初中英語基礎語法7 連詞/被動語態(tài)/賓語從句

字號:

一、連詞
    1.考查要點:對連詞的考查主要是對并列連詞和從屬連詞基本用法的考查。
    2.考綱要求:掌握并列連詞(如:and、but、or)和從屬連詞(如:when、if、that等)的基本用法。
    3.復習提示:
    首先是對自己掌握不好的連詞適當練習,尤其需要注意的是,一定要認真審題,分析四個選項,確定選項后再將其代入題干中看句意是否正確。并且除了選擇題,在其他題型中例如:完形、完成句子、書面表達等也會涉及連詞的用法。
    其次,注意一些成對使用的連詞。如:neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, so…that, not…until等。但是在not…until中,需要注意:如果用在until前的動詞是可延續(xù)性動詞,則不加not。另外,需要注意,一些在漢語中成對使用的連詞如:因為…所以,雖然…但是,在英語中是不可以成對出現(xiàn)的,即ecause和so不連用,although和but不連用。
    4.易錯分析:
    ①關(guān)于not…until
    He stayed there until it was very late.
    句中,stay是可延續(xù)性動詞,所以不用not。
    He didn't leave until it was very late.
    句中,leave是不可延續(xù)性動詞,所以用not
    ②because, so;although, but
    上面已經(jīng)提到,because和so及although和but不連用。
    例如:
    Because he was late, he didn't catch the first bus.
    一定不可以說
    Because he was late, so he didn't catch the first bus.
    ③or還是and
    祈使句+or+陳述句前后是對立的
    祈使句+and+陳述句前后是統(tǒng)一的
    (or或and后的陳述句,常用一般將來時)
    Study hard, or you won't pass the exam.
    Study hard, and you will pass the exam.
    兩句都可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“If條件句+主句”形式,注意:要去掉or和and:
    If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam.
    If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
    ④because, since, as, for表示原因時的區(qū)別
    盡管because, for, since, as都表示原因,但是用法上有不同.
    because通常表示說話人認為這種理由或者原因是聽話人所不知道的.
    如:
    He didn't attend the meeting because he had too much work to do.
    since表示的原因是人們已知的事實,常譯作“既然”。
    如:
    Since he can't answer this question, you'd better ask someone else.
    as表示原因與since差別不大,只是語氣更弱,多譯為“由于”
    如:
    As I haven't seen the film, I can't tell you what I think of it.
    for表示因果關(guān)系時,只能放在主句之后,不能放在句首。而且經(jīng)常是對主句補充說明理由或推斷原因。
    如:
    It rained last night, for the ground is wet.
    ⑤ as, when, while
    when意思是“在……時刻或時期”,它可以兼指“時間點”與“時間段”,從句的動詞既可以是可延續(xù)性動詞也可以是不可延續(xù)性動詞。
    如:
    When I got home, he was having supper.
    When I was young, I liked dancing.
    as意思是“邊……邊……”或“與……同時”,重在表示動作同時發(fā)生伴隨進行。
    如:
    They talked as they walked.
    while只指“時間段”,不指“時間點”,從句的動詞只限于延續(xù)性動詞。
    如:
    While I slept a thief broke in.
    二、被動語態(tài)
    1.考查要點:一般現(xiàn)在時,一般過去時以及一般現(xiàn)在時帶有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的用法。
    2.考綱要求:掌握被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成和一般現(xiàn)在時,一般過去時以及一般現(xiàn)在時帶有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的用法。
    3.答題要點:被動語態(tài)的句子是由助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞這一形式構(gòu)成的。過去分詞永遠不變,所有的變化即人稱,數(shù),時態(tài)的變化,都體現(xiàn)在助動詞be的變化上。如果助動詞be的變化掌握得好,被動語態(tài)就很容易掌握。
    4.注意事項:
    ①在沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時,“by+動詞執(zhí)行者”可以省略。
    We grow tea in South China.
    Tea is grown (by us) in South China.
    ②不知道動作的執(zhí)行者是誰,使用被動語態(tài)比較適宜。
    A child was kidnapped last night.昨天晚上一個小孩被誘拐了。
    The letters have been taken away.信已經(jīng)被人那走了。
    ③用于被動語態(tài)的短語動詞不可丟掉動詞后面的介詞或副詞。
    ④帶雙賓語的動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,常有兩種方法:
    把主動語態(tài)的直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語,間接賓語前通常加介詞to,有時加for。
    把主動語態(tài)的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語,直接賓語不變。
    例如:Mr Li gave me an interesting book yesterday.李老師昨天給了我一本有趣的書。
    →An interesting book was given to me (by Mr Li) yesterday.
    →I was given an interesting book (by Mr Li) yesterday.
    ⑤用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)的短語動詞不可丟掉動詞后面的介詞或副詞。
    例如:My sister looks after me at home every day.
    →I am looked after by my sister at home every day.
    ⑥帶有復合賓語的動詞變被動語態(tài)時,只需把賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語,原來的賓語補足語留在原處不動。
    例如:My little sister asked me to read this story for her.
    →I was asked to read this story(by my little sister).