自考《英語(二)》串講筆記(二)

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2.3 非謂語動詞,狀語從句和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分詞作狀語)
    2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. (連詞+分詞)
    3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. (狀語從句)
    4) With homework done, the children began to play. (獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
    2.4 非謂語動詞作定語1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make)。 (to be made)
    2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)
    3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)
    4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)
    2.5 動名詞和動詞不定式作主語和表語動名詞作主語/表語表示一般、抽象的情況;動詞不定時作主語表示具體某次的情況。
    Rising early is good for health. To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me. It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow. My biggest wish is to go abroad. Seeing is believing.
    作賓語接動名詞作賓語的動詞:admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc.接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞:want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin
    接動名詞和動詞不定式有不同含義的動詞:1) forget, remember, regret 2) stop, continue 3) need/ want 4) allow doing/ allow sb to do
    (1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?
    Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.(2) I can‘t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?
    (3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.(4) We don‘t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.
    3.虛擬語氣
    第一大類:非真實條件下的虛擬語氣
    時間 從句 主句
    與現(xiàn)在事實相反 did/ were should/could/would + do
    與過去事實相反 had done should/could/would + have done
    與將來事實相反 were to do should do should/could/would + do
    If I were you, I would be happy to do it. If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier. If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.
    第二大類:從句中用過去時或過去完成時的虛擬語氣1) would rather + 從句2) wish + 從句3) if only + 從句4) as if/ as though + 從句5) It‘s time + 從句
    I would rather you didn‘t tell me the story now. I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.
    第三大類:從句中用should加動詞原形的虛擬語氣,其中should可省略。
    1) suggest, propose, advise, move(動議), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等動詞后接的賓語從句;2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名詞后的同位語從句;3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable, preferable 等形容詞用在it is … that…句型中;4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引導(dǎo)的從句中。
    It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off. It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off. He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting.
    4.定語從句和名詞性從句
    4.1 定語從句:限制性和非限制性定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句1)關(guān)系代詞(在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語):which, that, who, whom, whose 2)關(guān)系副詞(在定語從句中作狀語):when, where, why, how
    名詞性從句:主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句引導(dǎo)名詞性從句:1)主從連詞(不在從句中作任何成分):that, whether, if 2)連接代詞(在從句中作主語、賓語、表語):what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever…
    3)連接副詞(在從句中作狀語):when, where, why, how
    4.2 定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別定語從句對名詞進(jìn)行修飾限制,而同位語從句闡述的是名詞的具體內(nèi)容。從語法上看,that, which在定語從句中做主語或賓語,而同位語的引導(dǎo)詞that不在從句中擔(dān)任任何成分。
    1) The story (that) he told me may not be true. 定語從句2) The story that he has made a fortune may not be true. 同位語從句
    4.3 什么時候用介詞+which 的形式?
    如果定語從句缺主語或賓語,用that/ which 形式。如果定語從句缺狀語,用介詞+which形式。
    1) The place which I visited last week is very beautiful. 2) The place in which I used to live is very beautiful.
    4.4 which 和 as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句which 和 as 都能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,修飾整個一句話。as有“正如”的意思,而which沒有。
    1) He is easy to get angry, which is well known. 他很容易生氣,這一點大家都知道。
    2) He is easy to get angry, as everybody knows. 正如大家都知道的那樣,他很容易生氣。