17. influence n. 影響,v. 影響
1)The old man had a great influence on the family.(那位老人對家庭的影響很大。)
2)His teachings exerted a strong influence on the young people.(他的教導(dǎo)給年輕人施以深刻的影響。)
3)The government would use its influence to try to make the talk successful.(政府將以其影響努力使會談成功。)
4)I didn't want him to influence me in my choice.(我不想讓他影響我的選擇。)
5)Do you think British art is influenced by American painting.(你認為英國的藝術(shù)受美國繪畫的影響嗎?)
請注意區(qū)別influence 和affect 這兩個詞。
influence常指間接地、以一種無形的力量去潛移默化地影響人的行為、性格或觀點等。
affect 表示對…產(chǎn)生(不良)影響,如:
1)The economic crisis has seriously affected the export of that country.(經(jīng)濟危機嚴(yán)重影響那個國家的出口。)
2)Too much smoking may affect your lungs.(吸煙過多會影響你的肺。)
18. scatter v. 撒;驅(qū)散;消散;
1)Clouds were scattered by the wind.(風(fēng)起云散。)
2)The books scattered on the desk.(書桌上撒滿了書。)
3)The noise scattered the dogs and chickens(響聲使得雞、狗四散。)
4)The Police scattered the demonstrators with tears gas. (警察用催淚彈驅(qū)散*者。)
5)Don't scatter your strength. (不要分散精力。)
19. invention n. 發(fā)明,創(chuàng)造;虛構(gòu);
1)Telephone is the invention of Alexander Bell.(電話是亞歷山大·貝爾發(fā)明的。)
2)The whole thing was an invention of a New York newspaper.(整件事都是一家紐約報紙?zhí)摌?gòu)的。)
invent v. 發(fā)明、創(chuàng)造、虛構(gòu);
1)When the teacher asked the pupil why he had not come to class, he invented an excuse.
(老師問 那個學(xué)生為什么沒來上課,他編造了一個借口。)
2)Edison invented the electric bulb. (愛迪生發(fā)明了燈泡。)
本課簡介
人們普遍認為在每一個詞都有其正確的詞意。詞典和語法書是我們尋求詞意和用法的至上權(quán)威,但是我們甚少去詢問詞典和語法的編著者以何為據(jù)。在本篇課文中,作者詳細介紹了詞典編寫的過程,并且強調(diào)編寫詞典不是對詞的意思,建立權(quán)威的解釋,而是竭盡所能記錄下每一個詞對其過去的作者而言是何意思。世界在變化,語言也在變化,我們不得不賦予舊詞以新的解釋、新的用法,因些詞典需要增補新的內(nèi)容。
本課主要語言點
1. …dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage.
本句中in matters of 也可用in the matter of,意思是“在……方面”,“就……而論”,如:
1)It was impossible for them to reach an agreement because they had too many divergences in matters of detail. (他們不可能達成協(xié)議,因為在細節(jié)問題上,他們有太多的分歧。)
2)He is considered an expert in the matter of intellectual property.(他被看作是知識產(chǎn)權(quán)方面的專家。)
3)He would suffer heavy losses in matters of money if he continued to believe those dishonest people.
(如果他繼續(xù)相信那些不誠實的人,他會遭受巨大的經(jīng)濟損失。)
2. Few people ask by what authority the writers of dictionaries and grammars say what they say.
句子中的few表示否定,意思是“很少的,幾乎沒有的”,如果用a few則表示肯定,意思是“有些,幾個”。如:
1)Very few people survived the explosion.(在爆炸中幸存的人很少。)
2)Many of us tried but very few succeeded .(我們許多人都試了,但成功者甚少。)
3)He will try it a few more times.(他會再試幾次。)
4)A few of my friends speak English.(我的朋友中有幾個人能講英語。)
by在本句中的意思相當(dāng)于according to (根據(jù))。如:
1)Never judge a person by his appearance.(千萬別以貌取人。)
2)He would be classified as rich by Chinese standards.(依照中國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),他會被歸于富有一類。)
authority這個詞在詞匯部分已做過講解,我們在此再鞏固一下。Authorities常指“*,官方”,用作不可數(shù)名詞時,常指“權(quán)力,管轄權(quán)”,用作可數(shù)名詞時,常指“專家,權(quán)威”。如:
1)The labor union continued to seek dialogue with the authorities.(工會繼續(xù)尋求與*對話的機會。)
2)Police have the authority to arrest law-breakers.(警察有權(quán)逮捕犯法的人。)
3)He had made efforts to exercise his authority over those young people(他已努力對那些年輕人行使管轄權(quán)。)
4)A good dictionary is an authority on the meanings of words.(一本好的詞典是詞義方面的權(quán)威。)
5)He is now an authority on American literature.(現(xiàn)在他成了美國文學(xué)方面的專家。)
本句中what是一個關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)賓語從句,如:
1)We always mean what we say.(我們向來說話算數(shù)。)
2)Let him do what he wants to do.(讓他去做他想做的事。)
3)I don't know what they know.(他們知道的事我并不知道。)
3.I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it up in the dictionary.
once在本句中的意思是“,曾經(jīng)”。在某些語言環(huán)境中,once也可以表示:一旦……(就……)。請看下面的例句,注意,once的不同意思:
1)He once lived in Shanghai.(他曾經(jīng)在上海住過。)
2)Even if you only do it once, you will forever remember it.(即使你只做,你會永遠記得。)
3)It once belonged to my father.(這個曾經(jīng)屬于我父親。)
4)Once the sun had set, the air turned cold.(太陽一落,空氣就變冷了。)
5)Once you show any fear, he will attack you.(你一直露出恐懼,他就會攻擊你。)
6)Once published, the book will be very popular.(這本書一旦出版就會大受歡迎。)
get into a dispute with sb. over sth.與某人就某問題進行爭論,over 也可用about 替換。如:
1)They had a dispute about where to go.(他們?yōu)榱巳ツ睦锒鵂幷摗#?BR> 2)The workers and the management got into a dispute over pay.(工人和廠方由于工資問題產(chǎn)生爭端。)
3)It was a dispute over economic policy.(這是一場關(guān)于經(jīng)濟政策的爭論。)
4. …anyone who is willing to quarrel with the dictionary is regarded as either eccentric or mad.
who引導(dǎo)的是一個定語從句,修飾anyone.
be willing to意思是:愿意做……,如:
1)He is willing to help us.(他愿意幫助我們。)
2)No one is willing to pay so much money for this old bike.(誰也不愿意付這么多錢買這輛舊自行車。)
quarrel with sb.意思是“與某人爭吵”。如:
1)He quarreled with his brother yesterday.(他昨天跟他兄弟吵架了。)
2)I don't want to quarrel with you about it.(我不想為此事跟你爭吵。)
regard as 意思是“把……看作為”,在其后可以跟名詞(或名詞短語,動名詞短語);形容詞等。如:
1)He regarded the book as one of his masterpieces.(他把這本書看作是他的杰作之一。)
2)He was regarded as an important figure in history.(他被看作為歷的重要人物。)
3)Nobody would regard this as important.(沒人會認為這件事很重要。)
4)Many people regard parents as being responsible for the control of their children.
(許多人認為父母應(yīng)負責(zé)管教子女。)
either…or…。意思是為“不是……就是……”,“要么……要么……”。如:
1)He is either drunk or mad.(他不是醉了就是瘋了。)
2)Tell them that they can either stay or leave immediately.(告訴他們,他們要么留下,要么現(xiàn)在就離開。)
3)Either my brother or I am going to see my father off.(不是我兄弟就是我去為父親送行。)
5. The task of writing a dictionary begins with the reading of vast amounts of the literature of the period or subject that the dictionary is to cover.
begin with 在本句中的意思是“以……開始;以……為起點”。如:
1)I shall begin with this book today.(我打算今天先讀這本書。)
2)The drought began with that dry and hot summer.(干旱是從那個干熱的夏季開始的。)
3)The teacher began the class with a story.(老師以一個故事開始了講課。)
amount可以做可數(shù)名詞用,也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用,意思是“數(shù)量,數(shù)額”。amount的謂詞動詞的數(shù)與amount的數(shù)一致,而與所修飾的名詞的數(shù)無關(guān)。如:
1)A large amount of money was spent on this project.
2)Large amounts of money were spent on this project.
That引導(dǎo)的是一個定語從句,修飾the dictionary
在be動詞的后面加動詞不定式,表示“安排、命令、職責(zé)、目的、用途、可能性等”。如:
1)We are to meet at the station at 5:00 (我們約定5點鐘在車站碰頭。)
2)You are to be back by 9:00.(你得在9點鐘前回來。)
3)The report is to be found in today's papers.(那個報道可在今天的報上找到。)
Cover在本句中的意思是“涉及”。如:
1)His researches covered a wide field .(他的研究涉及范圍很廣。)
2)They covered many topics in their conversation.(他們談話時討論了許多問題。)
1)The old man had a great influence on the family.(那位老人對家庭的影響很大。)
2)His teachings exerted a strong influence on the young people.(他的教導(dǎo)給年輕人施以深刻的影響。)
3)The government would use its influence to try to make the talk successful.(政府將以其影響努力使會談成功。)
4)I didn't want him to influence me in my choice.(我不想讓他影響我的選擇。)
5)Do you think British art is influenced by American painting.(你認為英國的藝術(shù)受美國繪畫的影響嗎?)
請注意區(qū)別influence 和affect 這兩個詞。
influence常指間接地、以一種無形的力量去潛移默化地影響人的行為、性格或觀點等。
affect 表示對…產(chǎn)生(不良)影響,如:
1)The economic crisis has seriously affected the export of that country.(經(jīng)濟危機嚴(yán)重影響那個國家的出口。)
2)Too much smoking may affect your lungs.(吸煙過多會影響你的肺。)
18. scatter v. 撒;驅(qū)散;消散;
1)Clouds were scattered by the wind.(風(fēng)起云散。)
2)The books scattered on the desk.(書桌上撒滿了書。)
3)The noise scattered the dogs and chickens(響聲使得雞、狗四散。)
4)The Police scattered the demonstrators with tears gas. (警察用催淚彈驅(qū)散*者。)
5)Don't scatter your strength. (不要分散精力。)
19. invention n. 發(fā)明,創(chuàng)造;虛構(gòu);
1)Telephone is the invention of Alexander Bell.(電話是亞歷山大·貝爾發(fā)明的。)
2)The whole thing was an invention of a New York newspaper.(整件事都是一家紐約報紙?zhí)摌?gòu)的。)
invent v. 發(fā)明、創(chuàng)造、虛構(gòu);
1)When the teacher asked the pupil why he had not come to class, he invented an excuse.
(老師問 那個學(xué)生為什么沒來上課,他編造了一個借口。)
2)Edison invented the electric bulb. (愛迪生發(fā)明了燈泡。)
本課簡介
人們普遍認為在每一個詞都有其正確的詞意。詞典和語法書是我們尋求詞意和用法的至上權(quán)威,但是我們甚少去詢問詞典和語法的編著者以何為據(jù)。在本篇課文中,作者詳細介紹了詞典編寫的過程,并且強調(diào)編寫詞典不是對詞的意思,建立權(quán)威的解釋,而是竭盡所能記錄下每一個詞對其過去的作者而言是何意思。世界在變化,語言也在變化,我們不得不賦予舊詞以新的解釋、新的用法,因些詞典需要增補新的內(nèi)容。
本課主要語言點
1. …dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage.
本句中in matters of 也可用in the matter of,意思是“在……方面”,“就……而論”,如:
1)It was impossible for them to reach an agreement because they had too many divergences in matters of detail. (他們不可能達成協(xié)議,因為在細節(jié)問題上,他們有太多的分歧。)
2)He is considered an expert in the matter of intellectual property.(他被看作是知識產(chǎn)權(quán)方面的專家。)
3)He would suffer heavy losses in matters of money if he continued to believe those dishonest people.
(如果他繼續(xù)相信那些不誠實的人,他會遭受巨大的經(jīng)濟損失。)
2. Few people ask by what authority the writers of dictionaries and grammars say what they say.
句子中的few表示否定,意思是“很少的,幾乎沒有的”,如果用a few則表示肯定,意思是“有些,幾個”。如:
1)Very few people survived the explosion.(在爆炸中幸存的人很少。)
2)Many of us tried but very few succeeded .(我們許多人都試了,但成功者甚少。)
3)He will try it a few more times.(他會再試幾次。)
4)A few of my friends speak English.(我的朋友中有幾個人能講英語。)
by在本句中的意思相當(dāng)于according to (根據(jù))。如:
1)Never judge a person by his appearance.(千萬別以貌取人。)
2)He would be classified as rich by Chinese standards.(依照中國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),他會被歸于富有一類。)
authority這個詞在詞匯部分已做過講解,我們在此再鞏固一下。Authorities常指“*,官方”,用作不可數(shù)名詞時,常指“權(quán)力,管轄權(quán)”,用作可數(shù)名詞時,常指“專家,權(quán)威”。如:
1)The labor union continued to seek dialogue with the authorities.(工會繼續(xù)尋求與*對話的機會。)
2)Police have the authority to arrest law-breakers.(警察有權(quán)逮捕犯法的人。)
3)He had made efforts to exercise his authority over those young people(他已努力對那些年輕人行使管轄權(quán)。)
4)A good dictionary is an authority on the meanings of words.(一本好的詞典是詞義方面的權(quán)威。)
5)He is now an authority on American literature.(現(xiàn)在他成了美國文學(xué)方面的專家。)
本句中what是一個關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)賓語從句,如:
1)We always mean what we say.(我們向來說話算數(shù)。)
2)Let him do what he wants to do.(讓他去做他想做的事。)
3)I don't know what they know.(他們知道的事我并不知道。)
3.I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it up in the dictionary.
once在本句中的意思是“,曾經(jīng)”。在某些語言環(huán)境中,once也可以表示:一旦……(就……)。請看下面的例句,注意,once的不同意思:
1)He once lived in Shanghai.(他曾經(jīng)在上海住過。)
2)Even if you only do it once, you will forever remember it.(即使你只做,你會永遠記得。)
3)It once belonged to my father.(這個曾經(jīng)屬于我父親。)
4)Once the sun had set, the air turned cold.(太陽一落,空氣就變冷了。)
5)Once you show any fear, he will attack you.(你一直露出恐懼,他就會攻擊你。)
6)Once published, the book will be very popular.(這本書一旦出版就會大受歡迎。)
get into a dispute with sb. over sth.與某人就某問題進行爭論,over 也可用about 替換。如:
1)They had a dispute about where to go.(他們?yōu)榱巳ツ睦锒鵂幷摗#?BR> 2)The workers and the management got into a dispute over pay.(工人和廠方由于工資問題產(chǎn)生爭端。)
3)It was a dispute over economic policy.(這是一場關(guān)于經(jīng)濟政策的爭論。)
4. …anyone who is willing to quarrel with the dictionary is regarded as either eccentric or mad.
who引導(dǎo)的是一個定語從句,修飾anyone.
be willing to意思是:愿意做……,如:
1)He is willing to help us.(他愿意幫助我們。)
2)No one is willing to pay so much money for this old bike.(誰也不愿意付這么多錢買這輛舊自行車。)
quarrel with sb.意思是“與某人爭吵”。如:
1)He quarreled with his brother yesterday.(他昨天跟他兄弟吵架了。)
2)I don't want to quarrel with you about it.(我不想為此事跟你爭吵。)
regard as 意思是“把……看作為”,在其后可以跟名詞(或名詞短語,動名詞短語);形容詞等。如:
1)He regarded the book as one of his masterpieces.(他把這本書看作是他的杰作之一。)
2)He was regarded as an important figure in history.(他被看作為歷的重要人物。)
3)Nobody would regard this as important.(沒人會認為這件事很重要。)
4)Many people regard parents as being responsible for the control of their children.
(許多人認為父母應(yīng)負責(zé)管教子女。)
either…or…。意思是為“不是……就是……”,“要么……要么……”。如:
1)He is either drunk or mad.(他不是醉了就是瘋了。)
2)Tell them that they can either stay or leave immediately.(告訴他們,他們要么留下,要么現(xiàn)在就離開。)
3)Either my brother or I am going to see my father off.(不是我兄弟就是我去為父親送行。)
5. The task of writing a dictionary begins with the reading of vast amounts of the literature of the period or subject that the dictionary is to cover.
begin with 在本句中的意思是“以……開始;以……為起點”。如:
1)I shall begin with this book today.(我打算今天先讀這本書。)
2)The drought began with that dry and hot summer.(干旱是從那個干熱的夏季開始的。)
3)The teacher began the class with a story.(老師以一個故事開始了講課。)
amount可以做可數(shù)名詞用,也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用,意思是“數(shù)量,數(shù)額”。amount的謂詞動詞的數(shù)與amount的數(shù)一致,而與所修飾的名詞的數(shù)無關(guān)。如:
1)A large amount of money was spent on this project.
2)Large amounts of money were spent on this project.
That引導(dǎo)的是一個定語從句,修飾the dictionary
在be動詞的后面加動詞不定式,表示“安排、命令、職責(zé)、目的、用途、可能性等”。如:
1)We are to meet at the station at 5:00 (我們約定5點鐘在車站碰頭。)
2)You are to be back by 9:00.(你得在9點鐘前回來。)
3)The report is to be found in today's papers.(那個報道可在今天的報上找到。)
Cover在本句中的意思是“涉及”。如:
1)His researches covered a wide field .(他的研究涉及范圍很廣。)
2)They covered many topics in their conversation.(他們談話時討論了許多問題。)