where或when引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句常用逗號(hào)與主句分開，而且引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)系代詞which，that和關(guān)系副詞 where， when不能省略。
1）I want to buy the house， which has a garden. （我想買那座房子，它有一個(gè)花園。）
2）The students， who wanted to go out on a picnic， were disappointed when it rained.（學(xué)生們想出去野餐，天下雨了大家都感到失望。）
3）The football match will be put off till next week， when we can get everything ready.（足球賽將推遲到下周，那時(shí)我們能把一切準(zhǔn)備就緒。）
4）The place， where we stayed， has changed so much. （那個(gè)地方我們住過(guò)，那兒的變化很大。）
deal with的意思是“對(duì)付，打交道”。如：
1）He is not easy to deal with. （他不容易打交道。）
2）I don't know how to deal with this situation. （我不知道如何應(yīng)付這種局面。）
7.I expect you understand all those， except perhaps “proximity”。 動(dòng)詞expect通常有如下用法：
1）except + 賓語(yǔ)（名詞或代詞）
I am expecting a letter. （我在等信。）
The teacher is expecting you. （老師在等你。）
2）expect +（賓語(yǔ)）+ 動(dòng)詞不定式
I expect to be back next week. （我預(yù)計(jì)下周回來(lái)。）
I didn't expect him to come so early. （我沒(méi)料到他會(huì)來(lái)得這么早。）
3）expect + that從句
He didn't expect that the work could be so difficult. （他沒(méi)料到這工作會(huì)如此艱難。）
They expected that the war would end soon.（他們期望戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)早日結(jié)束。）
在本課文的句子中，except后面跟的是省略了that的賓語(yǔ)從句。
8.A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signaling that he is lacking in confidence.
在第十六單元中我們學(xué)過(guò)lack這個(gè)詞。lack可以用作動(dòng)詞或名詞，lacking用作形容詞。lack和lacking用法如下：
1）lack用作名詞：（for） lack of （因）缺乏
He showed a complete lack of confidence. （他顯得毫無(wú)信心。）
The case was dismissed for lack of evidence. （因缺乏證據(jù)，那個(gè)案子被駁回了。）
2）lack用作及物動(dòng)詞：lack sth
Your article lacks concert example. （你的文章缺少具體的例子。）
She lacks patience in dealing with children. （與孩子打交道她缺少耐心。）
3）lacking用作形容詞：be lacking in sth.
Philip was not lacking in ability. （菲力普并不缺少能力。）
His reception of us was lacking in warmth.（他對(duì)我們的接待缺少熱情。）
9.These are both pretty obvious signals.
通常pretty用作形容詞，而在本句中pretty作副詞用。如：
1）She was happy to live in the pretty valley. （住在美麗的山谷里她很開心。）
2）The pretty little girl brought much delight to her family. （那個(gè)漂亮的小姑娘給全家?guī)?lái)了莫大的快樂(lè)。）
3）I will be back pretty soon. （我不久就回來(lái)。）
4）She felt pretty tired. （她感到相當(dāng)累。）
5）I am pretty certain the performance will be a success. （我相當(dāng)有把握演出會(huì)成功。）
10.In fact， non-verbal communication car， as the saying goes， speak volumes.
as the saying goes意思是“正如成語(yǔ)所說(shuō)，俗話說(shuō)”。在本句中，as the saying goes做插入語(yǔ)。
speak volumes意思是“很有意義；含義很深；充分說(shuō)明”。如：
1）The one photograph speaks volumes. （這一張照片就很有意義。）
2）The look on her face spoke volumes.她的臉色意味深長(zhǎng)。）
3）Her silence spoke volumes for her attitude. （她的沉默清楚地表明了她的態(tài)度。）
本課主要詞組
1.means of
2.involve sth/doing sth
3.refer to
4.agree with
5.communicate sth. to sb.
6.tie to / be tied to
7.in order to
8.be categorized into
9.be common to
10.fiddle with
11.be lacking in
12.start doing sth.
13.and so on
14.in fact
15.give off
16.look away
17.in embarrassment
18.for short
19.as the saying goes
20. speak volumes
Text B body talk
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1.talk a liking to
He couldn't understand why the boss suddenly took a liking to him.
2.chances are that…
Chances are that he will not be able to get the job.
3.anything… but
It is not anything you say but something you do that counts.
4.devote to
Father asked him to devote his attention to his study.
5.apart from
Apart from this consideration， there is no other reason why we should not go.
6.be involved in
He was not involved in the scandal.
7.tend to
He tends to get irritated if you press him for an answer.
8.be aware of
He is not aware of the mistake he has made.
9.according to
You have to do according to what he said.
10.complain of
The moment he got in， he began to complain of the weather.
11.let alone
He wouldn't hesitate to die for her， let alone give her some help.
12.be hostile to
No knows why he is so hostile to his brother.
13.impress sb. with sth.
He impressed us with his sincerity.
14.take note of
He didn't take note of the weather forecast and was caught in a heavy rain.
15.go on
I didn't know anything about what was going on outside.