Unit12（第35講—第37講）
2. Few people ask by what authority the writers of dictionaries and grammars say what they say.
句子中的few表示否定，意思是“很少的，幾乎沒(méi)有的”，如果用a few則表示肯定，意思是“有些，幾個(gè)”。如：
1） Very few people survived the explosion.（在爆炸中幸存的人很少。）
2） Many of us tried but very few succeeded .（我們?cè)S多人都試了，但成功者甚少。）
3） He will try it a few more times.（他會(huì)再試幾次。）
4） A few of my friends speak English.（我的朋友中有幾個(gè)人能講英語(yǔ)。）
by在本句中的意思相當(dāng)于according to （根據(jù)）。如：
1） Never judge a person by his appearance.（千萬(wàn)別以貌取人。）
2） He would be classified as rich by Chinese standards.（依照中國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，他會(huì)被歸于富有一類。）
authority這個(gè)詞在詞匯部分已做過(guò)講解，我們?cè)诖嗽凫柟桃幌?。Authorities常指“*，官方”，用作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，常指“權(quán)力，管轄權(quán)”，用作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，常指“專家，權(quán)威”。如：
1）The labor union continued to seek dialogue with the authorities.（工會(huì)繼續(xù)尋求與*對(duì)話的機(jī)會(huì)。）
2）Police have the authority to arrest law-breakers.（警察有權(quán)逮捕犯法的人。）
3）He had made efforts to exercise his authority over those young people（他已努力對(duì)那些年輕人行使管轄權(quán)。）
4）A good dictionary is an authority on the meanings of words.（一本好的詞典是詞義方面的權(quán)威。）
5）He is now an authority on American literature.（現(xiàn)在他成了美國(guó)文學(xué)方面的專家。）
本句中what是一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，如：
1）We always mean what we say.（我們向來(lái)說(shuō)話算數(shù)。）
2）Let him do what he wants to do.（讓他去做他想做的事。）
3）I don't know what they know.（他們知道的事我并不知道。）
3.I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it up in the dictionary.
once在本句中的意思是“，曾經(jīng)”。在某些語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中，once也可以表示：一旦……（就……）。請(qǐng)看下面的例句，注意，once的不同意思：
1）He once lived in Shanghai.（他曾經(jīng)在上海住過(guò)。）
2）Even if you only do it once， you will forever remember it.（即使你只做，你會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)記得。）
3）It once belonged to my father.（這個(gè)曾經(jīng)屬于我父親。）
4）Once the sun had set， the air turned cold.（太陽(yáng)一落，空氣就變冷了。）
5）Once you show any fear， he will attack you.（你一直露出恐懼，他就會(huì)攻擊你。）
6）Once published， the book will be very popular.（這本書(shū)一旦出版就會(huì)大受歡迎。）
get into a dispute with sb. over sth.與某人就某問(wèn)題進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)論，over 也可用about 替換。如：
1） They had a dispute about where to go.（他們?yōu)榱巳ツ睦锒鵂?zhēng)論。）
2） The workers and the management got into a dispute over pay.（工人和廠方由于工資問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)端。）
3） It was a dispute over economic policy.（這是一場(chǎng)關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的爭(zhēng)論。）
4. …anyone who is willing to quarrel with the dictionary is regarded as either eccentric or mad.
who引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾anyone.
be willing to意思是：愿意做……，如：
1）He is willing to help us.（他愿意幫助我們。）
2）No one is willing to pay so much money for this old bike.（誰(shuí)也不愿意付這么多錢買這輛舊自行車。）
quarrel with sb.意思是“與某人爭(zhēng)吵”。如：
1） He quarreled with his brother yesterday.（他昨天跟他兄弟吵架了。）
2） I don't want to quarrel with you about it.（我不想為此事跟你爭(zhēng)吵。）
regard as 意思是“把……看作為”，在其后可以跟名詞（或名詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）；形容詞等。如：
1） He regarded the book as one of his masterpieces.（他把這本書(shū)看作是他的杰作之一。）
2） He was regarded as an important figure in history.（他被看作為歷的重要人物。）
3） Nobody would regard this as important.（沒(méi)人會(huì)認(rèn)為這件事很重要。）
4） Many people regard parents as being responsible for the control of their children.（許多人認(rèn)為父母應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)管教子女。）
either…or…。意思是為“不是……就是……”，“要么……要么……”。如：
1）He is either drunk or mad.（他不是醉了就是瘋了。）
2）Tell them that they can either stay or leave immediately.（告訴他們，他們要么留下，要么現(xiàn)在就離開(kāi)。）
3）Either my brother or I am going to see my father off.（不是我兄弟就是我去為父親送行。）
5. The task of writing a dictionary begins with the reading of vast amounts of the literature of the period or subject that the dictionary is to cover.
begin with 在本句中的意思是“以……開(kāi)始；以……為起點(diǎn)”。如：
1）I shall begin with this book today.（我打算今天先讀這本書(shū)。）
2）The drought began with that dry and hot summer.（干旱是從那個(gè)干熱的夏季開(kāi)始的。）
3）The teacher began the class with a story.（老師以一個(gè)故事開(kāi)始了講課。）
amount可以做可數(shù)名詞用，也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用，意思是“數(shù)量，數(shù)額”。amount的謂詞動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與amount的數(shù)一致，而與所修飾的名詞的數(shù)無(wú)關(guān)。如：
1） A large amount of money was spent on this project.
2） Large amounts of money were spent on this project.
That引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the dictionary
在be動(dòng)詞的后面加動(dòng)詞不定式，表示“安排、命令、職責(zé)、目的、用途、可能性等”。如：
1）We are to meet at the station at 5：00 （我們約定5點(diǎn)鐘在車站碰頭。）
2）You are to be back by 9：00.（你得在9點(diǎn)鐘前回來(lái)。）
3）The report is to be found in today's papers.（那個(gè)報(bào)道可在今天的報(bào)上找到。）
Cover在本句中的意思是“涉及”。如：
1） His researches covered a wide field .（他的研究涉及范圍很廣。）
2） They covered many topics in their conversation.（他們談話時(shí)討論了許多問(wèn)題。）
6. The writing of a dictionary is not a task of setting up authoritative statements about the “true meanings” of words， but a task of recording to the best of one's ability， that various words have meant to authors in the distant or immediate past.
Not…but在本句中的意思是“不是……而是”。如：
1）What he needs is not money but some understanding. （他所需要的不是錢，而是一些理解。）
2）The story I have read is not a comedy but a tragedy.（我讀的那個(gè)故事不是個(gè)喜劇而是個(gè)悲劇。）
To the best of one's ability 意思是“盡某人的大努力”。如：
1） I'll put the article into Chinese to the best of my ability.（我將盡大努力把這篇文章翻成中文。）
2） He promised to do the work to the best of his ability.（他許諾說(shuō)他會(huì)盡大努力做這個(gè)工作。）
a task of recording what various words have meant to authors…。，what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，做recording 的賓語(yǔ)。Mean意思是“表示……的意思”，“意指”等。如：
1） What he said means nothing to me.（他所說(shuō)的對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)毫無(wú)意義。）
2） What does this word mean？（這個(gè)詞的意思是什么？）
我們?cè)?jīng)對(duì)mean這個(gè)單詞做詳細(xì)講解，再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句：
1）What do you mean by saying that to him？（你對(duì)他說(shuō)那話的意思是什么？）
2）I didn't mean to make you unhappy.（我不是故事要使你不開(kāi)心的。）
3）You know what I meant to say.（你知道我想說(shuō)的是什么。）
4）He criticism is meant for all of us.（他的批評(píng)是針對(duì)我們大家的。）
7. … but we cannot be bound by it…。
Bound是動(dòng)詞bind是過(guò)去分詞，be bound by sth.意思是“受……束縛”，也可用be bound to sth.
1） We should not be bound by conventions.（我們不應(yīng)該受習(xí)俗的束縛。）
2） Housework kept her bound to the house.（家務(wù)把她束縛在家里。）
3） The term papers kept him bound to his desk.（學(xué)期論文使他終日厭案。）
本課主要詞組
1. learn…。from
2. in matters of
3. get into a dispute
4. dispute over
5. offer to do sth.
6. look up
7. be willing to
8. quarrel with
9. be regarded as
10. arrive at
11. apply to
12. go on
13. begin with
14. vast amounts of
15. a large number of
16. along with
17. such as
18. from…to…
19. stack of
20. sccording to
21. hard-and-fast rule
22. be based on
23. in front of
24. be influenced by
25. ought to
26. not at all
27. set up
28. to the best of one's ability
29. in the past
30. send out
31. force sb. to do sth.
32. be bound by
Text B reading provides necessary survival skills
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1. emphasis on
The emphasis on education would certainly bring great changes to the people and the country.
2. be the case
He said he was the best tennis player in his school， but it was not the case.
3. involve sth. / doing sth.
Accepting the job would involve working at weekends.
4. get an idea about sth.
Have you got any idea about the whole incident？
5. expect from
Don't expect too much from others. You have to learn to depend on yourself.
6. cue in
Remember to cue in the headmaster on what happened during his absence.
7. apply to
It will be great if we can apply what we have learned in books to practical work.
8. out of
The boy opened his sister's mail out of curiosity.
9. keep up with
What do you think a scientist has to do to keep up with the latest development in his field？
10. at top speed
If you run at top speed， you may get there in 10 minutes.
11. concentrate on
You will find it easier to concentrate on the reading material if you read in a quiet place.
12. be familiar with
I am mot familiar with the person you mentioned just now.
13. be aware of
He was not aware of the danger when he was walking toward the building.
14. look up
If you look up the word in the dictionary you will find it has two different pronunciations.
15. slow down
You have to slow down or you may get a fine.
16. be alert to
Be alert to new words and you will enlarge your vocabulary.
17. add to
His explanation added to my confusion.
2. Few people ask by what authority the writers of dictionaries and grammars say what they say.
句子中的few表示否定，意思是“很少的，幾乎沒(méi)有的”，如果用a few則表示肯定，意思是“有些，幾個(gè)”。如：
1） Very few people survived the explosion.（在爆炸中幸存的人很少。）
2） Many of us tried but very few succeeded .（我們?cè)S多人都試了，但成功者甚少。）
3） He will try it a few more times.（他會(huì)再試幾次。）
4） A few of my friends speak English.（我的朋友中有幾個(gè)人能講英語(yǔ)。）
by在本句中的意思相當(dāng)于according to （根據(jù)）。如：
1） Never judge a person by his appearance.（千萬(wàn)別以貌取人。）
2） He would be classified as rich by Chinese standards.（依照中國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，他會(huì)被歸于富有一類。）
authority這個(gè)詞在詞匯部分已做過(guò)講解，我們?cè)诖嗽凫柟桃幌?。Authorities常指“*，官方”，用作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，常指“權(quán)力，管轄權(quán)”，用作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，常指“專家，權(quán)威”。如：
1）The labor union continued to seek dialogue with the authorities.（工會(huì)繼續(xù)尋求與*對(duì)話的機(jī)會(huì)。）
2）Police have the authority to arrest law-breakers.（警察有權(quán)逮捕犯法的人。）
3）He had made efforts to exercise his authority over those young people（他已努力對(duì)那些年輕人行使管轄權(quán)。）
4）A good dictionary is an authority on the meanings of words.（一本好的詞典是詞義方面的權(quán)威。）
5）He is now an authority on American literature.（現(xiàn)在他成了美國(guó)文學(xué)方面的專家。）
本句中what是一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，如：
1）We always mean what we say.（我們向來(lái)說(shuō)話算數(shù)。）
2）Let him do what he wants to do.（讓他去做他想做的事。）
3）I don't know what they know.（他們知道的事我并不知道。）
3.I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it up in the dictionary.
once在本句中的意思是“，曾經(jīng)”。在某些語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中，once也可以表示：一旦……（就……）。請(qǐng)看下面的例句，注意，once的不同意思：
1）He once lived in Shanghai.（他曾經(jīng)在上海住過(guò)。）
2）Even if you only do it once， you will forever remember it.（即使你只做，你會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)記得。）
3）It once belonged to my father.（這個(gè)曾經(jīng)屬于我父親。）
4）Once the sun had set， the air turned cold.（太陽(yáng)一落，空氣就變冷了。）
5）Once you show any fear， he will attack you.（你一直露出恐懼，他就會(huì)攻擊你。）
6）Once published， the book will be very popular.（這本書(shū)一旦出版就會(huì)大受歡迎。）
get into a dispute with sb. over sth.與某人就某問(wèn)題進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)論，over 也可用about 替換。如：
1） They had a dispute about where to go.（他們?yōu)榱巳ツ睦锒鵂?zhēng)論。）
2） The workers and the management got into a dispute over pay.（工人和廠方由于工資問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)端。）
3） It was a dispute over economic policy.（這是一場(chǎng)關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的爭(zhēng)論。）
4. …anyone who is willing to quarrel with the dictionary is regarded as either eccentric or mad.
who引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾anyone.
be willing to意思是：愿意做……，如：
1）He is willing to help us.（他愿意幫助我們。）
2）No one is willing to pay so much money for this old bike.（誰(shuí)也不愿意付這么多錢買這輛舊自行車。）
quarrel with sb.意思是“與某人爭(zhēng)吵”。如：
1） He quarreled with his brother yesterday.（他昨天跟他兄弟吵架了。）
2） I don't want to quarrel with you about it.（我不想為此事跟你爭(zhēng)吵。）
regard as 意思是“把……看作為”，在其后可以跟名詞（或名詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）；形容詞等。如：
1） He regarded the book as one of his masterpieces.（他把這本書(shū)看作是他的杰作之一。）
2） He was regarded as an important figure in history.（他被看作為歷的重要人物。）
3） Nobody would regard this as important.（沒(méi)人會(huì)認(rèn)為這件事很重要。）
4） Many people regard parents as being responsible for the control of their children.（許多人認(rèn)為父母應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)管教子女。）
either…or…。意思是為“不是……就是……”，“要么……要么……”。如：
1）He is either drunk or mad.（他不是醉了就是瘋了。）
2）Tell them that they can either stay or leave immediately.（告訴他們，他們要么留下，要么現(xiàn)在就離開(kāi)。）
3）Either my brother or I am going to see my father off.（不是我兄弟就是我去為父親送行。）
5. The task of writing a dictionary begins with the reading of vast amounts of the literature of the period or subject that the dictionary is to cover.
begin with 在本句中的意思是“以……開(kāi)始；以……為起點(diǎn)”。如：
1）I shall begin with this book today.（我打算今天先讀這本書(shū)。）
2）The drought began with that dry and hot summer.（干旱是從那個(gè)干熱的夏季開(kāi)始的。）
3）The teacher began the class with a story.（老師以一個(gè)故事開(kāi)始了講課。）
amount可以做可數(shù)名詞用，也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用，意思是“數(shù)量，數(shù)額”。amount的謂詞動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與amount的數(shù)一致，而與所修飾的名詞的數(shù)無(wú)關(guān)。如：
1） A large amount of money was spent on this project.
2） Large amounts of money were spent on this project.
That引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the dictionary
在be動(dòng)詞的后面加動(dòng)詞不定式，表示“安排、命令、職責(zé)、目的、用途、可能性等”。如：
1）We are to meet at the station at 5：00 （我們約定5點(diǎn)鐘在車站碰頭。）
2）You are to be back by 9：00.（你得在9點(diǎn)鐘前回來(lái)。）
3）The report is to be found in today's papers.（那個(gè)報(bào)道可在今天的報(bào)上找到。）
Cover在本句中的意思是“涉及”。如：
1） His researches covered a wide field .（他的研究涉及范圍很廣。）
2） They covered many topics in their conversation.（他們談話時(shí)討論了許多問(wèn)題。）
6. The writing of a dictionary is not a task of setting up authoritative statements about the “true meanings” of words， but a task of recording to the best of one's ability， that various words have meant to authors in the distant or immediate past.
Not…but在本句中的意思是“不是……而是”。如：
1）What he needs is not money but some understanding. （他所需要的不是錢，而是一些理解。）
2）The story I have read is not a comedy but a tragedy.（我讀的那個(gè)故事不是個(gè)喜劇而是個(gè)悲劇。）
To the best of one's ability 意思是“盡某人的大努力”。如：
1） I'll put the article into Chinese to the best of my ability.（我將盡大努力把這篇文章翻成中文。）
2） He promised to do the work to the best of his ability.（他許諾說(shuō)他會(huì)盡大努力做這個(gè)工作。）
a task of recording what various words have meant to authors…。，what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，做recording 的賓語(yǔ)。Mean意思是“表示……的意思”，“意指”等。如：
1） What he said means nothing to me.（他所說(shuō)的對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)毫無(wú)意義。）
2） What does this word mean？（這個(gè)詞的意思是什么？）
我們?cè)?jīng)對(duì)mean這個(gè)單詞做詳細(xì)講解，再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句：
1）What do you mean by saying that to him？（你對(duì)他說(shuō)那話的意思是什么？）
2）I didn't mean to make you unhappy.（我不是故事要使你不開(kāi)心的。）
3）You know what I meant to say.（你知道我想說(shuō)的是什么。）
4）He criticism is meant for all of us.（他的批評(píng)是針對(duì)我們大家的。）
7. … but we cannot be bound by it…。
Bound是動(dòng)詞bind是過(guò)去分詞，be bound by sth.意思是“受……束縛”，也可用be bound to sth.
1） We should not be bound by conventions.（我們不應(yīng)該受習(xí)俗的束縛。）
2） Housework kept her bound to the house.（家務(wù)把她束縛在家里。）
3） The term papers kept him bound to his desk.（學(xué)期論文使他終日厭案。）
本課主要詞組
1. learn…。from
2. in matters of
3. get into a dispute
4. dispute over
5. offer to do sth.
6. look up
7. be willing to
8. quarrel with
9. be regarded as
10. arrive at
11. apply to
12. go on
13. begin with
14. vast amounts of
15. a large number of
16. along with
17. such as
18. from…to…
19. stack of
20. sccording to
21. hard-and-fast rule
22. be based on
23. in front of
24. be influenced by
25. ought to
26. not at all
27. set up
28. to the best of one's ability
29. in the past
30. send out
31. force sb. to do sth.
32. be bound by
Text B reading provides necessary survival skills
短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
1. emphasis on
The emphasis on education would certainly bring great changes to the people and the country.
2. be the case
He said he was the best tennis player in his school， but it was not the case.
3. involve sth. / doing sth.
Accepting the job would involve working at weekends.
4. get an idea about sth.
Have you got any idea about the whole incident？
5. expect from
Don't expect too much from others. You have to learn to depend on yourself.
6. cue in
Remember to cue in the headmaster on what happened during his absence.
7. apply to
It will be great if we can apply what we have learned in books to practical work.
8. out of
The boy opened his sister's mail out of curiosity.
9. keep up with
What do you think a scientist has to do to keep up with the latest development in his field？
10. at top speed
If you run at top speed， you may get there in 10 minutes.
11. concentrate on
You will find it easier to concentrate on the reading material if you read in a quiet place.
12. be familiar with
I am mot familiar with the person you mentioned just now.
13. be aware of
He was not aware of the danger when he was walking toward the building.
14. look up
If you look up the word in the dictionary you will find it has two different pronunciations.
15. slow down
You have to slow down or you may get a fine.
16. be alert to
Be alert to new words and you will enlarge your vocabulary.
17. add to
His explanation added to my confusion.