工具、同、和、隨 with，具有，獨(dú)立、就、原因
例：We write with ball pens. 我們用油筆寫字。(工具)
但 He write in blue ink. 他用藍(lán)水筆寫字(墨水用 in 不用 with)
Theory must go hand in hand with practice. 理論必須同實(shí)踐相結(jié)合。(同)
He is talking with friends. 他正同朋友們談話。(同)
I'd like to have a dinner with a friend. 我喜歡同朋友共同進(jìn)餐。
We must co-operate closely with them. 我們必須同他們緊密合作。(同)
We, as human beings are going to leave, but friendship has taken roots among us and our hearts are linked with yours. 我們雖然就要走了，但是友誼卻在我們之間扎了根，我們的心和你們的心是緊緊相連的。(和或同〕
A cadre must become one with the masses.干部必須和群眾打成一片。
I'm with you. 我同意你。
An atom is so small that we can't see it with a microscope.
原子太小，即使用顯微鏡也看不見它。(工具)
In the past I had to part with my wife. 舊社會(huì)我不得不和妻子離別。(和)
The socialist revolution is deepening with each passing day.
社會(huì)主義革命日益深入。(隨著)
They sail with the wind. 他們順風(fēng)航行。(隨著)
With the change of the economic foundation, the superstructure has to be transformed too. 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的改變，上層建筑也必須改變。(隨著)
With the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon's rule in Europe was ended.
滑鐵盧一戰(zhàn)，拿破侖對(duì)歐洲的統(tǒng)治就完蛋了。
The modern electron tube. 隨著電子管的發(fā)明而誕生了現(xiàn)代電子工業(yè)．
She is with child. = She is in a very interesting condition. = in a family way, = She is pregnant (in pregnancy). 她懷孕了。(有)
但 She is with a child．意為:“她領(lǐng)著一個(gè)孩子?！?BR> China is a very large country with a long history. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)歷史悠久的大國(guó)。(具有)
China is a country with a population of ten billion people.
中國(guó)是一個(gè)有10 億人口的國(guó)家。（具有）
What is the matter with you? 怎么回事?(就，關(guān)于)
How is it with you? 你怎么啦？(就，關(guān)于)
Everything was going well with them. 他們一切都進(jìn)行得很順利。(就……)
It is a very intense flash with a lot of power packed into it.
由于聚集了大量的能，所以閃光非常強(qiáng)烈。（獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
注；即分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用 with。
With a new welding technique introduced, the use of stainless steel was no longer limited to making small things only. 由于新的焊接技術(shù)的引進(jìn)，不銹鋼的使用就不僅僅局限在微小的物件上了。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
With all its beams advancing in step with each other the laser possessed very particular properties which no ordinary light ever has. 由于激光的光束同步，所以它具有普通光所沒有的特殊性質(zhì)。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
Without the temperature or pressure changed matter can never change from one state into another. 沒有溫度或壓力的變化，物質(zhì)永遠(yuǎn)不能以一種狀態(tài)變到另一種狀態(tài)。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
The evil landlord was trembling with fear. 那個(gè)萬惡的地主嚇得渾身發(fā)抖。(原因)
My wife's hands were rough with work. 我愛人因?yàn)槔细苫?，手很租糙?原因)．
With the help of my classmate's tape recorder I listen to the Voice of America and B.B.C every day. 借助于我同學(xué)的錄音機(jī)，我每天收聽美國(guó)之音和B.B.C。(原因)
With television, we can see all kinds of programmes on the screen sitting at home without going to the movies and theatres. 因?yàn)橛辛穗娨暎覀冏诩依锞湍芸吹礁鞣N節(jié)目, 而不必去*、戲院了。(原因)
就……來說賓譯主，對(duì)、有、方狀、表細(xì)分
這里的 with 后邊的賓語常譯成主語。
例：How are the things with you? 你情況怎樣？
What's wrong with your eyes? 你的眼睛怎么啦?
Something is wrong with my hands. 我手出點(diǎn)毛病。
Everything was going well with them. 他們一切都進(jìn)行得很順利。
Parents must be strict with their children. 父母對(duì)子女要嚴(yán)格。(對(duì))
The doctor was very patient with his patients. 那位醫(yī)生對(duì)患者非常耐心。(對(duì))
I'm quite satisfied with your answer. 我對(duì)你的回答很滿意。(對(duì))
Many intellectuals with revolutionary tendencies went to the liberated areas.
許多帶有革命傾向的知識(shí)分子都投奔解放區(qū)了。(有)
These apartment houses are for workers with families. 這些住宅樓是給有家屬的工人蓋的。
He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded.
他兩手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。(狀語)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
They are highly mechanized farms, with machinery to do all the work.
它們是高度機(jī)械化的農(nóng)場(chǎng)，所有工作都由機(jī)器進(jìn)行。(狀語)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
上兩句是 with 引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
I will be with you again in half an hour. 過半個(gè)鐘頭我還會(huì)跟你們?cè)谝黄鸬摹?BR> (with 的介詞短語作表語。另注意 in 將來時(shí)態(tài) in 以后)
Our sympathies were with the students persecuted by the gang of four during the cultural revolution. 我們是非常同情“*”中被“四人幫”迫害的青年學(xué)生的。(with 的介詞短語作表語)。
海、陸、空、車、偶、被 by，單數(shù)人類 known to man
例: by land (air, sea, water, bus) 陸路(航空，水陸，水路，乘公共汽車)
by micro bus 坐小面包車(微型汽車)
by mini bus 坐小面包車
by train 坐火車
by trolley bus 坐無軌電車
by tram 坐有軌電車
by bike 騎自行車
by motor car 騎摩托車
by tube 坐地鐵
by airbus 坐大型客機(jī)(空中汽車〕
by jeep 坐吉普車
by chance 偶然
by accident 偶然，無意中
以及 by virtue of 靠、由于
by leaps and bounds 大幅度地
by way of 經(jīng)由
by the book 按常規(guī)
The list of discoveries by“accident”could fill a long book.
偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以寫一本很厚的書。(偶然)
The law of relativity was formulated by Einstein. 相對(duì)論是愛因斯坦創(chuàng)立的。(被動(dòng))
The book was written by Mr. Zhang. 這本書是張先生寫的。(被動(dòng))
That in 1969 the first artificial satellite was launched to the space is known to man. 1969 年第一顆人造衛(wèi)星上了天是眾所周知的。
這里用 to man 而不用 by。即當(dāng)單數(shù)又無冠詞的 man 和 known 搭配時(shí)，表示人類不用 by。
this，that，tomorrow，yesterday，next, last, one
接年、月、季、星期、周，介詞省略已習(xí)慣
例：一天 one day (不說 on one day)
one summer 在一個(gè)夏天
one year 一年
last night 昨天夜里
last Friday 上個(gè)星期五
last month 上月
last year 去年
yesterday afternoon 昨天下午
tomorrow afternoon 明天下午
tomorrow evening 明天晚上
next month 下個(gè)月
next week 下周
next year 明年
next Saturday 下星期六
this morning 今天早晨
this year 今年
this Tuesday 本星期二
this Autumn 今年秋天
that morning 那天早上
that evening 那天晚上
無論前面介詞 in、on 還是 at，通通可省略，不能說 at last night, on last Friday, in last month, in this year 這些都是不對(duì)的，須去掉介詞。
over, under 正上下，above, below 則不然
若與數(shù)量詞連用，混合使用亦無關(guān)
例：There is a picture over the window. 窗戶上面有一幅畫。(正上方)
The plane flew above the city. 飛機(jī)飛過城市上空。（高于城市并非正上方)
A lamp was hanging over the table. 一盞燈是在方桌上方。(正上方)
The moon was now above the trees in the east. 這時(shí)月亮已經(jīng)在東邊樹林的上方。(非正上方)
Don't stand above the masses. 勿高踞于群眾之上。(比喻一一非正上方)
The mountain is 700 feet above sea level. 這座山海拔700米。(非正上方)
There is a small building below the hill. 山下有座小樓房。(非正下方)
There is a submarine under the water. 水下有艘潛水艇。(正下方)
Water was found ten feet below the surface. 在地面下10英尺處找到了水。(非正下方)
The peasants are cooling themselves under the trees. 農(nóng)民們正在樹下乘涼。(正下方)
over under 正上下，低高 below 與 above
The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30℃.
室溫是攝氏30度以下。(數(shù)量詞兩者皆可)
Do you have anything in the way of computers below (under) $10000?
你們有哪些價(jià)格低于10000美元的計(jì)算機(jī)?
（數(shù)量詞兩者皆可〕
beyond 超出、無、不能
例：It's quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 這我完全不懂。
Don't stay out beyond 10 o'clock. 不要在外呆到10點(diǎn)以后還不回家。
But the gratitude from the bottom of my heart to the students and my old colleagues, has gone beyond my control. 發(fā)自肺腑的對(duì)學(xué)生們和我的老同事們的感激之心使我毫不緊張，毫不拘束；
Your work is beyond all praise, so good that it can't be praised enough.
你的成績(jī)是贊揚(yáng)不盡的。
That is going beyond a joke, passes the limits of what is reasonable as a joke.
那樣開玩笑太過火了。
They were touched beyond words. 他們被感動(dòng)得無法形容。(無)
To do this was quite beyond all doubts. 辦這事我無能為力。(超出)
This is inevitable and beyond all doubts. 這是必然的，毫無疑義的。(無)
另外, Beyond two cottages stood his house.
句子中的 beyond 是“那邊”的意思。
against 靠著，對(duì)與反
例: In front of the wardrobe there are two upholstered armchairs arranged against the south wall near the door. 立柜前面是兩把沙發(fā)椅，靠著南城門附近。（靠著）
She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲憊地靠著欄桿站著。(靠著)
A new president was elected by a majority of 274 votes against 110.
新總統(tǒng)以274票對(duì)110票的多數(shù)當(dāng)選。 (對(duì)……)
besides, except 分內(nèi)外，among 之內(nèi) along 沿
例：The design has many other advantages besides lower cost.
除費(fèi)用低外，該設(shè)計(jì)還有許多其他優(yōu)點(diǎn)。(優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括在內(nèi))
He had no time to prepare his lecture, besides which he was unwell.
他沒有時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備講稿，而且他的身體也不大舒適。
Every one of us, except her, went to see the exhibition. 除她外，我們都去參觀了展覽會(huì)。
He gets up early every day except Sunday. 除星期日外他每天早起。
Nobody was late except me. 除我以外，沒人遲到。
例：We write with ball pens. 我們用油筆寫字。(工具)
但 He write in blue ink. 他用藍(lán)水筆寫字(墨水用 in 不用 with)
Theory must go hand in hand with practice. 理論必須同實(shí)踐相結(jié)合。(同)
He is talking with friends. 他正同朋友們談話。(同)
I'd like to have a dinner with a friend. 我喜歡同朋友共同進(jìn)餐。
We must co-operate closely with them. 我們必須同他們緊密合作。(同)
We, as human beings are going to leave, but friendship has taken roots among us and our hearts are linked with yours. 我們雖然就要走了，但是友誼卻在我們之間扎了根，我們的心和你們的心是緊緊相連的。(和或同〕
A cadre must become one with the masses.干部必須和群眾打成一片。
I'm with you. 我同意你。
An atom is so small that we can't see it with a microscope.
原子太小，即使用顯微鏡也看不見它。(工具)
In the past I had to part with my wife. 舊社會(huì)我不得不和妻子離別。(和)
The socialist revolution is deepening with each passing day.
社會(huì)主義革命日益深入。(隨著)
They sail with the wind. 他們順風(fēng)航行。(隨著)
With the change of the economic foundation, the superstructure has to be transformed too. 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的改變，上層建筑也必須改變。(隨著)
With the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon's rule in Europe was ended.
滑鐵盧一戰(zhàn)，拿破侖對(duì)歐洲的統(tǒng)治就完蛋了。
The modern electron tube. 隨著電子管的發(fā)明而誕生了現(xiàn)代電子工業(yè)．
She is with child. = She is in a very interesting condition. = in a family way, = She is pregnant (in pregnancy). 她懷孕了。(有)
但 She is with a child．意為:“她領(lǐng)著一個(gè)孩子?！?BR> China is a very large country with a long history. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)歷史悠久的大國(guó)。(具有)
China is a country with a population of ten billion people.
中國(guó)是一個(gè)有10 億人口的國(guó)家。（具有）
What is the matter with you? 怎么回事?(就，關(guān)于)
How is it with you? 你怎么啦？(就，關(guān)于)
Everything was going well with them. 他們一切都進(jìn)行得很順利。(就……)
It is a very intense flash with a lot of power packed into it.
由于聚集了大量的能，所以閃光非常強(qiáng)烈。（獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）
注；即分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用 with。
With a new welding technique introduced, the use of stainless steel was no longer limited to making small things only. 由于新的焊接技術(shù)的引進(jìn)，不銹鋼的使用就不僅僅局限在微小的物件上了。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
With all its beams advancing in step with each other the laser possessed very particular properties which no ordinary light ever has. 由于激光的光束同步，所以它具有普通光所沒有的特殊性質(zhì)。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
Without the temperature or pressure changed matter can never change from one state into another. 沒有溫度或壓力的變化，物質(zhì)永遠(yuǎn)不能以一種狀態(tài)變到另一種狀態(tài)。(獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))
The evil landlord was trembling with fear. 那個(gè)萬惡的地主嚇得渾身發(fā)抖。(原因)
My wife's hands were rough with work. 我愛人因?yàn)槔细苫?，手很租糙?原因)．
With the help of my classmate's tape recorder I listen to the Voice of America and B.B.C every day. 借助于我同學(xué)的錄音機(jī)，我每天收聽美國(guó)之音和B.B.C。(原因)
With television, we can see all kinds of programmes on the screen sitting at home without going to the movies and theatres. 因?yàn)橛辛穗娨暎覀冏诩依锞湍芸吹礁鞣N節(jié)目, 而不必去*、戲院了。(原因)
就……來說賓譯主，對(duì)、有、方狀、表細(xì)分
這里的 with 后邊的賓語常譯成主語。
例：How are the things with you? 你情況怎樣？
What's wrong with your eyes? 你的眼睛怎么啦?
Something is wrong with my hands. 我手出點(diǎn)毛病。
Everything was going well with them. 他們一切都進(jìn)行得很順利。
Parents must be strict with their children. 父母對(duì)子女要嚴(yán)格。(對(duì))
The doctor was very patient with his patients. 那位醫(yī)生對(duì)患者非常耐心。(對(duì))
I'm quite satisfied with your answer. 我對(duì)你的回答很滿意。(對(duì))
Many intellectuals with revolutionary tendencies went to the liberated areas.
許多帶有革命傾向的知識(shí)分子都投奔解放區(qū)了。(有)
These apartment houses are for workers with families. 這些住宅樓是給有家屬的工人蓋的。
He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded.
他兩手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。(狀語)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
They are highly mechanized farms, with machinery to do all the work.
它們是高度機(jī)械化的農(nóng)場(chǎng)，所有工作都由機(jī)器進(jìn)行。(狀語)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
上兩句是 with 引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
I will be with you again in half an hour. 過半個(gè)鐘頭我還會(huì)跟你們?cè)谝黄鸬摹?BR> (with 的介詞短語作表語。另注意 in 將來時(shí)態(tài) in 以后)
Our sympathies were with the students persecuted by the gang of four during the cultural revolution. 我們是非常同情“*”中被“四人幫”迫害的青年學(xué)生的。(with 的介詞短語作表語)。
海、陸、空、車、偶、被 by，單數(shù)人類 known to man
例: by land (air, sea, water, bus) 陸路(航空，水陸，水路，乘公共汽車)
by micro bus 坐小面包車(微型汽車)
by mini bus 坐小面包車
by train 坐火車
by trolley bus 坐無軌電車
by tram 坐有軌電車
by bike 騎自行車
by motor car 騎摩托車
by tube 坐地鐵
by airbus 坐大型客機(jī)(空中汽車〕
by jeep 坐吉普車
by chance 偶然
by accident 偶然，無意中
以及 by virtue of 靠、由于
by leaps and bounds 大幅度地
by way of 經(jīng)由
by the book 按常規(guī)
The list of discoveries by“accident”could fill a long book.
偶然的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以寫一本很厚的書。(偶然)
The law of relativity was formulated by Einstein. 相對(duì)論是愛因斯坦創(chuàng)立的。(被動(dòng))
The book was written by Mr. Zhang. 這本書是張先生寫的。(被動(dòng))
That in 1969 the first artificial satellite was launched to the space is known to man. 1969 年第一顆人造衛(wèi)星上了天是眾所周知的。
這里用 to man 而不用 by。即當(dāng)單數(shù)又無冠詞的 man 和 known 搭配時(shí)，表示人類不用 by。
this，that，tomorrow，yesterday，next, last, one
接年、月、季、星期、周，介詞省略已習(xí)慣
例：一天 one day (不說 on one day)
one summer 在一個(gè)夏天
one year 一年
last night 昨天夜里
last Friday 上個(gè)星期五
last month 上月
last year 去年
yesterday afternoon 昨天下午
tomorrow afternoon 明天下午
tomorrow evening 明天晚上
next month 下個(gè)月
next week 下周
next year 明年
next Saturday 下星期六
this morning 今天早晨
this year 今年
this Tuesday 本星期二
this Autumn 今年秋天
that morning 那天早上
that evening 那天晚上
無論前面介詞 in、on 還是 at，通通可省略，不能說 at last night, on last Friday, in last month, in this year 這些都是不對(duì)的，須去掉介詞。
over, under 正上下，above, below 則不然
若與數(shù)量詞連用，混合使用亦無關(guān)
例：There is a picture over the window. 窗戶上面有一幅畫。(正上方)
The plane flew above the city. 飛機(jī)飛過城市上空。（高于城市并非正上方)
A lamp was hanging over the table. 一盞燈是在方桌上方。(正上方)
The moon was now above the trees in the east. 這時(shí)月亮已經(jīng)在東邊樹林的上方。(非正上方)
Don't stand above the masses. 勿高踞于群眾之上。(比喻一一非正上方)
The mountain is 700 feet above sea level. 這座山海拔700米。(非正上方)
There is a small building below the hill. 山下有座小樓房。(非正下方)
There is a submarine under the water. 水下有艘潛水艇。(正下方)
Water was found ten feet below the surface. 在地面下10英尺處找到了水。(非正下方)
The peasants are cooling themselves under the trees. 農(nóng)民們正在樹下乘涼。(正下方)
over under 正上下，低高 below 與 above
The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30℃.
室溫是攝氏30度以下。(數(shù)量詞兩者皆可)
Do you have anything in the way of computers below (under) $10000?
你們有哪些價(jià)格低于10000美元的計(jì)算機(jī)?
（數(shù)量詞兩者皆可〕
beyond 超出、無、不能
例：It's quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 這我完全不懂。
Don't stay out beyond 10 o'clock. 不要在外呆到10點(diǎn)以后還不回家。
But the gratitude from the bottom of my heart to the students and my old colleagues, has gone beyond my control. 發(fā)自肺腑的對(duì)學(xué)生們和我的老同事們的感激之心使我毫不緊張，毫不拘束；
Your work is beyond all praise, so good that it can't be praised enough.
你的成績(jī)是贊揚(yáng)不盡的。
That is going beyond a joke, passes the limits of what is reasonable as a joke.
那樣開玩笑太過火了。
They were touched beyond words. 他們被感動(dòng)得無法形容。(無)
To do this was quite beyond all doubts. 辦這事我無能為力。(超出)
This is inevitable and beyond all doubts. 這是必然的，毫無疑義的。(無)
另外, Beyond two cottages stood his house.
句子中的 beyond 是“那邊”的意思。
against 靠著，對(duì)與反
例: In front of the wardrobe there are two upholstered armchairs arranged against the south wall near the door. 立柜前面是兩把沙發(fā)椅，靠著南城門附近。（靠著）
She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲憊地靠著欄桿站著。(靠著)
A new president was elected by a majority of 274 votes against 110.
新總統(tǒng)以274票對(duì)110票的多數(shù)當(dāng)選。 (對(duì)……)
besides, except 分內(nèi)外，among 之內(nèi) along 沿
例：The design has many other advantages besides lower cost.
除費(fèi)用低外，該設(shè)計(jì)還有許多其他優(yōu)點(diǎn)。(優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括在內(nèi))
He had no time to prepare his lecture, besides which he was unwell.
他沒有時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備講稿，而且他的身體也不大舒適。
Every one of us, except her, went to see the exhibition. 除她外，我們都去參觀了展覽會(huì)。
He gets up early every day except Sunday. 除星期日外他每天早起。
Nobody was late except me. 除我以外，沒人遲到。