這里我想談一談中國是如何應(yīng)對這場金融危機的。
Let me talk briefly about how China has been responding to the crisis.
金融危機對中國實體經(jīng)濟的影響日益顯現(xiàn)。從去年第三季度以來，出口大幅下滑，經(jīng)濟增速放緩，就業(yè)壓力加大。中國經(jīng)濟面臨著嚴(yán)峻的局面。面對危機，我們果斷決策，及時調(diào)整宏觀經(jīng)濟政策取向，迅速出臺擴大國內(nèi)需求的十項措施，陸續(xù)制定了一系列政策，形成了系統(tǒng)完整的促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展的一攬子計劃。主要包括以下幾個方面：
The fallout of the financial crisis on China's real economy is becoming more evident. Since the third quarter of last year, our exports have declined sharply, economic growth has slowed down, and the pressure on employment has been rising. In the face of the grim situation, we have acted decisively. We have made timely adjustment to the direction of our macroeconomic policy, promptly introduced ten measures to expand domestic demand, and formulated a series of related policies. Together, they make up a systematic and comprehensive package plan aimed at promoting steady and relatively fast economic growth. Its main contents are:
一是大規(guī)模增加政府支出擴大內(nèi)需。中國政府推出了以財政支出帶動社會投資，總額達(dá)４萬億元的兩年計劃，規(guī)模相當(dāng)于２００７年中國ＧＤＰ的１６％。主要投向保障性安居工程、農(nóng)村民生工程、鐵路交通等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、社會事業(yè)、生態(tài)環(huán)保建設(shè)和地震災(zāi)后恢復(fù)重建。中國政府還推出了大規(guī)模的減稅計劃，一年可減輕企業(yè)和居民負(fù)擔(dān)約５０００億元。我們還大幅度降息和增加銀行體系流動性，出臺了一系列金融措施。
First, substantially increase government spending to boost domestic demand. The Chinese Government has announced a two-year investment program that will generate, through fiscal spending, a total investment of RMB 4 trillion nationwide, equivalent to 16% of China's GDP in 2007. The money will mainly go into government-subsidized housing, projects related to the well-being of rural residents, the construction of railway and other infrastructural projects, social development programs, environmental protection and post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction. The Chinese Government has introduced a massive tax-cut program, which will reduce the tax burdens on businesses and individuals by about RMB 500 billion each year. We have also cut interest rates by a large margin, increased liquidity in the banking system and adopted a range of financial measures.
二是大范圍實施產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整振興計劃。我們?nèi)嫱七M(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和優(yōu)化升級，制定汽車、鋼鐵等十個重點產(chǎn)業(yè)的調(diào)整和振興規(guī)劃。我們采取經(jīng)濟和技術(shù)的措施，大力推進(jìn)節(jié)能減排，推進(jìn)企業(yè)兼并重組，提高產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度和資源配置效率。我們鼓勵和支持企業(yè)廣泛應(yīng)用新技術(shù)、新工藝、新設(shè)備、新材料，開發(fā)適銷對路產(chǎn)品。
Second, implement a large-scale industrial restructuring and rejuvenation program. We are pushing forward industrial restructuring and upgrading across the board and formulating plans for the restructuring and revitalization of ten key industries, including automobiles and iron and steel. We will take economic and technological measures to boost energy conservation and reduce emissions, and promote merger and reorganization of enterprises to raise the level of industry concentration and the efficiency of resource allocation. We encourage and support the extensive application of new technologies, techniques, equipment and materials and the development of marketable products by enterprises.
三是大力推進(jìn)科技進(jìn)步和創(chuàng)新?？萍际强朔鹑谖C的根本力量。每一場大的危機常常伴隨一場新的科技革命；每一次經(jīng)濟的復(fù)蘇，都離不開技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。我們加快實施國家中長期科學(xué)和技術(shù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，特別是核心電子器件、核能開發(fā)利用、高檔數(shù)控機床等１６個重大專項，突破一批核心技術(shù)和關(guān)鍵共性技術(shù)，為中國經(jīng)濟在更高水平上實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供科技支撐。推動發(fā)展高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)群，培育新的經(jīng)濟增長點。我們就是要依靠科學(xué)技術(shù)的重大突破，創(chuàng)造新的社會需求，催生新一輪的經(jīng)濟繁榮。
Third, make energetic efforts for progress and innovation in science and technology. Science and technology are of fundamental importance in overcoming the financial crisis. A major crisis is usually followed by a revolution in science and technology, and no economic recovery is possible without technological innovation. We are stepping up the implementation of the National Program for Medium- and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development, with special emphasis on 16 major projects including core electronic devices, development and use of nuclear energy and advanced numerically controlled machine tools. We will strive to make breakthroughs in a host of core technologies and key generic technologies to support sustainable economic growth at a higher level. We will promote the development of high-tech industrial clusters and cultivate new economic growth areas. All in all, we will rely on major breakthroughs in science and technology to foster new social demand and bring about a new round of economic boom.
四是大幅度提高社會保障水平。繼續(xù)提高企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金，提高失業(yè)保險金和工傷保險金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，提高城鄉(xiāng)低保、農(nóng)村五保等保障水平。積極推進(jìn)醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生體制改革，力爭用三年時間基本建成覆蓋全國城鄉(xiāng)的基本醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生制度，初步實現(xiàn)人人享有基本醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)。我們堅持優(yōu)先發(fā)展教育，正在制定《國家中長期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要》。我們實施更加積極的就業(yè)政策，重點解決高校畢業(yè)生和農(nóng)民工就業(yè)問題。開辟就業(yè)崗位，緩解就業(yè)壓力。
Fourth, significantly raise the level of social security. We will continue to increase basic pension for enterprise retirees and upgrade the standard of unemployment insurance and workers' compensation. We will raise the level of basic cost of living allowances in both urban and rural areas and welfare allowances for those rural residents without family support. We are advancing the reform of the medical and health system and working to put in place a nationwide basic medical and health system covering both urban and rural areas within three years and achieve the goal of everyone having access to basic medical and health service. We give priority to education and are now working on the Guidelines of the National Program for Medium- and Long-Term Educational Reform and Development. We are following a more active employment policy with special emphasis on helping college graduates and migrant workers find jobs. We are endeavoring to create more jobs and lessen the impact of the financial crisis on employment.
我們采取這些措施，把擴大國內(nèi)需求、調(diào)整振興產(chǎn)業(yè)、加強科技支撐、強化社會保障結(jié)合起來，把拉動經(jīng)濟增長和改善民生、增加就業(yè)結(jié)合起來，把克服當(dāng)前困難和促進(jìn)長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展結(jié)合起來。這樣做，有利于中國的發(fā)展，也將給包括英國在內(nèi)的世界各國企業(yè)帶來巨大的商機。
The aforementioned measures will help us boost domestic demand, readjust and reinvigorate industries, enhance the support of science and technology and strengthen social security all at the same time. They will stimulate consumption through increased investment, drive economic growth while improving people's livelihood and creating more jobs, and see us through current difficulties while also improving the long-term prospect of the Chinese economy. They will not only benefit China's development, but also bring enormous business opportunities to other countries, Britain included.
這場百年一遇的金融危機，留給世人的思考是沉重的。它警示人們，對現(xiàn)行的經(jīng)濟體制和經(jīng)濟理論，應(yīng)該進(jìn)行深刻的反思。
This once-in-a-century financial crisis is truly thought-provoking. It reminds us of the need to have serious reflections on the existing economic systems and theories.
中國曾長期實行高度集中的計劃經(jīng)濟，把計劃看成是絕對的，束縛了生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展。這場金融危機使我們看到，市場也不是萬能的，一味放任自由，勢必引起經(jīng)濟秩序的混亂和社會分配的不公，最終受到懲罰。真正的市場化改革，決不會把市場機制與國家宏觀調(diào)控對立起來。既要發(fā)揮市場這只看不見的手的作用，又要發(fā)揮政府和社會監(jiān)管這只看得見的手的作用。兩手都要硬，兩手同時發(fā)揮作用，才能實現(xiàn)按照市場規(guī)律配置資源，也才能使資源配置合理、協(xié)調(diào)、平衡、可持續(xù)。
For many years in the past, China practiced a highly centralized planned economy and regarded planning as being absolute. This hampered the development of productivity. The ongoing financial crisis has made it clear to us, however, that the market is not a cure-all, either. A totally laissez-faire approach will inevitably lead to economic disorder and unfair social distribution, and will eventually take its toll. A credible market-oriented reform should never set the market against government macro-regulation. The invisible hand of the market and the visible hand of government and social supervision should both act, and act vigorously. Only in this way can resources be distributed according to market rules and distributed in a reasonable, coordinated, balanced and sustainable manner.
國際金融危機再次告訴人們，不受監(jiān)管的市場經(jīng)濟是多么可怕。從上世紀(jì)９０年代以來，一些經(jīng)濟體疏于監(jiān)管，一些金融機構(gòu)受利益驅(qū)動，利用數(shù)十倍的金融杠桿進(jìn)行超額融資，在獲取高額利潤的同時，把巨大的風(fēng)險留給整個世界。這充分說明，不受管理的市場經(jīng)濟是注定行不通的。因此，必須處理好金融創(chuàng)新與金融監(jiān)管的關(guān)系、虛擬經(jīng)濟與實體經(jīng)濟的關(guān)系、儲蓄與消費的關(guān)系。
The international financial crisis once again shows how dangerous a market economy without regulation can be. Since the 1990s, some profit-driven financial institutions in economies lacking effective regulation have raised massive capital with a leverage of dozens of times. While they reaped huge profits, the world was exposed to enormous risks. This fully demonstrates that a totally unregulated market economy cannot work. We must strike a balance between financial innovation and regulation, between the financial sector and real economy, and between savings and consumption.
有效應(yīng)對這場危機，還必須高度重視道德的作用。道德是世界上最偉大的，道德的光芒甚至比陽光還要燦爛。真正的經(jīng)濟學(xué)理論，決不會同的倫理道德準(zhǔn)則產(chǎn)生沖突。經(jīng)濟學(xué)說應(yīng)該代表公正和誠信，平等地促進(jìn)所有人，包括最弱勢人群的福祉。被譽為現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟學(xué)之父的亞當(dāng)·斯密在《道德情操論》 中指出：“如果一個社會的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展成果不能真正分流到大眾手中，那么它在道義上將是不得人心的，而且是有風(fēng)險的，因為它注定要威脅社會穩(wěn)定?！钡赖氯笔菍?dǎo)致這次金融危機的一個深層次原因。一些人見利忘義，損害公眾利益，喪失了道德底線。我們應(yīng)該倡導(dǎo)：企業(yè)要承擔(dān)社會責(zé)任，企業(yè)家身上要流淌著道德的血液。
To effectively meet the crisis, we must fully recognize the role of morality. Nothing is greater than morality. It shines even more brightly than the sun. True economic theories will never come into conflict with the highest moral and ethical standards. Instead, they should stand for justice and integrity, and contribute in an equal way to the well-being of all people, including the most vulnerable ones. Adam Smith, known as the father of modern economics, held the view in The Theory of Moral Sentiments that if the fruits of a society's economic development cannot be shared by all, it is morally unsound and risky, as it is bound to jeopardize social stability. The loss of morality is an underlying cause for the current crisis. Some people have sacrificed principle and sought profits at the expense of public interests. They have crossed the moral baseline. We should call on all enterprises to take up their social responsibilities. Within the body of every businessman should flow the blood of morality.
女士們，先生們！
Ladies and Gentlemen,
英國是我這次歐洲之行的最后一站。這次訪問，加深了我對歐洲的了解。中歐合作已經(jīng)站在一個新的歷史起點上。我對中歐發(fā)展全面戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系更加充滿信心。我們之間不存在歷史遺留問題，也不存在根本利害沖突。中歐合作基礎(chǔ)堅實，前景光明。英國是最早進(jìn)入現(xiàn)代化的國家，你們在發(fā)展經(jīng)濟、保護環(huán)境等方面，都有許多成功的經(jīng)驗。我們愿意向你們學(xué)習(xí)，加強交流與合作。
Britain is the last leg of my European trip. I have gained a deeper understanding of Europe through this visit. China-EU cooperation is now standing at a new historical starting point and I am all the more confident about the China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership. There are no outstanding issues left over from history or conflict of fundamental interests between the two sides. What we have is a solid foundation and a bright future for cooperation. As the first industrialized country, Britain has accumulated rich experience in economic development and environmental protection. We hope to learn from your experience and strengthen exchanges and cooperation with you.
未來屬于青年一代。中英關(guān)系的美好前景要靠青年去開拓。撫今追昔，我想起對中英文化交流作出重要貢獻(xiàn)的劍橋校友李約瑟博士。他的鴻篇巨著《中國科學(xué)技術(shù)史》，在東西方兩大文明之間架起了一座橋梁。繼承傳統(tǒng)、勇于創(chuàng)新，是劍橋大學(xué)的優(yōu)秀品格。希望更多的劍橋人關(guān)注中國，用發(fā)展的眼光看中國，做中英交流的友好使者。我相信，只要中英兩國青年相互學(xué)習(xí)，攜手共進(jìn)，一定會譜寫出中英關(guān)系的嶄新篇章。
The future belongs to the younger generation. It is incumbent upon you to build an even more splendid future of China-Britain relations. Here and now, I cannot but mention Dr. Joseph Needham, a Cambridge alumnus who made important contribution to cultural exchanges between China and Britain. With his monumental masterpiece, Science and Civilization in China, he built a bridge between the two great civilizations of East and West. To honor tradition and innovation is the outstanding character of Cambridge. I hope more of you will turn your eyes to China, see my country in the light of her development, and act as ambassadors of China-Britain friendship. I believe that as long as you, the young people of China and Britain learn from each other and strive for progress hand in hand, you will add a brilliant new chapter to the annals of our relations.
謝謝大家！
Thank you!