19.The year before， that distinction went to President Carter's wife， Rosalynn.——The year before， the title/honour was given to President Carter's wife， Rosalynn./The year before， President Carter's wife， Rosalynn， won the honour.前一年，這個稱號又送給了卡特總統(tǒng)夫人，羅薩琳。
（ prize， title， honour， property， etc. ） go to sb./sth.：to be given to, awarded to,or inherited by sb.贈送給，授予
The money they raised from the concert all went to the flooded area. 舉辦音樂會所得款項全部捐贈給水災(zāi)地區(qū)。
The title “The Best Woman Football Player of the Millenium” went to a Chinese， Sun Wen.
“千年女足運動員”的稱號授予了中國運動員孫雯。
The house was left to his son,and all the paintings went to his daughter.
房子留給了他的兒子，女兒繼承了所有繪畫。
The 2000 Nobel Prize for Peace went to Kim Dae Chong. 2000年諾貝爾和平獎授予了金大中。
20.The hero was distinguished by his accomplishment ； the celebrity by his image or trademark.
The hero was different from ordinary people because of what he had achieved ； the celebrity differs from ordinary people merely because he is well-known.英雄因其成就而出眾，而名流則因其形象或其特征而出名。
21.The hero created himself ； the celebrity is created by the media
The hero was admired for what he had hone for society ； the celebrity bursts onto the scene through the work of the media. 英雄因其成就而名，而名流則因媒體的宣傳而出名。（英雄造就自己，媒體造就名流。）
22. The hero was a big man； the celebrity is a big name.
the hero was an outstanding man with excellent qualities ； the celebrity is an average person with an enviable reputation.英雄是了不起的人物，名流是了不起的名聲。
23. Except for the attention they get from the media， these people are exactly like us.——If the media didn't give them so much attention， they wouldn't be any different from ordinary people.要不是媒體的關(guān)注，這些人和我們沒什么兩樣。
注意except 和except for的區(qū)別：
except for： with the exception of （ used to introduce the only thing or a person that prevent a statement from being completely true ）
1）從一個表示整體的單數(shù)名詞中除掉一部分
The essay is excellent except for the conclusion. 這篇文章除結(jié)尾之外總體不錯。
Cf. All the essays are good except yours and John's. 除了你和約翰的文章之外，其他人的都不錯。
The whole class passed the test except for John. 全班除了約翰之外都通過了測試。
Cf. We all passed the test except John. 除約翰之外我們都通過了測試。
2） 所談及的名詞和除外的名詞代表不同的類別時
The country is not worth seeing， except for its temples. 那個國家除了寺廟之外沒有什么值得游覽的
The road was deserted except for a few cars. 路上除了幾輛轎車之外杳無人絕跡。
Cf. All the roads are deserted except one. 除了一條路之外，其他路上行人絕跡
24. Previously， men like Gould and Harriman, whose names everyone knew， could easily have passed through a crowd without being recognized.——In the past, when famous men like Gould and Harriman walked through a crowd, it was quite possible that people don't recognize them, though everyone knew of them.
此句的意思是：這兩個人要是在人群里走走的話，人們完全可能不知他們?yōu)楹卧S人。（但他們極少出現(xiàn)在人群之中。）
could have done sth.（ could have done sth.）。（情態(tài)助動詞could與完成時形式的動詞不定式have done sth.連用）表示過去可能會發(fā)生但實際上沒有發(fā)生的事情：
You could have got a job last year. 你本來去年就可能會找到工作的。（實際上沒有找到）
Ten people were killed in the accident . They could have been saved.
事故中有10人死亡，他們的生命本來是可以挽救過來的
pass through ：to go through a town, etc., stopping there for a short time but not staying
25. The reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress, appearance,and personal habits were widely commented upon. ——When famous people's photos appeared in newspapers, their outward features-their appearance, their clothes, and the way they carried themselves-began to attract public attention and get talked about, In this way these famous people gradually became celebrities.現(xiàn)在報紙上能刊登照片，這使名人成為名流，他們的衣著、外貌和體態(tài)舉止都成為人們評論的對象。
Turn…into…： to cause sth./sb. to become…使——成為；把——變成
Her bitter experience has turned her into a strong woman. 痛苦的經(jīng)歷使她成了一個堅強的女人。
The mobile medical team turned an old temple into a first-aid station. 流動醫(yī)療隊把一座古廟改造成了急救站。
Comment on/upon： to give/express opinions about評論；議論
The U.S.2000 presidential election has been much commented upon.
2000年美國的總統(tǒng)選舉招致了不少的議論。
I don't think it right to comment on people's private affairs. 我覺得議論別人的私事是不對的。
26. Slowly, the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what they looked like. 公眾的注意力逐漸由了解這些人做了些什么轉(zhuǎn)移到了了解他們長得是什么樣子。
Shift （ away ）from…to…： to change in emphasis, direction or focus：轉(zhuǎn)移
When the wind shifted from south to north, it began to get cold. 風(fēng)向由南轉(zhuǎn)北，天氣變冷了。
In the early 1960s, the emphasis of our country's economy shifted from heavy industry to light industry and agriculture. 20世紀(jì)60年代初期，我國經(jīng)濟的重點工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向輕工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)。
look like： to have the appearance of看起來像
The restaurant looks like a ship. 這家餐館的外形像條船。
From the way they treat each other they look like sisters. 她們親昵的樣子看起來像是姐兒倆。
like 常與其他表示感官功能（如視覺、觸覺、味覺、聽覺等look like； feel like； smell like； sound like）的動詞連用。
In the middle of the night we were woken up by some noise . It sounded like a fight.
半夜里我們被吵醒了，聽起來像是吵架的聲音。
The dish sells like fish, but tastes like beef. 這道菜聞起來像魚，嘗起來像牛肉。
The material feels like silk. 這塊料子摸起來像絲綢。
27.With the arrival of television…
Because we now have television…由于電視的出現(xiàn)
with： because of having
With a large family to support, he cannot afford a new coat this year
由于有一大家人要養(yǎng)活，他今年不能給自己買新大衣了。。
With John away, we've got more room.
由于約翰不在，我們的地方顯得更寬敞。
With all the homework to do, I cannot go out this weekend.
有這么多作業(yè)要做，這個周末我不能出去了
28. …than we did about most of the people we know personally.
…than we know about most of the people we actually know.
29.Less than seventy years after the appearance of the first moving pictures, the shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship was complete.
第一部電影問世后不到70年，英雄崇拜就徹底轉(zhuǎn)變成名人崇拜了。
電影起源于19世紀(jì)末，人們傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為1899年是電影誕生之年，此句的意思是在20世紀(jì)60年代末人們崇拜對象的轉(zhuǎn)變就完成了。
moving picture 的其他名稱為：picture， motion picture, film, movie等。
30.Today an appearance on a television talk show is the ultimate proof of “making it ”； in America.——Today, if you are invited as a guest on a TV talk show,you definitely have proved yourself successful in America.今天在電視臺的一個脫口秀節(jié)目上一露臉就絕對能證明你在美國“一舉成名了”。
Make it ： （ informal ） to be successful in one's career； to succeed, to win acceptance達(dá)到預(yù)定目標(biāo)，順利度過一段困難時期；成功；及時到達(dá)。
When he won the prize, he realized that he had made it. 得了獎，他意識到自己成功了。
He's been in some 30 films, but he's never made it as a great actor. 他演了三十多部電影，可是從來沒有紅起來。
The train leaves at 3， it's 2：30 now， I am afraid I can't make it.火車是3點開，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)兩點半了，恐怕我趕不上了。
31.Celebrities do not appear on such a program because of an actual desire-or ability-to talk, but simply to gain recognition, and prove, merely by showing up,that they are “somebody.”——Celebrities often appear on talk shows, not because they really want to talk, or because they have something to say, but simply because they want tobecome famous and to show that they are important.名流在這樣的節(jié)目中出場，并不是因為他們真想說什么，或是口才很棒，而純屬為了出名，并通過在熒屏上露面，證明他們是“重要人物”。
注意not…because （of ） to do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)中，否定的部分是because （of ），而不是appear.
I didn't see the film because you recommended it . I wanted to see Henry Fonda.
我看了這部電影可不是因為你的推薦，我是想看亨利·方達(dá)的表演。
The children didn't do it to please their parents, but simply to enjoy themselves.
孩子們做這件事可不是為了父母高興，而是自己想玩一玩。
show up： （ informal ） to appear ； to arrive, often after a delay到場；露面
He didn't show up at his sister's wedding. 他居然沒有在他妹妹的婚禮上露面。
I wonder if he will show up at all. 真不知道他還會不會來。
We all thought he had been killed in the plane crash, but three days later he showed up safe and sound.
我們都以為他在收音機失事中喪生，但三天以后，他卻安然無恙地出現(xiàn)了。
Only three of people we had invited didn't show up at the party.
邀請的人當(dāng)中，只有三人末出席這次聚會。
32.Most hosts are grateful just to get someone who will fill the room with sound.——Most hosts are more than happy as long as the guests keep talking.多數(shù)主持人只要有人說話，讓演播室老有聲音就很滿意了。
fill…with… ： to make…full of…用——裝滿
Would you fill these bottles with water, please？ 請把這些瓶子灌滿水好嗎？
Each time I went to see her, my grandma would fill my pockets with sweets .
每次我去看奶奶，她總是在我的衣兜塞滿糖果。
此句型常用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)：
The room is filled with an unpleasant smell. 這屋子里有股難聞的味。
The supermarket is filled with shoppers at weekends. 每逢周末這家超市總是擠滿了購物的人。
此句型有引申的意思：
She filled her days with trivial tasks. 她整天忙于處理瑣碎的事務(wù)。
The thought filled me with pleasure. 這個想法使我感到高興。
I'm filled with gratitude to all those who have helped me. 我對幫助過我的人充滿感激之情。
Her heart was filled with happiness at the party her students organized in her honor.
在學(xué)生們?yōu)樗e行的聚會上，她沉浸在幸福之中。
He was filled with pity for the poor girl . 他對那個可憐的女孩子充滿憐憫之情。
The sound of the music filled me with memories . 音樂聲使我沉浸在回憶之中。
fill 也可作不及物動詞：
The market filled rapidly . 市場很快擠滿了人。
fill 表示to become full of： Laughter filled the hall. 笑聲響徹整個大廳。
When the young lady refused to pay for the shoes she had ordered, unhappiness filled the poor shoemaker's house .
那位年輕的女士不肯付款來付她定做的那雙鞋，此時，窮鞋匠的家里人人愁眉不展。
33.… a ratings nightmare .
… a terrible thing for the show， for it wouldn't attract many ratings： the popularity of a television of radio programme as measured by the number of people viewing or listening對收視率來說是可怕的事
34.This kind of attitude rewards smooth, insincere talk, and makes hesitancy look like stupidity.——Talk show coordinators are concerned about whether the guest talks fluently . They don't care whether he/she talks sensibly and intelligently . By doing so, they actually encourage and praise talk show guests who speak fluently but insincerely and make viewers believe those who don't speak fluently are stupid people . 這種看法結(jié)果是鼓勵了口若懸河的空話，而把遲疑看作是愚笨。
Reward：酬謝；獎賞
He was rewarded with a three-week-holiday for his achievements.由于他的成就，他被獎勵了三個星期的假期。
其引申意思，表示“得出——的結(jié)果，得到回報”
I am sure that all your hard work will be rewarded.我相信你的辛苦工作一定會得到豐碩的結(jié)果。
35.he'd be dragging his bottom in the ratings.
Today ， if he were invited to speak on a talk show, he wouldn't be able to attract a large number of viewers.
Drag one's bottom 可能是由習(xí)語drag one's heels/feet（故意拖延，磨洋工）而來。
（ prize， title， honour， property， etc. ） go to sb./sth.：to be given to, awarded to,or inherited by sb.贈送給，授予
The money they raised from the concert all went to the flooded area. 舉辦音樂會所得款項全部捐贈給水災(zāi)地區(qū)。
The title “The Best Woman Football Player of the Millenium” went to a Chinese， Sun Wen.
“千年女足運動員”的稱號授予了中國運動員孫雯。
The house was left to his son,and all the paintings went to his daughter.
房子留給了他的兒子，女兒繼承了所有繪畫。
The 2000 Nobel Prize for Peace went to Kim Dae Chong. 2000年諾貝爾和平獎授予了金大中。
20.The hero was distinguished by his accomplishment ； the celebrity by his image or trademark.
The hero was different from ordinary people because of what he had achieved ； the celebrity differs from ordinary people merely because he is well-known.英雄因其成就而出眾，而名流則因其形象或其特征而出名。
21.The hero created himself ； the celebrity is created by the media
The hero was admired for what he had hone for society ； the celebrity bursts onto the scene through the work of the media. 英雄因其成就而名，而名流則因媒體的宣傳而出名。（英雄造就自己，媒體造就名流。）
22. The hero was a big man； the celebrity is a big name.
the hero was an outstanding man with excellent qualities ； the celebrity is an average person with an enviable reputation.英雄是了不起的人物，名流是了不起的名聲。
23. Except for the attention they get from the media， these people are exactly like us.——If the media didn't give them so much attention， they wouldn't be any different from ordinary people.要不是媒體的關(guān)注，這些人和我們沒什么兩樣。
注意except 和except for的區(qū)別：
except for： with the exception of （ used to introduce the only thing or a person that prevent a statement from being completely true ）
1）從一個表示整體的單數(shù)名詞中除掉一部分
The essay is excellent except for the conclusion. 這篇文章除結(jié)尾之外總體不錯。
Cf. All the essays are good except yours and John's. 除了你和約翰的文章之外，其他人的都不錯。
The whole class passed the test except for John. 全班除了約翰之外都通過了測試。
Cf. We all passed the test except John. 除約翰之外我們都通過了測試。
2） 所談及的名詞和除外的名詞代表不同的類別時
The country is not worth seeing， except for its temples. 那個國家除了寺廟之外沒有什么值得游覽的
The road was deserted except for a few cars. 路上除了幾輛轎車之外杳無人絕跡。
Cf. All the roads are deserted except one. 除了一條路之外，其他路上行人絕跡
24. Previously， men like Gould and Harriman, whose names everyone knew， could easily have passed through a crowd without being recognized.——In the past, when famous men like Gould and Harriman walked through a crowd, it was quite possible that people don't recognize them, though everyone knew of them.
此句的意思是：這兩個人要是在人群里走走的話，人們完全可能不知他們?yōu)楹卧S人。（但他們極少出現(xiàn)在人群之中。）
could have done sth.（ could have done sth.）。（情態(tài)助動詞could與完成時形式的動詞不定式have done sth.連用）表示過去可能會發(fā)生但實際上沒有發(fā)生的事情：
You could have got a job last year. 你本來去年就可能會找到工作的。（實際上沒有找到）
Ten people were killed in the accident . They could have been saved.
事故中有10人死亡，他們的生命本來是可以挽救過來的
pass through ：to go through a town, etc., stopping there for a short time but not staying
25. The reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress, appearance,and personal habits were widely commented upon. ——When famous people's photos appeared in newspapers, their outward features-their appearance, their clothes, and the way they carried themselves-began to attract public attention and get talked about, In this way these famous people gradually became celebrities.現(xiàn)在報紙上能刊登照片，這使名人成為名流，他們的衣著、外貌和體態(tài)舉止都成為人們評論的對象。
Turn…into…： to cause sth./sb. to become…使——成為；把——變成
Her bitter experience has turned her into a strong woman. 痛苦的經(jīng)歷使她成了一個堅強的女人。
The mobile medical team turned an old temple into a first-aid station. 流動醫(yī)療隊把一座古廟改造成了急救站。
Comment on/upon： to give/express opinions about評論；議論
The U.S.2000 presidential election has been much commented upon.
2000年美國的總統(tǒng)選舉招致了不少的議論。
I don't think it right to comment on people's private affairs. 我覺得議論別人的私事是不對的。
26. Slowly, the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what they looked like. 公眾的注意力逐漸由了解這些人做了些什么轉(zhuǎn)移到了了解他們長得是什么樣子。
Shift （ away ）from…to…： to change in emphasis, direction or focus：轉(zhuǎn)移
When the wind shifted from south to north, it began to get cold. 風(fēng)向由南轉(zhuǎn)北，天氣變冷了。
In the early 1960s, the emphasis of our country's economy shifted from heavy industry to light industry and agriculture. 20世紀(jì)60年代初期，我國經(jīng)濟的重點工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向輕工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)。
look like： to have the appearance of看起來像
The restaurant looks like a ship. 這家餐館的外形像條船。
From the way they treat each other they look like sisters. 她們親昵的樣子看起來像是姐兒倆。
like 常與其他表示感官功能（如視覺、觸覺、味覺、聽覺等look like； feel like； smell like； sound like）的動詞連用。
In the middle of the night we were woken up by some noise . It sounded like a fight.
半夜里我們被吵醒了，聽起來像是吵架的聲音。
The dish sells like fish, but tastes like beef. 這道菜聞起來像魚，嘗起來像牛肉。
The material feels like silk. 這塊料子摸起來像絲綢。
27.With the arrival of television…
Because we now have television…由于電視的出現(xiàn)
with： because of having
With a large family to support, he cannot afford a new coat this year
由于有一大家人要養(yǎng)活，他今年不能給自己買新大衣了。。
With John away, we've got more room.
由于約翰不在，我們的地方顯得更寬敞。
With all the homework to do, I cannot go out this weekend.
有這么多作業(yè)要做，這個周末我不能出去了
28. …than we did about most of the people we know personally.
…than we know about most of the people we actually know.
29.Less than seventy years after the appearance of the first moving pictures, the shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship was complete.
第一部電影問世后不到70年，英雄崇拜就徹底轉(zhuǎn)變成名人崇拜了。
電影起源于19世紀(jì)末，人們傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為1899年是電影誕生之年，此句的意思是在20世紀(jì)60年代末人們崇拜對象的轉(zhuǎn)變就完成了。
moving picture 的其他名稱為：picture， motion picture, film, movie等。
30.Today an appearance on a television talk show is the ultimate proof of “making it ”； in America.——Today, if you are invited as a guest on a TV talk show,you definitely have proved yourself successful in America.今天在電視臺的一個脫口秀節(jié)目上一露臉就絕對能證明你在美國“一舉成名了”。
Make it ： （ informal ） to be successful in one's career； to succeed, to win acceptance達(dá)到預(yù)定目標(biāo)，順利度過一段困難時期；成功；及時到達(dá)。
When he won the prize, he realized that he had made it. 得了獎，他意識到自己成功了。
He's been in some 30 films, but he's never made it as a great actor. 他演了三十多部電影，可是從來沒有紅起來。
The train leaves at 3， it's 2：30 now， I am afraid I can't make it.火車是3點開，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)兩點半了，恐怕我趕不上了。
31.Celebrities do not appear on such a program because of an actual desire-or ability-to talk, but simply to gain recognition, and prove, merely by showing up,that they are “somebody.”——Celebrities often appear on talk shows, not because they really want to talk, or because they have something to say, but simply because they want tobecome famous and to show that they are important.名流在這樣的節(jié)目中出場，并不是因為他們真想說什么，或是口才很棒，而純屬為了出名，并通過在熒屏上露面，證明他們是“重要人物”。
注意not…because （of ） to do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)中，否定的部分是because （of ），而不是appear.
I didn't see the film because you recommended it . I wanted to see Henry Fonda.
我看了這部電影可不是因為你的推薦，我是想看亨利·方達(dá)的表演。
The children didn't do it to please their parents, but simply to enjoy themselves.
孩子們做這件事可不是為了父母高興，而是自己想玩一玩。
show up： （ informal ） to appear ； to arrive, often after a delay到場；露面
He didn't show up at his sister's wedding. 他居然沒有在他妹妹的婚禮上露面。
I wonder if he will show up at all. 真不知道他還會不會來。
We all thought he had been killed in the plane crash, but three days later he showed up safe and sound.
我們都以為他在收音機失事中喪生，但三天以后，他卻安然無恙地出現(xiàn)了。
Only three of people we had invited didn't show up at the party.
邀請的人當(dāng)中，只有三人末出席這次聚會。
32.Most hosts are grateful just to get someone who will fill the room with sound.——Most hosts are more than happy as long as the guests keep talking.多數(shù)主持人只要有人說話，讓演播室老有聲音就很滿意了。
fill…with… ： to make…full of…用——裝滿
Would you fill these bottles with water, please？ 請把這些瓶子灌滿水好嗎？
Each time I went to see her, my grandma would fill my pockets with sweets .
每次我去看奶奶，她總是在我的衣兜塞滿糖果。
此句型常用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)：
The room is filled with an unpleasant smell. 這屋子里有股難聞的味。
The supermarket is filled with shoppers at weekends. 每逢周末這家超市總是擠滿了購物的人。
此句型有引申的意思：
She filled her days with trivial tasks. 她整天忙于處理瑣碎的事務(wù)。
The thought filled me with pleasure. 這個想法使我感到高興。
I'm filled with gratitude to all those who have helped me. 我對幫助過我的人充滿感激之情。
Her heart was filled with happiness at the party her students organized in her honor.
在學(xué)生們?yōu)樗e行的聚會上，她沉浸在幸福之中。
He was filled with pity for the poor girl . 他對那個可憐的女孩子充滿憐憫之情。
The sound of the music filled me with memories . 音樂聲使我沉浸在回憶之中。
fill 也可作不及物動詞：
The market filled rapidly . 市場很快擠滿了人。
fill 表示to become full of： Laughter filled the hall. 笑聲響徹整個大廳。
When the young lady refused to pay for the shoes she had ordered, unhappiness filled the poor shoemaker's house .
那位年輕的女士不肯付款來付她定做的那雙鞋，此時，窮鞋匠的家里人人愁眉不展。
33.… a ratings nightmare .
… a terrible thing for the show， for it wouldn't attract many ratings： the popularity of a television of radio programme as measured by the number of people viewing or listening對收視率來說是可怕的事
34.This kind of attitude rewards smooth, insincere talk, and makes hesitancy look like stupidity.——Talk show coordinators are concerned about whether the guest talks fluently . They don't care whether he/she talks sensibly and intelligently . By doing so, they actually encourage and praise talk show guests who speak fluently but insincerely and make viewers believe those who don't speak fluently are stupid people . 這種看法結(jié)果是鼓勵了口若懸河的空話，而把遲疑看作是愚笨。
Reward：酬謝；獎賞
He was rewarded with a three-week-holiday for his achievements.由于他的成就，他被獎勵了三個星期的假期。
其引申意思，表示“得出——的結(jié)果，得到回報”
I am sure that all your hard work will be rewarded.我相信你的辛苦工作一定會得到豐碩的結(jié)果。
35.he'd be dragging his bottom in the ratings.
Today ， if he were invited to speak on a talk show, he wouldn't be able to attract a large number of viewers.
Drag one's bottom 可能是由習(xí)語drag one's heels/feet（故意拖延，磨洋工）而來。