11. Such variations in size，shape，chemistry，conduction speed，excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for anypossible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.(5)
難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾
譯文：類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)他們被用來與大腦的體驗(yàn)以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來的時(shí)候，他們在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。
解釋：即使是初練難免的人其實(shí)也很熟悉such thing as something這樣的語言方式，可是當(dāng)中間的小東西thing居然變成了一個(gè)長達(dá)十二個(gè)單詞的大東西的時(shí)候，實(shí)在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底為哪方神圣。再加上以such as 為中心的長主語距離系動(dòng)詞remain太遠(yuǎn)，更增加了本句的難度。請讀者反復(fù)閱讀，直到讀出這樣的感覺：順序閱讀原文時(shí)，原文似乎就是幾大塊，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.
意群訓(xùn)練：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.
12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通過其他方法來證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異;可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。
難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝
解釋：與很多人的印象相反，lack從來就不能作形容詞，它只有動(dòng)詞或名詞的詞性。其形容詞的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。
本句的在however 之前和之后的兩個(gè)分句，是兩個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，前一個(gè)是小倒裝，正常語序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是個(gè)大倒裝，lacking之后的that引導(dǎo)的同位語人名是修飾主語proof的，但是因?yàn)樗L，所以為了避免頭重腳輕，被放到lacking之后，正常的語序應(yīng)該是proof that the quality of ..was lacking
意群訓(xùn)練：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. (4)
盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點(diǎn)從來都沒有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對過，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點(diǎn)，即：神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作“一種普通流”在整個(gè)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、雙重否定
解釋：前半個(gè)分句中有一個(gè)雙重否定，was never rigidly disproved,這種表示法用中文說出來還是比較好懂的，原因是我們熟悉中文的這種表示法，但在英文中出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)樵谝郧暗膶W(xué)習(xí)中見得少，所以感覺上很別扭。因此，同學(xué)們的任務(wù)，就是通過反復(fù)閱讀此類句子來熟悉這樣的英語。其實(shí)在英文表達(dá)中，很多雙重否定與中文表達(dá)是一樣的，表示肯定;如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得讀者注意的是在GRE和GMAT這兩種對考生的邏輯有苛刻要求的考試中，如果這種雙重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的詞匯，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，則雙重否定不一定表示肯定;比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解為agree， 不反對者中，的確有人會(huì)同意，但通常心存疑慮，隨大流者居多。不但如此，大雙重否定中加上限定詞以后，在否定的范圍上也有所變化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，沒有完全被反對，不能理解為從來都被嚴(yán)格支持的，而應(yīng)該理解成從來都可能有人支持的。綜上所述，對雙重否定的句子，簡單的把其置換為肯定，不是最精確的理解。而的辦法，就是通過多讀、多練來熟悉其語言表達(dá)及其邏輯方式，按照其字面的表達(dá)理解成沒有完全否定，然后大腦中反應(yīng)出其目前的生存狀態(tài)是一個(gè)仍未消失的狀態(tài);這種理解才是在考試現(xiàn)場既快速又精確的理解。
運(yùn)用前面所說的用合理化原則中的取非讀法，可以很容易的讀出作者在后半個(gè)分句中想說前面的那種觀點(diǎn)被反對了。但是，初學(xué)者會(huì)對這個(gè)分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else這種語言表達(dá)感到突然，如果理解成因?yàn)橄埠笳叨鴴仐壛饲罢撸m然也能說得通，但是其實(shí)原文從來沒有這種因果關(guān)系，in favor of強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這兩種動(dòng)作的同時(shí)性;拋棄了前者，而轉(zhuǎn)向后者，namely之后的內(nèi)容是前面的opposing view的同位語。
意群訓(xùn)練：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the oppsiting view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system
14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number，arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. (4 -)
盡管其他實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理-神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來比起微小的差異更為令人注目。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：在前后兩個(gè)分句之間有一個(gè)插入語as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中，主語the obvious similarities之后的、修飾主語的成分較長、以至于有很多讀者看到相隔很遠(yuǎn)的more remarkable than時(shí)一下子反應(yīng)不過來是什么比后者更明顯。其簡化形式應(yīng)為：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。
意群訓(xùn)練：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (4+)
雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)(serial hypothesis)，至少是對于那些不甚簡單、不甚熟悉的物體來說。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、省略
解釋：在Although引導(dǎo)的分句中，謂語shows后面跟著一個(gè)長長的賓語從句，從句中先出現(xiàn)一個(gè)插入語as an object becomes familiar,之后的內(nèi)容是由and 連接的兩套并列的主謂賓。其實(shí)and前后就是兩個(gè)句子，只不過作者省略了后面的句子中與前面相同的引導(dǎo)詞that和謂語become。
句子中有一個(gè)生詞holistic，其實(shí)即使不認(rèn)識(shí)，也能用合理化原則猜出它是后面serial的反義詞、parallel的同義詞，大約是統(tǒng)一、完整或同時(shí)的意思;其實(shí)只要能理解到其是與serial相反的意思即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. (3+)
在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)(feminist movement)的緣故，史學(xué)家近年來匯聚了大量的注意力，來更為準(zhǔn)確地確定婦女在各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的地位。 Focus A on B;
難句類型：倒裝
解釋：focus A on B指把A集中于B，本句中介詞on的賓語determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一個(gè)小倒裝，正常語序應(yīng)該是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。
意群訓(xùn)練：In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.
17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact –real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4)
如果我們先研究一下為什么古人會(huì)提到亞馬遜人，下面的一點(diǎn)就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘對于這種社會(huì)的廟睡不是太多的被用來表達(dá)觀察的歷史事實(shí)——真正的亞麻遜社會(huì)的——而是為了對于婦女在其社會(huì)中的統(tǒng)治的預(yù)期后果提供一種“道德教導(dǎo)”。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞
解釋：有兩個(gè)詞匯需要先解釋一下：something be meant to represent是use something to mean的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。mean在這里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思，而是表示做某事所表達(dá)的目的、意圖，其英文釋義為：to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的結(jié)構(gòu)為：something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 實(shí)際上是把be meant to和not rather 的兩個(gè)固定搭配套在一起，意思是：不是為了...而是為了...
另外，suppose的意思很抽象，不容易理解。此詞既有據(jù)信、被認(rèn)為的意思，也有預(yù)期的意思，還有表示貶義的假想的被想當(dāng)然的意思。
本句的supposed用法極其特殊，在此處的意思，用以上任何一個(gè)釋義來理解居然都可以成立，既是在說一個(gè)預(yù)期的社會(huì)狀態(tài)，又是在說一個(gè)虛構(gòu)出來的、本來不存在的社會(huì)狀態(tài)，其用法類似于中文中的一語雙關(guān)，是文章作者自以為文筆精妙之處。
意群訓(xùn)練：If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact- real Amazonian societies- but rather to offer"moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society.
18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects;and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. (5)
因此，舉例來說，對數(shù)學(xué)家而言，了解到下述情形可能會(huì)令其驚愕不已，即薛定諤(Schrodinger)的氫原子方程式并非是對該原子作出的一種絕然正確的描述，而僅僅是個(gè)近似值，趨近于一個(gè)在某種程度上更為正確的將自旋、磁性偶極子、以及相對論效應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)的方程式;而這個(gè)得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個(gè)不完美的近似值，趨近于無窮無盡的一整套量子場論方程式。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、省略
解釋：讀到此句時(shí)，數(shù)學(xué)家不見得震驚，暈倒的考生恐怕不在少數(shù)。不但句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，而且羅列了大量的專有名詞。對于不是理科的同學(xué)來講，在閱讀這篇文章的現(xiàn)場清楚地明白應(yīng)該讀到什么程度遠(yuǎn)比研究這些生僻的專有名詞更重要。其實(shí)是否知道薛定鄂方程對讀者來說并不見得重要，GRE考試的出題者也不見得知道它;關(guān)鍵是要讀懂句子的主要意思;數(shù)學(xué)家不能理解不精確和近似值的偉大意義。不過在本書中，出現(xiàn)的句子均以閱讀訓(xùn)練為目的，所以讀者仍要把句子的結(jié)構(gòu)讀清楚。
主句中的主語it是一個(gè)開工主語，其具體的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是從to learn開始一直到句子結(jié)束的長達(dá)八行的不定式，但是此不定式實(shí)在太長，如果放在句首則句子無法平衡。Learn后面帶著兩個(gè)以that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，中間以分號(hào)和and分開，可以把分號(hào)以后的句子看成是and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that的省略形式。
意群訓(xùn)練：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.
19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. (5+)
物理學(xué)家恐懼于那些精確無誤的論據(jù)不無道理，因?yàn)槟撤N只有在它是精確無誤的條件下才令人置信的論據(jù)，一旦它賴于建立其上的假設(shè)稍有變化，便會(huì)失去它一部的作用;而與此相反，一個(gè)盡管并不精確無誤但卻令人置信的論據(jù)，在其基本假設(shè)(underlying assumption)稍微受干擾的情況下，仍然有可能是站得住腳的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句在文章中就是一個(gè)自然段，雖然長度比不上前面第一章中所舉的那個(gè)長達(dá)10行的例子，但是難度絕不在那句話之下。本句堪稱句子的大雜燴，連主句帶從句居然一共有八個(gè)。從大往小說，由whereas連接了兩個(gè)大句子，whereas后面的句子中的主語an augument之后又跟了一個(gè)定語從句that is convincing though imprecise， 修飾augument。whereas前面共有六個(gè)句子，由the physicist作主語的主句;由since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，修飾since從句中主語an augument的由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，此定語從句中的條件狀語從句only if it is precise; since從句中的條件狀語從句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修飾此從句中的主語assumptions的定語從句on which it is based一共八個(gè)句子，從句套從句，實(shí)在令人嘆為觀止。
然而，在考試現(xiàn)場去數(shù)句子的數(shù)目，是只有呆子才會(huì)干的事，讀者們惟一要干的事就是反復(fù)閱讀這句話，什么時(shí)候練到不必去想其語法結(jié)構(gòu)就能按原文順序讀懂，才算初步掌握;再進(jìn)一步把它讀順，直到你看不出這個(gè)句子有什么特別的地方，看上去還挺舒服就算訓(xùn)練成功。
意群訓(xùn)練：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. (4-)
起初，藍(lán)襪女們確實(shí)模仿了法國沙龍女主人，將男性襄括到其小圈子中來。然則，隨著她們獲得的凝聚力，她們漸趨將自己視作一女性團(tuán)體，并擁有了一種婦女團(tuán)結(jié)意識(shí)，而這種意識(shí)在法國沙龍女主人身上則蕩然無存，因?yàn)樗齻兠總€(gè)人在其自己的沙龍中自視甚高而彼此孤立隔絕開來。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句讀到表示并列的連詞and開始變難。and之后的不定式與前面的不定式是并列的，to的前面省略了一個(gè)與前面一樣的謂語came。 lacking之后的分詞作定語修飾a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句又修飾逗號(hào)前面的salonnieres此從句中又有一個(gè)定語從句that each salonniere held in her own salon修飾其前的primacy,但是由于引導(dǎo)詞that在從句中作賓語，因此被省略。
意群訓(xùn)練：However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.
難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾
譯文：類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)他們被用來與大腦的體驗(yàn)以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來的時(shí)候，他們在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。
解釋：即使是初練難免的人其實(shí)也很熟悉such thing as something這樣的語言方式，可是當(dāng)中間的小東西thing居然變成了一個(gè)長達(dá)十二個(gè)單詞的大東西的時(shí)候，實(shí)在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底為哪方神圣。再加上以such as 為中心的長主語距離系動(dòng)詞remain太遠(yuǎn)，更增加了本句的難度。請讀者反復(fù)閱讀，直到讀出這樣的感覺：順序閱讀原文時(shí)，原文似乎就是幾大塊，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.
意群訓(xùn)練：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.
12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通過其他方法來證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異;可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。
難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝
解釋：與很多人的印象相反，lack從來就不能作形容詞，它只有動(dòng)詞或名詞的詞性。其形容詞的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。
本句的在however 之前和之后的兩個(gè)分句，是兩個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，前一個(gè)是小倒裝，正常語序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是個(gè)大倒裝，lacking之后的that引導(dǎo)的同位語人名是修飾主語proof的，但是因?yàn)樗L，所以為了避免頭重腳輕，被放到lacking之后，正常的語序應(yīng)該是proof that the quality of ..was lacking
意群訓(xùn)練：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. (4)
盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點(diǎn)從來都沒有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對過，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點(diǎn)，即：神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作“一種普通流”在整個(gè)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、雙重否定
解釋：前半個(gè)分句中有一個(gè)雙重否定，was never rigidly disproved,這種表示法用中文說出來還是比較好懂的，原因是我們熟悉中文的這種表示法，但在英文中出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)樵谝郧暗膶W(xué)習(xí)中見得少，所以感覺上很別扭。因此，同學(xué)們的任務(wù)，就是通過反復(fù)閱讀此類句子來熟悉這樣的英語。其實(shí)在英文表達(dá)中，很多雙重否定與中文表達(dá)是一樣的，表示肯定;如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得讀者注意的是在GRE和GMAT這兩種對考生的邏輯有苛刻要求的考試中，如果這種雙重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的詞匯，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，則雙重否定不一定表示肯定;比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解為agree， 不反對者中，的確有人會(huì)同意，但通常心存疑慮，隨大流者居多。不但如此，大雙重否定中加上限定詞以后，在否定的范圍上也有所變化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，沒有完全被反對，不能理解為從來都被嚴(yán)格支持的，而應(yīng)該理解成從來都可能有人支持的。綜上所述，對雙重否定的句子，簡單的把其置換為肯定，不是最精確的理解。而的辦法，就是通過多讀、多練來熟悉其語言表達(dá)及其邏輯方式，按照其字面的表達(dá)理解成沒有完全否定，然后大腦中反應(yīng)出其目前的生存狀態(tài)是一個(gè)仍未消失的狀態(tài);這種理解才是在考試現(xiàn)場既快速又精確的理解。
運(yùn)用前面所說的用合理化原則中的取非讀法，可以很容易的讀出作者在后半個(gè)分句中想說前面的那種觀點(diǎn)被反對了。但是，初學(xué)者會(huì)對這個(gè)分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else這種語言表達(dá)感到突然，如果理解成因?yàn)橄埠笳叨鴴仐壛饲罢撸m然也能說得通，但是其實(shí)原文從來沒有這種因果關(guān)系，in favor of強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這兩種動(dòng)作的同時(shí)性;拋棄了前者，而轉(zhuǎn)向后者，namely之后的內(nèi)容是前面的opposing view的同位語。
意群訓(xùn)練：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the oppsiting view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system
14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number，arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. (4 -)
盡管其他實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理-神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來比起微小的差異更為令人注目。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：在前后兩個(gè)分句之間有一個(gè)插入語as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中，主語the obvious similarities之后的、修飾主語的成分較長、以至于有很多讀者看到相隔很遠(yuǎn)的more remarkable than時(shí)一下子反應(yīng)不過來是什么比后者更明顯。其簡化形式應(yīng)為：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。
意群訓(xùn)練：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (4+)
雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)(serial hypothesis)，至少是對于那些不甚簡單、不甚熟悉的物體來說。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、省略
解釋：在Although引導(dǎo)的分句中，謂語shows后面跟著一個(gè)長長的賓語從句，從句中先出現(xiàn)一個(gè)插入語as an object becomes familiar,之后的內(nèi)容是由and 連接的兩套并列的主謂賓。其實(shí)and前后就是兩個(gè)句子，只不過作者省略了后面的句子中與前面相同的引導(dǎo)詞that和謂語become。
句子中有一個(gè)生詞holistic，其實(shí)即使不認(rèn)識(shí)，也能用合理化原則猜出它是后面serial的反義詞、parallel的同義詞，大約是統(tǒng)一、完整或同時(shí)的意思;其實(shí)只要能理解到其是與serial相反的意思即可。
意群訓(xùn)練：Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. (3+)
在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)(feminist movement)的緣故，史學(xué)家近年來匯聚了大量的注意力，來更為準(zhǔn)確地確定婦女在各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的地位。 Focus A on B;
難句類型：倒裝
解釋：focus A on B指把A集中于B，本句中介詞on的賓語determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一個(gè)小倒裝，正常語序應(yīng)該是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。
意群訓(xùn)練：In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.
17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact –real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4)
如果我們先研究一下為什么古人會(huì)提到亞馬遜人，下面的一點(diǎn)就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘對于這種社會(huì)的廟睡不是太多的被用來表達(dá)觀察的歷史事實(shí)——真正的亞麻遜社會(huì)的——而是為了對于婦女在其社會(huì)中的統(tǒng)治的預(yù)期后果提供一種“道德教導(dǎo)”。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞
解釋：有兩個(gè)詞匯需要先解釋一下：something be meant to represent是use something to mean的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。mean在這里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思，而是表示做某事所表達(dá)的目的、意圖，其英文釋義為：to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的結(jié)構(gòu)為：something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 實(shí)際上是把be meant to和not rather 的兩個(gè)固定搭配套在一起，意思是：不是為了...而是為了...
另外，suppose的意思很抽象，不容易理解。此詞既有據(jù)信、被認(rèn)為的意思，也有預(yù)期的意思，還有表示貶義的假想的被想當(dāng)然的意思。
本句的supposed用法極其特殊，在此處的意思，用以上任何一個(gè)釋義來理解居然都可以成立，既是在說一個(gè)預(yù)期的社會(huì)狀態(tài)，又是在說一個(gè)虛構(gòu)出來的、本來不存在的社會(huì)狀態(tài)，其用法類似于中文中的一語雙關(guān)，是文章作者自以為文筆精妙之處。
意群訓(xùn)練：If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact- real Amazonian societies- but rather to offer"moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society.
18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects;and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. (5)
因此，舉例來說，對數(shù)學(xué)家而言，了解到下述情形可能會(huì)令其驚愕不已，即薛定諤(Schrodinger)的氫原子方程式并非是對該原子作出的一種絕然正確的描述，而僅僅是個(gè)近似值，趨近于一個(gè)在某種程度上更為正確的將自旋、磁性偶極子、以及相對論效應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)的方程式;而這個(gè)得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個(gè)不完美的近似值，趨近于無窮無盡的一整套量子場論方程式。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、省略
解釋：讀到此句時(shí)，數(shù)學(xué)家不見得震驚，暈倒的考生恐怕不在少數(shù)。不但句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，而且羅列了大量的專有名詞。對于不是理科的同學(xué)來講，在閱讀這篇文章的現(xiàn)場清楚地明白應(yīng)該讀到什么程度遠(yuǎn)比研究這些生僻的專有名詞更重要。其實(shí)是否知道薛定鄂方程對讀者來說并不見得重要，GRE考試的出題者也不見得知道它;關(guān)鍵是要讀懂句子的主要意思;數(shù)學(xué)家不能理解不精確和近似值的偉大意義。不過在本書中，出現(xiàn)的句子均以閱讀訓(xùn)練為目的，所以讀者仍要把句子的結(jié)構(gòu)讀清楚。
主句中的主語it是一個(gè)開工主語，其具體的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是從to learn開始一直到句子結(jié)束的長達(dá)八行的不定式，但是此不定式實(shí)在太長，如果放在句首則句子無法平衡。Learn后面帶著兩個(gè)以that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，中間以分號(hào)和and分開，可以把分號(hào)以后的句子看成是and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that的省略形式。
意群訓(xùn)練：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.
19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. (5+)
物理學(xué)家恐懼于那些精確無誤的論據(jù)不無道理，因?yàn)槟撤N只有在它是精確無誤的條件下才令人置信的論據(jù)，一旦它賴于建立其上的假設(shè)稍有變化，便會(huì)失去它一部的作用;而與此相反，一個(gè)盡管并不精確無誤但卻令人置信的論據(jù)，在其基本假設(shè)(underlying assumption)稍微受干擾的情況下，仍然有可能是站得住腳的。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句在文章中就是一個(gè)自然段，雖然長度比不上前面第一章中所舉的那個(gè)長達(dá)10行的例子，但是難度絕不在那句話之下。本句堪稱句子的大雜燴，連主句帶從句居然一共有八個(gè)。從大往小說，由whereas連接了兩個(gè)大句子，whereas后面的句子中的主語an augument之后又跟了一個(gè)定語從句that is convincing though imprecise， 修飾augument。whereas前面共有六個(gè)句子，由the physicist作主語的主句;由since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，修飾since從句中主語an augument的由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，此定語從句中的條件狀語從句only if it is precise; since從句中的條件狀語從句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修飾此從句中的主語assumptions的定語從句on which it is based一共八個(gè)句子，從句套從句，實(shí)在令人嘆為觀止。
然而，在考試現(xiàn)場去數(shù)句子的數(shù)目，是只有呆子才會(huì)干的事，讀者們惟一要干的事就是反復(fù)閱讀這句話，什么時(shí)候練到不必去想其語法結(jié)構(gòu)就能按原文順序讀懂，才算初步掌握;再進(jìn)一步把它讀順，直到你看不出這個(gè)句子有什么特別的地方，看上去還挺舒服就算訓(xùn)練成功。
意群訓(xùn)練：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. (4-)
起初，藍(lán)襪女們確實(shí)模仿了法國沙龍女主人，將男性襄括到其小圈子中來。然則，隨著她們獲得的凝聚力，她們漸趨將自己視作一女性團(tuán)體，并擁有了一種婦女團(tuán)結(jié)意識(shí)，而這種意識(shí)在法國沙龍女主人身上則蕩然無存，因?yàn)樗齻兠總€(gè)人在其自己的沙龍中自視甚高而彼此孤立隔絕開來。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句讀到表示并列的連詞and開始變難。and之后的不定式與前面的不定式是并列的，to的前面省略了一個(gè)與前面一樣的謂語came。 lacking之后的分詞作定語修飾a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句又修飾逗號(hào)前面的salonnieres此從句中又有一個(gè)定語從句that each salonniere held in her own salon修飾其前的primacy,但是由于引導(dǎo)詞that在從句中作賓語，因此被省略。
意群訓(xùn)練：However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.