(事實(shí)上，She doesn’t know, so she still feels joyous.)
二、對(duì)過去事實(shí)的虛擬
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例如：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the
rules.
(事實(shí)上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)
If it hadn’t rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
(事實(shí)上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.)
此種虛擬可進(jìn)行倒裝，如：
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.= If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.
三、對(duì)將來事實(shí)的虛擬
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思類似
漢語
中的“萬一”
例如：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事實(shí)上：他不大可能忘記那個(gè)日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事實(shí)上不大可能會(huì)下雪)
此種虛擬可倒裝，如：
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot.
= If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
注意1：部分動(dòng)詞的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣，形式為should do, 其中should常被
省略
。
此類動(dòng)詞有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide,
ask, r
equest等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work.
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect
enough mate
rials before they work on this project.
上面的動(dòng)詞如果以名詞形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)，后面的that從句仍然要采用虛擬語氣
He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every
moning.
注意2：在一些慣用語之后經(jīng)常需要用虛擬，來表示與事實(shí)相反或者難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的事
情
這類習(xí)語有： as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if
only等
例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果沒有你的幫助，我就不能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá))
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
注意3：在下列形容詞引導(dǎo)的that從句中必須要用虛擬語氣(should) do，但是由于 shou
ld經(jīng)常被省略，所以實(shí)際上用的就是動(dòng)詞原形。
這類形容詞有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/
adv
isable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.
一致原則
一致原則貫穿英語語法，在前面各個(gè)章節(jié)中已有涉及，本章作為對(duì)前面的補(bǔ)充，集
中講
TOEFL題中?？嫉膯栴}
第一節(jié) 主謂一致
主謂一致指的是主語和謂語在數(shù)上要保持一致. 在英語除了時(shí)態(tài)的變化外，名詞、
動(dòng)詞
的數(shù)也有差別，這就要求主語（以名詞為代表）和謂語（包括助動(dòng)詞）在數(shù)上要一
致
如：
1. 在名詞+of+名詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)中, 前一個(gè)名詞是整個(gè)短語的中心詞, 當(dāng)該短語作主
語時(shí)，
一般以of之前名詞的數(shù)為依據(jù)確定謂語的數(shù).
one of 之后需接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，但one of+名詞作主語時(shí)中心詞是one，故謂語應(yīng)用單
數(shù)
One of my students wins the game.
2. 由and連接的多個(gè)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)
Career and love are important to me.
Jim, John and Mary are playing football.
但是如果用and連接起來表示單一的概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)
The famous singer and actress, Whitney Huston is coming to the ceremony.
(在這里, singer和actress指得是同一人, 都是Whitney Huston)
3. 不可數(shù)名詞，尤其是抽象名詞(relation, authority, necessity, power,
democr acy, young等)作主語時(shí)要視為單數(shù)，謂語自然也要用單數(shù)
The relation between us is very simple.
4. 單個(gè)從句作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)
That she has gone insane is sheer rumor.
When they will come hasn’t been made public.
5. 如果主語是單數(shù)，那么即使后面有with/ together with/ along
with/accompanied
by, no less than, like, but, except, including, besides等引導(dǎo)的短語，謂
語動(dòng)
詞仍然要是用單數(shù)
例如：The boy, together with his parents, goes to the cinema today.
No one except the two boys knows how to solve this problem.
6. 由Not A but B, Not only A but also B, either A or B, neither A nor B
引導(dǎo)的
主語，謂語通常和最鄰近的主語相一致
Either you or Mary hurts her.
Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to cha
nge her mind.
Not you but he is tired of typing.
Not only the students but also the teacher is going to be blamed.
7.在there be句型、介詞短語、副詞為句首引起的倒裝句中，真正的主語通常在謂 語的
后面，謂語應(yīng)該和后面的主語在數(shù)方面相一致。
但是在there be 句型中，如果有兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的主語，必須和最接近他的那
個(gè)主語
相一致。
There are a lot of books on the table.
There is only one pencil, two books and one cup on the table.
Many a time has he given us good advice.
第二節(jié) 介詞、分詞詞組提前倒裝
當(dāng)句子沒有賓語，且主語偏長時(shí)，往往將句中作狀語的介詞短語或作表語的形容詞
短語
或作表語的分詞短語提至句首，引起主謂的全部倒裝
如：In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that she
had ca
st.
Characteristic of an anarchist was her strong opposition to the governme
nt, which she had blamed for all the social injustices.
Lying on the grassland is a pretty girl in her early twenties.
第三節(jié) 副詞提前倒裝
副詞提至句首引起倒裝，可分以下幾種情況：
1. only + 副詞(when, before, if, after等)
或only+介詞狀語(由in, under, by, on, after等引導(dǎo))提前，必須部分倒裝
如：Only then did he realize how stupid he had been.
Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was dan
ger.
Only in the library can she concentrate on her study.
2. often, such, so等副詞提前，部分倒裝
如: So diligently did he work that he got hight scores on the final
exam.
=He worked so diligently that he got hight scores on the final exam.
Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.
Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer. 注意，so的另一種倒裝是表示“也…”
California relies heavily on income from crops, and so does Florida. 加利福尼亞過多的依賴于來自農(nóng)作物的收入，佛羅里達(dá)也是這樣
同理，體會(huì)一下neither, nor的倒裝
He can’t dance, neither/nor can I.= I can’t, either.
他不會(huì)跳舞，我也不會(huì)。
3. in, out, down, up, away, off, here, there, over等副詞提前，全部倒裝
如：Off got the staggering gentlemen.
Here are the photos I took at the seaside.
第四節(jié) 疑問倒裝
疑問句需部分倒裝語序，由于經(jīng)常用到不會(huì)成為考試的難點(diǎn)。
如：What part did he play in Hamlet?
Do you prefer tea or coffee?
by可視為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的標(biāo)志詞，by之后的名詞短語是句中動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者；在題干中若
見到
by+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)要優(yōu)先考慮用被動(dòng)式
如: The wall is painted by Tom.
The book was written by Mark Twain.
注意1：by之后如果接的是動(dòng)名詞，則表示方式、手段，不能視為被動(dòng)式的標(biāo)志，
且此時(shí)
謂語應(yīng)用主動(dòng)式，
如：He passed the exam by cheating.
注意2：對(duì)于know來講，一般用be known to 而不用be know by
強(qiáng)調(diào)句中it作形式主語可以替代任何被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分
基本模式：It + be + 強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象 + who/ whom/that + 句子其余部分
如：It was only you who cared for me. (強(qiáng)調(diào)主語)
It is his sister whom /that I have fallen in love with. (強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語)
It was under the tree that she found her missing purse. (強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語)
It was last week that I attended an art exhibit for the first time. (強(qiáng)
調(diào)時(shí)間
狀語)
It was not until he broke my favorite vase that I flew into rages. (強(qiáng)調(diào)
狀語
從句)
注意：強(qiáng)調(diào)的對(duì)象是人時(shí)，可用who, whom或that, 其余情況一律用that; 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)
對(duì)象在
從句中做主語時(shí)用who/that, 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象在從句中做賓語時(shí)用whom/that.
虛擬語氣
此章內(nèi)容在TOEFL考點(diǎn)中處于相對(duì)次要地位，但在英文中是比較活躍的用法，必須
對(duì)其有
所了解, 這樣對(duì)讀題非常有幫助
虛擬語氣是英文中一特殊的語言現(xiàn)象，主要用于表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反的陳述，常表達(dá)強(qiáng)
烈愿
望、遺憾、感慨、后悔、責(zé)備、規(guī)勸等語義，可大致分為三類
一、對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬
基本形式：If + were /did等過去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
例如：If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
(事實(shí)上，I’m not a bird, so I will not fly to the moon.)
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.
二、對(duì)過去事實(shí)的虛擬
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例如：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the
rules.
(事實(shí)上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)
If it hadn’t rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
(事實(shí)上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.)
此種虛擬可進(jìn)行倒裝，如：
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.= If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.
三、對(duì)將來事實(shí)的虛擬
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思類似
漢語
中的“萬一”
例如：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事實(shí)上：他不大可能忘記那個(gè)日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事實(shí)上不大可能會(huì)下雪)
此種虛擬可倒裝，如：
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot.
= If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
注意1：部分動(dòng)詞的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣，形式為should do, 其中should常被
省略
。
此類動(dòng)詞有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide,
ask, r
equest等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work.
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect
enough mate
rials before they work on this project.
上面的動(dòng)詞如果以名詞形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)，后面的that從句仍然要采用虛擬語氣
He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every
moning.
注意2：在一些慣用語之后經(jīng)常需要用虛擬，來表示與事實(shí)相反或者難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的事
情
這類習(xí)語有： as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if
only等
例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果沒有你的幫助，我就不能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá))
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
注意3：在下列形容詞引導(dǎo)的that從句中必須要用虛擬語氣(should) do，但是由于 shou
ld經(jīng)常被省略，所以實(shí)際上用的就是動(dòng)詞原形。
這類形容詞有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/
adv
isable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.
一致原則
一致原則貫穿英語語法，在前面各個(gè)章節(jié)中已有涉及，本章作為對(duì)前面的補(bǔ)充，集
中講
TOEFL題中?？嫉膯栴}
第一節(jié) 主謂一致
主謂一致指的是主語和謂語在數(shù)上要保持一致. 在英語除了時(shí)態(tài)的變化外，名詞、
動(dòng)詞
的數(shù)也有差別，這就要求主語（以名詞為代表）和謂語（包括助動(dòng)詞）在數(shù)上要一
致
如：
1. 在名詞+of+名詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)中, 前一個(gè)名詞是整個(gè)短語的中心詞, 當(dāng)該短語作主
語時(shí)，
一般以of之前名詞的數(shù)為依據(jù)確定謂語的數(shù).
one of 之后需接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，但one of+名詞作主語時(shí)中心詞是one，故謂語應(yīng)用單
數(shù)
One of my students wins the game.
2. 由and連接的多個(gè)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)
Career and love are important to me.
Jim, John and Mary are playing football.
但是如果用and連接起來表示單一的概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)
The famous singer and actress, Whitney Huston is coming to the ceremony.
(在這里, singer和actress指得是同一人, 都是Whitney Huston)
3. 不可數(shù)名詞，尤其是抽象名詞(relation, authority, necessity, power,
democr acy, young等)作主語時(shí)要視為單數(shù)，謂語自然也要用單數(shù)
The relation between us is very simple.
4. 單個(gè)從句作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)
That she has gone insane is sheer rumor.
When they will come hasn’t been made public.
5. 如果主語是單數(shù)，那么即使后面有with/ together with/ along
with/accompanied
by, no less than, like, but, except, including, besides等引導(dǎo)的短語，謂
語動(dòng)
詞仍然要是用單數(shù)
例如：The boy, together with his parents, goes to the cinema today.
No one except the two boys knows how to solve this problem.
6. 由Not A but B, Not only A but also B, either A or B, neither A nor B
引導(dǎo)的
主語，謂語通常和最鄰近的主語相一致
Either you or Mary hurts her.
Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to cha
nge her mind.
Not you but he is tired of typing.
Not only the students but also the teacher is going to be blamed.
7.在there be句型、介詞短語、副詞為句首引起的倒裝句中，真正的主語通常在謂 語的
后面，謂語應(yīng)該和后面的主語在數(shù)方面相一致。
但是在there be 句型中，如果有兩個(gè)或者兩個(gè)以上的主語，必須和最接近他的那
個(gè)主語
相一致。
There are a lot of books on the table.
There is only one pencil, two books and one cup on the table.
Many a time has he given us good advice.
第二節(jié) 介詞、分詞詞組提前倒裝
當(dāng)句子沒有賓語，且主語偏長時(shí)，往往將句中作狀語的介詞短語或作表語的形容詞
短語
或作表語的分詞短語提至句首，引起主謂的全部倒裝
如：In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that she
had ca
st.
Characteristic of an anarchist was her strong opposition to the governme
nt, which she had blamed for all the social injustices.
Lying on the grassland is a pretty girl in her early twenties.
第三節(jié) 副詞提前倒裝
副詞提至句首引起倒裝，可分以下幾種情況：
1. only + 副詞(when, before, if, after等)
或only+介詞狀語(由in, under, by, on, after等引導(dǎo))提前，必須部分倒裝
如：Only then did he realize how stupid he had been.
Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was dan
ger.
Only in the library can she concentrate on her study.
2. often, such, so等副詞提前，部分倒裝
如: So diligently did he work that he got hight scores on the final
exam.
=He worked so diligently that he got hight scores on the final exam.
Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.
Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer. 注意，so的另一種倒裝是表示“也…”
California relies heavily on income from crops, and so does Florida. 加利福尼亞過多的依賴于來自農(nóng)作物的收入，佛羅里達(dá)也是這樣
同理，體會(huì)一下neither, nor的倒裝
He can’t dance, neither/nor can I.= I can’t, either.
他不會(huì)跳舞，我也不會(huì)。
3. in, out, down, up, away, off, here, there, over等副詞提前，全部倒裝
如：Off got the staggering gentlemen.
Here are the photos I took at the seaside.
第四節(jié) 疑問倒裝
疑問句需部分倒裝語序，由于經(jīng)常用到不會(huì)成為考試的難點(diǎn)。
如：What part did he play in Hamlet?
Do you prefer tea or coffee?
by可視為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的標(biāo)志詞，by之后的名詞短語是句中動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者；在題干中若
見到
by+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)要優(yōu)先考慮用被動(dòng)式
如: The wall is painted by Tom.
The book was written by Mark Twain.
注意1：by之后如果接的是動(dòng)名詞，則表示方式、手段，不能視為被動(dòng)式的標(biāo)志，
且此時(shí)
謂語應(yīng)用主動(dòng)式，
如：He passed the exam by cheating.
注意2：對(duì)于know來講，一般用be known to 而不用be know by
強(qiáng)調(diào)句中it作形式主語可以替代任何被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分
基本模式：It + be + 強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象 + who/ whom/that + 句子其余部分
如：It was only you who cared for me. (強(qiáng)調(diào)主語)
It is his sister whom /that I have fallen in love with. (強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語)
It was under the tree that she found her missing purse. (強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語)
It was last week that I attended an art exhibit for the first time. (強(qiáng)
調(diào)時(shí)間
狀語)
It was not until he broke my favorite vase that I flew into rages. (強(qiáng)調(diào)
狀語
從句)
注意：強(qiáng)調(diào)的對(duì)象是人時(shí)，可用who, whom或that, 其余情況一律用that; 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)
對(duì)象在
從句中做主語時(shí)用who/that, 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象在從句中做賓語時(shí)用whom/that.
虛擬語氣
此章內(nèi)容在TOEFL考點(diǎn)中處于相對(duì)次要地位，但在英文中是比較活躍的用法，必須
對(duì)其有
所了解, 這樣對(duì)讀題非常有幫助
虛擬語氣是英文中一特殊的語言現(xiàn)象，主要用于表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反的陳述，常表達(dá)強(qiáng)
烈愿
望、遺憾、感慨、后悔、責(zé)備、規(guī)勸等語義，可大致分為三類
一、對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬
基本形式：If + were /did等過去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
例如：If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
(事實(shí)上，I’m not a bird, so I will not fly to the moon.)
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.