定語(yǔ)從句：在句中作定語(yǔ)的句子，它修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，這個(gè)被修飾的名詞、代詞叫做先行詞。
一、引導(dǎo)詞（關(guān)系詞）：位于從句與先行詞之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。先行詞分兩類：1.關(guān)系代詞who（作主語(yǔ)）, whom（作賓語(yǔ)）, whose（作定語(yǔ)）, which（作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)）, that（作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)）. 2.關(guān)系副詞when, where, why.
注意：1.如果關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞可以省略.
eg. The trees (that) we have planted grow well.
2.關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可放在介詞后。 但當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞是that時(shí)，則不能放在介詞后。eg. This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived
= This is the house which Lu Xun once lived in.
=This is the house that Lu Xun once lived in
二、如何選用引導(dǎo)詞：一般情況引導(dǎo)詞的選用是受先行詞決定的——先行詞是人時(shí)用that , who , whom , whose; 先行詞是物時(shí)用that , which; 先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)時(shí)用when , where.
eg. 1)The boy who / that is standing under the tree is Jim. 站在樹(shù)下的那個(gè)男孩時(shí)Jim.
2)Do you know the girl whose mother is a driver? 你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)媽媽是司機(jī)的女孩嗎？
3)Have you been to the factory where your father works? 你去過(guò)你爸爸工作的工廠嗎？
但注意區(qū)別who / that (指人)；which / that (指物)
1.修飾人只用who的情況：
a. 先行詞是one , ones , anyone , those 時(shí)。
b. there be句型中修飾名詞時(shí)。
c. 先行詞后有一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)。
eg.1)Anyone who hasn’t handed in his home- work should stay after school. 沒(méi)交作業(yè)的任何人放學(xué)后都要留下。
2)There is a girl who wants to see you at the school gate. 校門口有位想見(jiàn)你的女孩。
3)Did you see the man in the park yesterday afternoon who wore a red shirt? 昨天下午在公園你見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)穿紅襯衫的人嗎？
2.修飾人或物只用that的情況：
a. 先行詞為指物的不定代詞all , much , little, few , everything , something , anything , nothing
b.先行詞前有級(jí)、序數(shù)詞及l(fā)ast , only , very , all , no時(shí)
c. 先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)
d. 主句是who / which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句，而先行詞又指人或物時(shí)。
eg.1)Is there anything that I can do for you? 有讓我做的事嗎？
2)He is the only one that can help us at the moment. 他是現(xiàn)在能幫助我們的的人。
3)He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 他談?wù)撝菰L過(guò)的老師和參觀過(guò)的學(xué)校。
4)Which is the machine that we used last Sunday? 我們上周星期天用過(guò)的機(jī)器是哪一臺(tái)？
3.修飾物只用which的情況：
a. 先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)
b. 先行詞為that時(shí)
eg.1)This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived . 這就是魯迅以前住過(guò)的房子。
2)What’s that which you are holding in your arms? 你抱著的那個(gè)是什么？
*三、定語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為短語(yǔ)
1．定語(yǔ)從句為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)可簡(jiǎn)化為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)；定語(yǔ)從句為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可簡(jiǎn)化為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)。
2．定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)(be)后是介詞短語(yǔ)，可簡(jiǎn)化為介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。
3．定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，可簡(jiǎn)化為不定式。
eg.1)I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun.
= I bought a book written by Lu Xun.
2)Tell the children who are playing there not to do that.
= Tell the children playing there not to do that.
3)The book that is on the table is mine.
= The book on the table is mine.
4) We have nothing that we should fear.
= We have nothing to fear.
練 習(xí)
一、用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞填空
1.Is it the very house ________ you lived in ten years ago?
2.The woman _____ sits next to the door is my mother.
3.I’ll never forget the year _____ I joined the League.
4.It is the house _____ I was born.
5.The house ______ roof is broken has been repaired.
二、用短語(yǔ)來(lái)改寫下面的定語(yǔ)從句部分。
1.The man that is talking with Mary is my brother.
______________________________________
__________________.
2.This is a book which was written by a worker
______________________________________
3.The student who is from Canada speaks French.
______________________________________
__________.
4.She has a lot of work that she must do.
_____________________________________
三、選擇填空
( )1.The man ____ was a friend of mine.
A. that you just talked to
B. whom you just talked to him
C. who you just talked to him
D. which you just talked to
( )2.This is the best film ____has been shown this year.
A. who B. that C. which D. when
( )3.Finally, the thief handed everything ____ he had stolen to the police.
A. which B. what C. that D. in where
( )4.Mr. Li told us the stones and writers ____ interested him
A. what B. who C. that D. which
( )5.My father still remembers the day ___ he joined the army.
A. when B. which
C. to which D. from which
( )6.I’ll never forget the summer holidays ____ we spent together.
A. when B. in which C. which D. how
( )7—Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees?
—Yes, he does.
A. which B. whose C. where D. who
( )8.The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important.
A. who B. where C. what D. that
( )9.I hate people _______ talk much but do little.
A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
( )10.—Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher?
—Oh! It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher.
A. he B. that C. whom D. which
( )11.I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.
A. who B. which C. they D. where
( )12.George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing.
A. who B. whom C. he D. which
( )13.This is the place _____I have ever visited.
A. there B. when C. where D. which
( )14.Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn’t come to the meeting.
A. that B. which C. why D. when
( )15.The moon is a world ___there is no life.
A. that B. which C. where D. why
( )16.He has forgotten the day ___ he arrived.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
( )17.He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family.
A. when B. where C. that D. on which
( )18.Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.
A. who B. that C. whose D. which
( )19.He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
( )20.This is the house ______ I want to buy.
A. in which B. that C. whose D. where
( )21.He didn’t tell me the place _______ he was born.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
( )22.He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)（8） 被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài)
一、引導(dǎo)詞（關(guān)系詞）：位于從句與先行詞之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。先行詞分兩類：1.關(guān)系代詞who（作主語(yǔ)）, whom（作賓語(yǔ)）, whose（作定語(yǔ)）, which（作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)）, that（作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)）. 2.關(guān)系副詞when, where, why.
注意：1.如果關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞可以省略.
eg. The trees (that) we have planted grow well.
2.關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可放在介詞后。 但當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞是that時(shí)，則不能放在介詞后。eg. This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived
= This is the house which Lu Xun once lived in.
=This is the house that Lu Xun once lived in
二、如何選用引導(dǎo)詞：一般情況引導(dǎo)詞的選用是受先行詞決定的——先行詞是人時(shí)用that , who , whom , whose; 先行詞是物時(shí)用that , which; 先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)時(shí)用when , where.
eg. 1)The boy who / that is standing under the tree is Jim. 站在樹(shù)下的那個(gè)男孩時(shí)Jim.
2)Do you know the girl whose mother is a driver? 你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)媽媽是司機(jī)的女孩嗎？
3)Have you been to the factory where your father works? 你去過(guò)你爸爸工作的工廠嗎？
但注意區(qū)別who / that (指人)；which / that (指物)
1.修飾人只用who的情況：
a. 先行詞是one , ones , anyone , those 時(shí)。
b. there be句型中修飾名詞時(shí)。
c. 先行詞后有一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)。
eg.1)Anyone who hasn’t handed in his home- work should stay after school. 沒(méi)交作業(yè)的任何人放學(xué)后都要留下。
2)There is a girl who wants to see you at the school gate. 校門口有位想見(jiàn)你的女孩。
3)Did you see the man in the park yesterday afternoon who wore a red shirt? 昨天下午在公園你見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)穿紅襯衫的人嗎？
2.修飾人或物只用that的情況：
a. 先行詞為指物的不定代詞all , much , little, few , everything , something , anything , nothing
b.先行詞前有級(jí)、序數(shù)詞及l(fā)ast , only , very , all , no時(shí)
c. 先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)
d. 主句是who / which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句，而先行詞又指人或物時(shí)。
eg.1)Is there anything that I can do for you? 有讓我做的事嗎？
2)He is the only one that can help us at the moment. 他是現(xiàn)在能幫助我們的的人。
3)He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 他談?wù)撝菰L過(guò)的老師和參觀過(guò)的學(xué)校。
4)Which is the machine that we used last Sunday? 我們上周星期天用過(guò)的機(jī)器是哪一臺(tái)？
3.修飾物只用which的情況：
a. 先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)
b. 先行詞為that時(shí)
eg.1)This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived . 這就是魯迅以前住過(guò)的房子。
2)What’s that which you are holding in your arms? 你抱著的那個(gè)是什么？
*三、定語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化為短語(yǔ)
1．定語(yǔ)從句為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)可簡(jiǎn)化為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)；定語(yǔ)從句為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可簡(jiǎn)化為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)。
2．定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)(be)后是介詞短語(yǔ)，可簡(jiǎn)化為介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)。
3．定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，可簡(jiǎn)化為不定式。
eg.1)I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun.
= I bought a book written by Lu Xun.
2)Tell the children who are playing there not to do that.
= Tell the children playing there not to do that.
3)The book that is on the table is mine.
= The book on the table is mine.
4) We have nothing that we should fear.
= We have nothing to fear.
練 習(xí)
一、用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞填空
1.Is it the very house ________ you lived in ten years ago?
2.The woman _____ sits next to the door is my mother.
3.I’ll never forget the year _____ I joined the League.
4.It is the house _____ I was born.
5.The house ______ roof is broken has been repaired.
二、用短語(yǔ)來(lái)改寫下面的定語(yǔ)從句部分。
1.The man that is talking with Mary is my brother.
______________________________________
__________________.
2.This is a book which was written by a worker
______________________________________
3.The student who is from Canada speaks French.
______________________________________
__________.
4.She has a lot of work that she must do.
_____________________________________
三、選擇填空
( )1.The man ____ was a friend of mine.
A. that you just talked to
B. whom you just talked to him
C. who you just talked to him
D. which you just talked to
( )2.This is the best film ____has been shown this year.
A. who B. that C. which D. when
( )3.Finally, the thief handed everything ____ he had stolen to the police.
A. which B. what C. that D. in where
( )4.Mr. Li told us the stones and writers ____ interested him
A. what B. who C. that D. which
( )5.My father still remembers the day ___ he joined the army.
A. when B. which
C. to which D. from which
( )6.I’ll never forget the summer holidays ____ we spent together.
A. when B. in which C. which D. how
( )7—Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees?
—Yes, he does.
A. which B. whose C. where D. who
( )8.The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important.
A. who B. where C. what D. that
( )9.I hate people _______ talk much but do little.
A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
( )10.—Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher?
—Oh! It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher.
A. he B. that C. whom D. which
( )11.I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.
A. who B. which C. they D. where
( )12.George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing.
A. who B. whom C. he D. which
( )13.This is the place _____I have ever visited.
A. there B. when C. where D. which
( )14.Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn’t come to the meeting.
A. that B. which C. why D. when
( )15.The moon is a world ___there is no life.
A. that B. which C. where D. why
( )16.He has forgotten the day ___ he arrived.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
( )17.He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family.
A. when B. where C. that D. on which
( )18.Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.
A. who B. that C. whose D. which
( )19.He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
( )20.This is the house ______ I want to buy.
A. in which B. that C. whose D. where
( )21.He didn’t tell me the place _______ he was born.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
( )22.He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)（8） 被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài)