Text A Why Are Maps Drawn with North at the Top？
本課主要單詞
1.feature n. 特征，特色；面貌，相貌 vi. 是…的特色，以…為特色 vi. 重要作用；作為主要角色
1）The most important feature of our work is parental involvement.（我們工作的重要特色是父母參與。）
2）The island's chief feature is its beauty.（這個島的主要特色是風景秀麗。）
3）He is very familiar with the geographical features of this district. （他對這一地區(qū)的地理特征很熟悉。）
4）The boy was slightly taller than his father， with fine features.（那個男孩比他父親稍高，長得眉清目秀。）
5）Round-the-clock service features this store.（日夜服務是這家商店的特色。）
6）The new type of car features high speed， small size and low cost.（這種新型汽車以高速、小型和低費用為特色。）
7）Sea food features largely in the diet of these people.（海產(chǎn)在這些人的食物中占重要地位。）
8）He is featuring in a new movie.（他正在一部新片中擔任主角。） 考試大自考站，你的自考專家！
2.rough adj. 粗糙的；粗暴的；大致的
roughly adv. 粗糙地；大體上，大約
1）They journeyed for days over rough roads. （他們在崎嶇的道路上旅行了數(shù)日。）
2）His rough manners annoyed everybody.（他粗魯無禮的態(tài)度惱了每一個人。）
3）They lived a rough life in the mountain village.（他們在山村里過著簡陋的生活。）
4）They had a rough crossing of the English Channel.（他們在狂風大浪中越過英吉利海峽。）
5）We should help them out of the rough situation.（我們應該幫助他們走出困境。）
6）The young man closed the door roughly.（那個年輕人粗暴地把門關上了?？荚?大）
7）Roughly speaking， this year's profit increased by 15 percent.（粗略地說，今年的利潤增加了15%.）
3.sketch n. 草圖；梗概；素描 v. 繪（…的）略圖；簡述
1）He drew a rough sketch showing the position of the entrance.（他粗略地畫了張草圖，說明入口處的位置。）
2）They only gave us a sketch of the whole event.（他們只向我們簡略地介紹了整個事件。）
3）The first part is a brief sketch of the school's early history.（第一部分是該校早期歷史的概述。）
4）He sketched a boy's head on the sketchpad.（他在速寫簿上畫出了男孩頭像素描。）
5）Mr. Smith sketched excuses to his guest and left the room hurriedly.（史密斯先生向客人草草致歉然后匆忙離開房間。）
4.Localize v. 使局部化；使具地方性；集中
1）It is unlikely to localize this disease.（把這種疾病控制在局部地區(qū)是不可能的。）
2）They failed to localize the effect of the disturbance.（他們沒能使*的影響局部化。）
3）Anger localized on the new policy.（民憤集中在這項新政策上。）
請注意localize是由形容詞local加動詞后綴-ize構成的。英語中，這樣詞很多。比如：modernize（現(xiàn)代化），civilize（使文明化），socialize（社會化），publicize（公開化）等等。
5.footing n. 立足處；穩(wěn)固的地位，基礎
1）It is difficult to get a footing on the steep roof.（要在那很陡的屋頂上找到立腳處很困難。）
2）He lost his footing and fell into the ditch.（他一失足摔進了溝里。）
3）The water was so deep that she couldn't gain her footing.（河水太深，她立不住足。）
4）They are on a friendly footing with their neighbors.（他們同鄰居們和睦相處。）
5）In today's China， women and men are on equal footing.（在今天的中國，男女平等。）
6.Forefront n. 前線，主要的位置
1）The company was brought to the forefront of public attention.（那家公司成為公眾注意的重點。）
2）He brought the country to the forefront of world politics.（他把那個國家推向了世界政治的前沿。）
請注意fore-是一個前綴，意思是在前面；預先。如：forearm（前臂），forehead（前額），foresee（預知），foretell（預言），forecast（預報）等等。
7.Attempt v. 企圖、試圖 n. 企圖、試圖
1）I didn't attempt the last question in the exam.（我沒有試圖去做試卷的后一題。）
2）He attempted to keep his parents in the dark about what had happened.（他試圖使父母對所發(fā)生的事一無所知。）
3）George had succeeded on his fourth attempt.（喬治要游過湖有困難，但他在第四次嘗試時終獲成功。）
4）He made no attempt to solve the problem.（他沒有試圖解決問題。）
8.Flatten v. 把……弄平；變平
1）He flattened the paper cups.（他把紙杯壓平了。）
2）The hurricane flattened the forest.（颶風夷平了森林。）
3）Her questions completely flattened me.（他的問題把我完全擊垮了。）
請注意flatten是由形容詞flat加動詞后綴-en構成的。-en是英語中十分常用的動詞后綴，可以用在形容詞后面也可以用 在名詞后面。如：broaden（加寬），weaken（削弱），sharpen（使鋒利），frighten（使……害怕），lengthen（加 長），heighten（加高）等等。
9.reference n. 提及；參考；證明書（或人），推薦信（或人）
1）There is on further reference to him in her diary.（她在日記中沒有進一步提到他。）
2）Keep this dictionary on your desk for easy reference.（把這本詞典放在你書桌上，以備隨時查閱。）
3）My professor gave me a good reference.（我的教授給我寫了一封德才兼優(yōu)的推薦信。）
請注意reference是由動詞refer加名詞后綴-ence構成的。-ence也是常見的名詞后綴，如：difference（區(qū)別），conference（會議），preference（偏愛），transference（轉(zhuǎn)移）等等。
10.calculate v. 計算；估計；認為；想要
calculation n. 計算；估計
1）I calculated that we would arrive at 6.（我估計我們六點鐘到。）
2）The number of votes will be calculated in the late afternoon.（選票將在傍晚時計數(shù)。）
3）You have to calculate the advantages and disadvantages before making a decision.（在作出決定前你得估量事情的利弊。）
4）She calculates to go next month.（她想下個月去。）
5）He made an error in his calculation.（他在計算中出了差錯。）
6）By his calculation， we will be there in an hour.（據(jù)他估計，我們一小時后到那兒。）
11.unaware adj. 未認識到的，不知道的
我們已經(jīng)學過aware這個詞的用法，unaware是aware的反義詞，用法與aware差不多。
1）She seemed unaware of what was happening around her.（她似乎沒有意識到周圍正在發(fā)生的一切。）
2）I was unaware that I had hurt him.（我沒有意識到我傷害了他。）
3）He was unaware of the serious consequence.（他沒有認識到后果的嚴重性。）
12.orientate=orient v. 使適應；給……定向
orientation n. 定向；方位；熟悉；情況介紹
1）You should produce things orientated to people's needs.（你應該生產(chǎn)適應人們需要的東西。）
2）He oriented himself by finding a familiar landscape.（他找了一處熟悉的景色來確定自己所處的方位。）
3）The discussion helped me orient myself to the new language.（討論幫助我適應新的語言。）
4）It took him a long time to orient himself.（他花了很長時間熟悉環(huán)境。）
5）The winding trail caused them to lose their orientation.（彎彎曲曲的小徑使他們迷失方向。）
6）College freshmen receive two days of orientation.（大學新生用兩天時間聽取學校情況介紹。）
oriented adj. 以……為目的的；重視……的
export-oriented industries（外向型工業(yè)）
an education-oriented family（一個重視教育的家庭）
test-oriented teaching and learning（以應試為目的的教學）
13.Immovable adj. 不可移動的；堅定不移的
這個詞的詞根是move，-able是形容詞后綴；im-是反義詞前綴，通常在m，p開首的單詞前。如：impassable（無法通過的），importable（可進口的），immedicable（無法醫(yī)治的）等等。
1）Father was immovable in his opinions.（父親的意志堅定不移。）
2）He didn't expect that he would face an immovable audience.（他沒料到他將面對一群不動情的觀眾。）
3）What are you going to do with this immovable pillar？（這根移動不了的柱子你打算怎么處理？）
14.arrangement n. 安排；布置；整齊
arrange v. 安排；布置
1）Have you made all the arrangements for the conference？（你為會議做好所有安排了嗎？）
2）He wants to make sure that everything is in neat arrangement.（他想確保一切都整整齊齊。）
3）She didn't want to after the arrangement of furniture in the room.（她不想改變房間里家俱的位置。）
4）I will make arrangements for a car to meet you at the airport.（我將安排一輛汽車去機場接你。）
5）The librarian is arranging the books on the shelf.（圖書管理員正在整理架子上的圖書。）
6）Don't worry， I will arrange the dinner for you.（別急，我為你們安排晚餐。）
7）They have arranged for us to visit the Confucius Temple tomorrow.（他們已安排我們明天游夫子廟。）
8）I have arranged for the goods to be delivered to your door.（我已為你安排好送貨上門。）
15.Interfere v. 干涉；妨礙，干擾
1）We have no rights to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.（我們無權干涉他國內(nèi)政。）
2）Don't interfere in other people’s business.（不要干預他人的事情。）
3）Misty weather interfered with the contact.（霧天妨礙了聯(lián)絡。）
4）He has done nothing that directly interfered with the actions of the others.（他沒做任何直接妨礙他人行動的事。）
16.accordance n. 一致；符合
1）Education is carried out in accordance with the government's policy.（教育在依據(jù)政府的政策實施。）
2）In accordance with your request I am sending her the letter express.（根據(jù)你的要求，我準備給她發(fā)特快信。）
3）I am in accordance with him in this matter.（在這件事上，我同他是一致的。）
17.reliance n. 信賴；依靠
rely v. 依賴；相信
1）She placed complete reliance on her husband's judgment.（她完全相信她丈夫的判斷。）
2）Self-reliance is necessary if you want to achieve anything.（如果你想有所成就，自力更生是很必要的。）
3）He is a man to be relied on.（他是一個可以信賴的人。）
4）You can always rely on him， he won't fail you.（你可以永遠信任他，他不會讓你失望的。）
5）We can rely on our children to do such work.（這樣的工作我們可以放心地讓孩子們?nèi)プ?。?BR> 18.rightful adj. 合法的；正義的；正當?shù)?BR> 請注意區(qū)別right和rightful.Right強調(diào)同事實沒有偏差，rightful指事物符合道德或法律的約束。
1）He regained his rightful place on the English throne.（他恢復了應屬于他的英國王位。）
2）The rightful heir should obtain his rightful inheritance.（合法的繼承人應獲得其合法的繼承權。）
3）It is the right approach to the command of grammar.（這是掌握語法的正確途徑。）
4）I believe what he said is right.（我相信他說的是對的。）
本課簡介
今天，地圖上上為北標示在我們的眼里極其自然。很難想像出會有一幅不以上為北的地圖。但是當我們試圖去了解地圖繪制的歷史時，我們會有超乎想像的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
世界上古老的地圖繪于公元前3800年。幾個世紀以后，是古希臘人開始用相對科學的方式來繪制地圖，其杰出的先驅(qū)是托勒密。古巴 比倫人以扁平的圓盤狀來展現(xiàn)地球，而托勒密則以球狀來展現(xiàn)地球。鑒于當時人們的知識的狀態(tài)，托勒密在繪制地圖時也出了種種差錯，但是他是標示地圖的上方為 北方的第一人。
到了中世紀，歐洲教會嚴重阻礙了科學的發(fā)展。因為耶路撒冷是基督教的圣地，于是地圖的上方便改換為東方。直到十四世紀，由于貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，以及人們對指南針的日益加劇的依賴，北方終又成為地圖的上方。
本課主要句型
1.Now it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature north at the top， but this was not always so.
本句中it做形式主語（formal subject），to visualize a map……。是真正的主語（real subject）。用it 做形式主語， 主要是因為主語較長，謂語較短，于是不定式常放在謂語的后面。例如：
1）It is necessary to tell him the news as soon as possible.（盡快把這消息告訴他是很必要的。）
2）It took us 30 minutes to get there by bus.（坐公共汽車到那兒花了我們30分鐘時間。）
3）It made us very angry to see him talk to the old man in such an impolite manner.（看到他以如此不禮貌的方式與那位老人談話，我們非常氣憤。）
4）How much did it cost you to send the parcel express？（速遞這個包裹花了你多少錢？）
請翻譯下列句子，注意用做形式主語：
1）掌握一門外語不是一件容易的事。
2）能來參加這個晚宴是我們的榮幸。
3）我們不幫助他們是錯誤的。
4）他們拒絕采納這個建議是不明智的。
上面的四個句子可以翻譯為：
1） It is not easy to master a foreign language.
2） It is our honor to be present at this dinner party.
3）It was a mistake for us not to help them.
4）It is unwise of them to turn sown the suggestion.
Visualize是一個動詞，意思是 imagine （想像）。在詞匯部分我們講到過－ize是動詞后綴。常用在形容詞后面構成動詞，如：localize（局部化，地方化）， urbanize （城市化），nationalize （使國有化）， finalize（后定下來）visualize 這個動詞，我們在第四單元中已經(jīng)學過，請把下面兩個句子譯成英語，注意使用 visualize：
1）我難以想像等待著我的將會是什么。
2）一整天，他都在想像著將在教堂舉行的婚禮。
這兩句話可以譯為：
1） I cannot visualize what is waiting for me.
2） He has been visualizing the wedding ceremony to be held at the church for the whole day.
……this was not always so中的 so 是個代詞，意思是“如此，這樣”，如：
1）——I think you made the wrong decision.
——Is that so？ （是這樣嗎？）
2）It is not necessary to find out why it is so.（去了解為什么如此是沒有必要的。）
3）I believe so.（我相信是這樣。）
2.The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3，800BC， and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia， Irag.
本句中的known是過去分詞做形容詞用，意思是“已知的”，在某些語境中，known意為“的”。如：
1）This is the most dangerous substance known to man.（這是人類已知的危險的物質(zhì)。）
2）It has become a well known holiday resort.（這兒已成為的度假勝地。）
in the…sense of the word 意思是“就這個詞的…意義上而言”，如：
1）It is a miracle in the true sense of the word.（這是真正的奇跡。）
2）That is an adventure in every sense of the word.（那才叫冒險。）
sense是個常用詞，請看下面的句子，注意sense的詞意。
1） He has a great sense of humor.（他很有幽默感。）
2） There is some common sense in what he says.（他所說的話有些道理。）
3）What's the sense of doing that since it is already late？（既然已經(jīng)晚了，做那件事還有什么意義呢？）
4）She came to her senses after a blood transfusion. （輸血之后，他蘇醒過來。）
5）In a sense what he said is true.（在某種意義上說，他說的話是正確的。）
6）Her explanation doesn't make any sense.（她的解釋講不通。）
7）I cannot make sense of what has written.（她寫的東西我弄不懂。）
3.This and others that followed it， were little more than rough sketches of localized features； it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound-footing.
本句中的前一個it是代指上句中的the oldest known map. Little more than 的意思是 almost no more than（只不過是）。請注意下列句子中的little的意思：
1） He is little better than a bookworm. （他簡直跟書呆子差不多。）
2） That is little short of open scorn.（那簡直就是公然藐視。）
It was not until…that…。是一個常見的強調(diào)句型，意思是“直到…才”。如：
1） It was not until the cat emerged from behind the bushes that I noticed it.（直到貓從灌木后面出來，我才注意到它。）
2） It was not until he called me that I realized there was a meeting in the afternoon.（直到他給我打電話我才想起下午有個會。）
3）It was not until several weeks later that the stolen car was found.（幾個星期以后那輛失竊的汽車才被找到。）
請翻譯下列句子，注意使用上述句型。
1）直到20世紀60年代人類才實現(xiàn)登上月球的夢想。
2）直到昨天他才被告知真相。
3）直到媽媽來幼兒園接他，那孩子才停止哭泣。
這三個句子可以翻譯為：
1） It was not until the 1960S that man realized the dream of landing on the moon.
2） It was not until yesterday that he was told the truth.
3）It was not until mother came to the kinder-garter to collect him that the boy stopped crying.
place sth. on a sound footing 意思是“把…置于堅實的基礎上”。
4.The last great scientist of the classical period， he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination.
The last great scientist of the classical period， 在本句中做同位語，對主語he作進一步的補充說明。
Be based on 意思是“以……為基礎”。
Guess在句中做名詞用，意思是“推測，猜想”。
Rather than在本句中的意思相當于instead of “而不是”。
1）I have used some simple words rather than the difficult ones.（我用了一些簡單詞匯而不是難詞。）
2）He bought two books rather than one.（他買了兩本書而不是一本。）
3）Rather than go back on his word， he kept his promise.（他沒有食言，而是言而有信。）
5.Given the state of knowledge of those times， he got things wrong， ……
在第十五單元中，我們學過given這個介詞，意思是“考慮到”，在本句中given仍是這個意思，請再看兩個例句：
1）Given the poor working condition， you cannot expect the workers to be very efficient.（考慮到工作條件差，你不能指望工人們的效率很高。
2）Given the bad weather， we have to change our plan.（基于天氣不好，我們得改變計劃。）
Times在本句中的意思是“時代”，如：
1）The times are different， women are now equal to man.（時代不同了，現(xiàn)在男女平等了。）
2）In modern times， the development of science and technology is accelerating.（近代科學技術在加速發(fā)展。）
3）In the difficult times， many people died of hunger.（在那限難時世，許多人因饑餓而死。）
6.…since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware that the pacific ocean existed.
本句中的since引導的是一個原因狀語從句，如：
1）Since so many people are absent， we'd better put off the meeting.（既然如此多的人缺席，我們好將此會延期。）
2）I won't blame you since you know nothing about it.（既然你對此一無所知，我就不會怪你。）
Unaware與aware一樣是形容詞，其用法也與aware相同，be unaware of…， be unaware that…。
1）I was unaware of his presence.（我沒注意到他在場。）
2）He was unaware that he had been followed.（他不知道他被跟蹤了。）
7.The reason for this was that he decided to orientate the map in the direction of the pole star since Polaris was the immovable guiding light in which the voyagers of the era placed their trust.
本句中，that引導的是一個表語從句。表語從句的結構為：
主語+連系動詞+表語從句。表語從句也可用where， why， how引導。如：
1） The reason for his absence was that he was ill.（他缺席的原因是他病了。）
2） That was why I hated it.（這就是我不喜歡這個的原因。）
3）That is how he cheated people.（他就是用這種方式騙人的。）
Which所引導的是一個定語從句修飾guiding light限定性定語從句如果修飾“物”，關系代詞that和which都可用，但在介詞的后面只能用which，在口語中一般把介詞放到從句后部去，這時則可以用that.如：
1） This is the question about which we had a discussion last night.（這就是我們昨晚討論的問題。）
This is the question that we. Had a discussion about last night.
2） This is the fact on which we base our opinion.（我們的觀點就是建立在這個事實之上的。）
This is the fact that we base our opinion on.
Trust在句中做名詞用，place （put） trust in sb/sth 信任某人（某事）。
1）I don't have any trust in him.（我對他一點也不信任。）
2）Have some trust in the future everything will be OK.（對未來有點信心吧，一切都會好起來。）
3）The old lady placed great trust in her grandson.（那位老太太對她孫子非常信任。）
8.North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages， when the church began to interfere seriously with the advance of science.
本句中when引導一個由逗號把前面句子隔開的句子，其意思相當于at the time.如：
1） The party has been put off until next week， when we can get better prepared.（晚會被推遲到下周，那時我們能準備得更好些。）
2） We will wait have until 6， when the manager can spare us a few minutes.（我們在這兒等到6點，那時經(jīng)理就能給我們幾分鐘了。）
Interfere with意思是“妨礙”，如：
1） Bad dietary habits often interfere with health.（不良的飲食習慣常常妨礙健康。）
2） The interests of the two countries do not interfere with each other.（這兩國相互間沒有利害沖突。）
9.Once again， north assumed its rightful place at the top of maps.
在第十五單元的Text B中，我們已經(jīng)學過assume這個詞
It has long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones.（長期以來，人們認定好斗是由男性荷爾蒙引起的。）
在本句中assume的意思是acquire（獲得，取得）
請注意下列例句中assume的意思：
1）I assume the misunderstanding will be cleared up.（我認定這誤會會消除。）
2）He assumed the report to be unreliable.（他猜那報告不可靠。）
3）Farmers will have a good harvest ， assuming that the weather is favorable.（假如風調(diào)雨順，農(nóng)民將會有好收成。）
4）Who will assume the costs of running a school？ （誰來負擔開設一所學校的費用？）
5）He assumed a leading position last May.（去年五月，他擔任領導職務。）
6）Hitler assumed power in 1933.（*于1933年奪得政權。）
7）He assumed full control of the company.（他完全控制了這家公司。）
本課主要詞組
1.in the sense of 2.more than
3.be based on 4.rather than
5.attempt to do sth 6.in the form of
7.in search of 8.at the top
9.in the direction of 10.place trust in
11.interfere with 12.in accordance with
13.from…point of view 14.reliance on
Text B You Have a Choice
短語表達
1.side by side
They are sitting side by side.
We walked side by side along the river.
2.be seated
Please be seated， I will fix you a cup of coffee.
The hostess was seated with the guests when I hurried in.
3.ahead of
The boy is running ahead of his classmates.
I believe we can finish the work ahead of time.
4.be certain of
I cannot be certain of the time of their arrival.
Can you be certain of the truth of his utterance？
5.bring about
The new policy is sure to bring about a lot of changes.
What Father said has brought about a profound change in his personality.
6.account for
This excuse cannot account for your absence.
Her explanation doesn't account for the failure.
7.regardless of
All of you will be given a chance regardless of your age and sex.
Regardless of which method you choose， the result will be the same.
8.make a difference
Whether he comes or not will not make any difference.
I hope my participation will make a difference.
9.lead to
Excessive smoking may lead to lung cancer.
The misunderstanding led to a bad quarrel.
10.pull out of
The train pulled out of the station at 10：00.
When do you think the car will pull out of the garage？
11.for sure
I don't know for sure who will be in charge of this department.
He couldn't tell for sure what was in the distance.
12.apply to
It is hard to apply the rule to real work.
It is necessary that the theory be applied to practice.
13.deal with
He is hard to deal with.
I have no idea how to deal with this situation.
本課主要單詞
1.feature n. 特征，特色；面貌，相貌 vi. 是…的特色，以…為特色 vi. 重要作用；作為主要角色
1）The most important feature of our work is parental involvement.（我們工作的重要特色是父母參與。）
2）The island's chief feature is its beauty.（這個島的主要特色是風景秀麗。）
3）He is very familiar with the geographical features of this district. （他對這一地區(qū)的地理特征很熟悉。）
4）The boy was slightly taller than his father， with fine features.（那個男孩比他父親稍高，長得眉清目秀。）
5）Round-the-clock service features this store.（日夜服務是這家商店的特色。）
6）The new type of car features high speed， small size and low cost.（這種新型汽車以高速、小型和低費用為特色。）
7）Sea food features largely in the diet of these people.（海產(chǎn)在這些人的食物中占重要地位。）
8）He is featuring in a new movie.（他正在一部新片中擔任主角。） 考試大自考站，你的自考專家！
2.rough adj. 粗糙的；粗暴的；大致的
roughly adv. 粗糙地；大體上，大約
1）They journeyed for days over rough roads. （他們在崎嶇的道路上旅行了數(shù)日。）
2）His rough manners annoyed everybody.（他粗魯無禮的態(tài)度惱了每一個人。）
3）They lived a rough life in the mountain village.（他們在山村里過著簡陋的生活。）
4）They had a rough crossing of the English Channel.（他們在狂風大浪中越過英吉利海峽。）
5）We should help them out of the rough situation.（我們應該幫助他們走出困境。）
6）The young man closed the door roughly.（那個年輕人粗暴地把門關上了?？荚?大）
7）Roughly speaking， this year's profit increased by 15 percent.（粗略地說，今年的利潤增加了15%.）
3.sketch n. 草圖；梗概；素描 v. 繪（…的）略圖；簡述
1）He drew a rough sketch showing the position of the entrance.（他粗略地畫了張草圖，說明入口處的位置。）
2）They only gave us a sketch of the whole event.（他們只向我們簡略地介紹了整個事件。）
3）The first part is a brief sketch of the school's early history.（第一部分是該校早期歷史的概述。）
4）He sketched a boy's head on the sketchpad.（他在速寫簿上畫出了男孩頭像素描。）
5）Mr. Smith sketched excuses to his guest and left the room hurriedly.（史密斯先生向客人草草致歉然后匆忙離開房間。）
4.Localize v. 使局部化；使具地方性；集中
1）It is unlikely to localize this disease.（把這種疾病控制在局部地區(qū)是不可能的。）
2）They failed to localize the effect of the disturbance.（他們沒能使*的影響局部化。）
3）Anger localized on the new policy.（民憤集中在這項新政策上。）
請注意localize是由形容詞local加動詞后綴-ize構成的。英語中，這樣詞很多。比如：modernize（現(xiàn)代化），civilize（使文明化），socialize（社會化），publicize（公開化）等等。
5.footing n. 立足處；穩(wěn)固的地位，基礎
1）It is difficult to get a footing on the steep roof.（要在那很陡的屋頂上找到立腳處很困難。）
2）He lost his footing and fell into the ditch.（他一失足摔進了溝里。）
3）The water was so deep that she couldn't gain her footing.（河水太深，她立不住足。）
4）They are on a friendly footing with their neighbors.（他們同鄰居們和睦相處。）
5）In today's China， women and men are on equal footing.（在今天的中國，男女平等。）
6.Forefront n. 前線，主要的位置
1）The company was brought to the forefront of public attention.（那家公司成為公眾注意的重點。）
2）He brought the country to the forefront of world politics.（他把那個國家推向了世界政治的前沿。）
請注意fore-是一個前綴，意思是在前面；預先。如：forearm（前臂），forehead（前額），foresee（預知），foretell（預言），forecast（預報）等等。
7.Attempt v. 企圖、試圖 n. 企圖、試圖
1）I didn't attempt the last question in the exam.（我沒有試圖去做試卷的后一題。）
2）He attempted to keep his parents in the dark about what had happened.（他試圖使父母對所發(fā)生的事一無所知。）
3）George had succeeded on his fourth attempt.（喬治要游過湖有困難，但他在第四次嘗試時終獲成功。）
4）He made no attempt to solve the problem.（他沒有試圖解決問題。）
8.Flatten v. 把……弄平；變平
1）He flattened the paper cups.（他把紙杯壓平了。）
2）The hurricane flattened the forest.（颶風夷平了森林。）
3）Her questions completely flattened me.（他的問題把我完全擊垮了。）
請注意flatten是由形容詞flat加動詞后綴-en構成的。-en是英語中十分常用的動詞后綴，可以用在形容詞后面也可以用 在名詞后面。如：broaden（加寬），weaken（削弱），sharpen（使鋒利），frighten（使……害怕），lengthen（加 長），heighten（加高）等等。
9.reference n. 提及；參考；證明書（或人），推薦信（或人）
1）There is on further reference to him in her diary.（她在日記中沒有進一步提到他。）
2）Keep this dictionary on your desk for easy reference.（把這本詞典放在你書桌上，以備隨時查閱。）
3）My professor gave me a good reference.（我的教授給我寫了一封德才兼優(yōu)的推薦信。）
請注意reference是由動詞refer加名詞后綴-ence構成的。-ence也是常見的名詞后綴，如：difference（區(qū)別），conference（會議），preference（偏愛），transference（轉(zhuǎn)移）等等。
10.calculate v. 計算；估計；認為；想要
calculation n. 計算；估計
1）I calculated that we would arrive at 6.（我估計我們六點鐘到。）
2）The number of votes will be calculated in the late afternoon.（選票將在傍晚時計數(shù)。）
3）You have to calculate the advantages and disadvantages before making a decision.（在作出決定前你得估量事情的利弊。）
4）She calculates to go next month.（她想下個月去。）
5）He made an error in his calculation.（他在計算中出了差錯。）
6）By his calculation， we will be there in an hour.（據(jù)他估計，我們一小時后到那兒。）
11.unaware adj. 未認識到的，不知道的
我們已經(jīng)學過aware這個詞的用法，unaware是aware的反義詞，用法與aware差不多。
1）She seemed unaware of what was happening around her.（她似乎沒有意識到周圍正在發(fā)生的一切。）
2）I was unaware that I had hurt him.（我沒有意識到我傷害了他。）
3）He was unaware of the serious consequence.（他沒有認識到后果的嚴重性。）
12.orientate=orient v. 使適應；給……定向
orientation n. 定向；方位；熟悉；情況介紹
1）You should produce things orientated to people's needs.（你應該生產(chǎn)適應人們需要的東西。）
2）He oriented himself by finding a familiar landscape.（他找了一處熟悉的景色來確定自己所處的方位。）
3）The discussion helped me orient myself to the new language.（討論幫助我適應新的語言。）
4）It took him a long time to orient himself.（他花了很長時間熟悉環(huán)境。）
5）The winding trail caused them to lose their orientation.（彎彎曲曲的小徑使他們迷失方向。）
6）College freshmen receive two days of orientation.（大學新生用兩天時間聽取學校情況介紹。）
oriented adj. 以……為目的的；重視……的
export-oriented industries（外向型工業(yè)）
an education-oriented family（一個重視教育的家庭）
test-oriented teaching and learning（以應試為目的的教學）
13.Immovable adj. 不可移動的；堅定不移的
這個詞的詞根是move，-able是形容詞后綴；im-是反義詞前綴，通常在m，p開首的單詞前。如：impassable（無法通過的），importable（可進口的），immedicable（無法醫(yī)治的）等等。
1）Father was immovable in his opinions.（父親的意志堅定不移。）
2）He didn't expect that he would face an immovable audience.（他沒料到他將面對一群不動情的觀眾。）
3）What are you going to do with this immovable pillar？（這根移動不了的柱子你打算怎么處理？）
14.arrangement n. 安排；布置；整齊
arrange v. 安排；布置
1）Have you made all the arrangements for the conference？（你為會議做好所有安排了嗎？）
2）He wants to make sure that everything is in neat arrangement.（他想確保一切都整整齊齊。）
3）She didn't want to after the arrangement of furniture in the room.（她不想改變房間里家俱的位置。）
4）I will make arrangements for a car to meet you at the airport.（我將安排一輛汽車去機場接你。）
5）The librarian is arranging the books on the shelf.（圖書管理員正在整理架子上的圖書。）
6）Don't worry， I will arrange the dinner for you.（別急，我為你們安排晚餐。）
7）They have arranged for us to visit the Confucius Temple tomorrow.（他們已安排我們明天游夫子廟。）
8）I have arranged for the goods to be delivered to your door.（我已為你安排好送貨上門。）
15.Interfere v. 干涉；妨礙，干擾
1）We have no rights to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.（我們無權干涉他國內(nèi)政。）
2）Don't interfere in other people’s business.（不要干預他人的事情。）
3）Misty weather interfered with the contact.（霧天妨礙了聯(lián)絡。）
4）He has done nothing that directly interfered with the actions of the others.（他沒做任何直接妨礙他人行動的事。）
16.accordance n. 一致；符合
1）Education is carried out in accordance with the government's policy.（教育在依據(jù)政府的政策實施。）
2）In accordance with your request I am sending her the letter express.（根據(jù)你的要求，我準備給她發(fā)特快信。）
3）I am in accordance with him in this matter.（在這件事上，我同他是一致的。）
17.reliance n. 信賴；依靠
rely v. 依賴；相信
1）She placed complete reliance on her husband's judgment.（她完全相信她丈夫的判斷。）
2）Self-reliance is necessary if you want to achieve anything.（如果你想有所成就，自力更生是很必要的。）
3）He is a man to be relied on.（他是一個可以信賴的人。）
4）You can always rely on him， he won't fail you.（你可以永遠信任他，他不會讓你失望的。）
5）We can rely on our children to do such work.（這樣的工作我們可以放心地讓孩子們?nèi)プ?。?BR> 18.rightful adj. 合法的；正義的；正當?shù)?BR> 請注意區(qū)別right和rightful.Right強調(diào)同事實沒有偏差，rightful指事物符合道德或法律的約束。
1）He regained his rightful place on the English throne.（他恢復了應屬于他的英國王位。）
2）The rightful heir should obtain his rightful inheritance.（合法的繼承人應獲得其合法的繼承權。）
3）It is the right approach to the command of grammar.（這是掌握語法的正確途徑。）
4）I believe what he said is right.（我相信他說的是對的。）
本課簡介
今天，地圖上上為北標示在我們的眼里極其自然。很難想像出會有一幅不以上為北的地圖。但是當我們試圖去了解地圖繪制的歷史時，我們會有超乎想像的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
世界上古老的地圖繪于公元前3800年。幾個世紀以后，是古希臘人開始用相對科學的方式來繪制地圖，其杰出的先驅(qū)是托勒密。古巴 比倫人以扁平的圓盤狀來展現(xiàn)地球，而托勒密則以球狀來展現(xiàn)地球。鑒于當時人們的知識的狀態(tài)，托勒密在繪制地圖時也出了種種差錯，但是他是標示地圖的上方為 北方的第一人。
到了中世紀，歐洲教會嚴重阻礙了科學的發(fā)展。因為耶路撒冷是基督教的圣地，于是地圖的上方便改換為東方。直到十四世紀，由于貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，以及人們對指南針的日益加劇的依賴，北方終又成為地圖的上方。
本課主要句型
1.Now it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature north at the top， but this was not always so.
本句中it做形式主語（formal subject），to visualize a map……。是真正的主語（real subject）。用it 做形式主語， 主要是因為主語較長，謂語較短，于是不定式常放在謂語的后面。例如：
1）It is necessary to tell him the news as soon as possible.（盡快把這消息告訴他是很必要的。）
2）It took us 30 minutes to get there by bus.（坐公共汽車到那兒花了我們30分鐘時間。）
3）It made us very angry to see him talk to the old man in such an impolite manner.（看到他以如此不禮貌的方式與那位老人談話，我們非常氣憤。）
4）How much did it cost you to send the parcel express？（速遞這個包裹花了你多少錢？）
請翻譯下列句子，注意用做形式主語：
1）掌握一門外語不是一件容易的事。
2）能來參加這個晚宴是我們的榮幸。
3）我們不幫助他們是錯誤的。
4）他們拒絕采納這個建議是不明智的。
上面的四個句子可以翻譯為：
1） It is not easy to master a foreign language.
2） It is our honor to be present at this dinner party.
3）It was a mistake for us not to help them.
4）It is unwise of them to turn sown the suggestion.
Visualize是一個動詞，意思是 imagine （想像）。在詞匯部分我們講到過－ize是動詞后綴。常用在形容詞后面構成動詞，如：localize（局部化，地方化）， urbanize （城市化），nationalize （使國有化）， finalize（后定下來）visualize 這個動詞，我們在第四單元中已經(jīng)學過，請把下面兩個句子譯成英語，注意使用 visualize：
1）我難以想像等待著我的將會是什么。
2）一整天，他都在想像著將在教堂舉行的婚禮。
這兩句話可以譯為：
1） I cannot visualize what is waiting for me.
2） He has been visualizing the wedding ceremony to be held at the church for the whole day.
……this was not always so中的 so 是個代詞，意思是“如此，這樣”，如：
1）——I think you made the wrong decision.
——Is that so？ （是這樣嗎？）
2）It is not necessary to find out why it is so.（去了解為什么如此是沒有必要的。）
3）I believe so.（我相信是這樣。）
2.The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3，800BC， and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia， Irag.
本句中的known是過去分詞做形容詞用，意思是“已知的”，在某些語境中，known意為“的”。如：
1）This is the most dangerous substance known to man.（這是人類已知的危險的物質(zhì)。）
2）It has become a well known holiday resort.（這兒已成為的度假勝地。）
in the…sense of the word 意思是“就這個詞的…意義上而言”，如：
1）It is a miracle in the true sense of the word.（這是真正的奇跡。）
2）That is an adventure in every sense of the word.（那才叫冒險。）
sense是個常用詞，請看下面的句子，注意sense的詞意。
1） He has a great sense of humor.（他很有幽默感。）
2） There is some common sense in what he says.（他所說的話有些道理。）
3）What's the sense of doing that since it is already late？（既然已經(jīng)晚了，做那件事還有什么意義呢？）
4）She came to her senses after a blood transfusion. （輸血之后，他蘇醒過來。）
5）In a sense what he said is true.（在某種意義上說，他說的話是正確的。）
6）Her explanation doesn't make any sense.（她的解釋講不通。）
7）I cannot make sense of what has written.（她寫的東西我弄不懂。）
3.This and others that followed it， were little more than rough sketches of localized features； it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound-footing.
本句中的前一個it是代指上句中的the oldest known map. Little more than 的意思是 almost no more than（只不過是）。請注意下列句子中的little的意思：
1） He is little better than a bookworm. （他簡直跟書呆子差不多。）
2） That is little short of open scorn.（那簡直就是公然藐視。）
It was not until…that…。是一個常見的強調(diào)句型，意思是“直到…才”。如：
1） It was not until the cat emerged from behind the bushes that I noticed it.（直到貓從灌木后面出來，我才注意到它。）
2） It was not until he called me that I realized there was a meeting in the afternoon.（直到他給我打電話我才想起下午有個會。）
3）It was not until several weeks later that the stolen car was found.（幾個星期以后那輛失竊的汽車才被找到。）
請翻譯下列句子，注意使用上述句型。
1）直到20世紀60年代人類才實現(xiàn)登上月球的夢想。
2）直到昨天他才被告知真相。
3）直到媽媽來幼兒園接他，那孩子才停止哭泣。
這三個句子可以翻譯為：
1） It was not until the 1960S that man realized the dream of landing on the moon.
2） It was not until yesterday that he was told the truth.
3）It was not until mother came to the kinder-garter to collect him that the boy stopped crying.
place sth. on a sound footing 意思是“把…置于堅實的基礎上”。
4.The last great scientist of the classical period， he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination.
The last great scientist of the classical period， 在本句中做同位語，對主語he作進一步的補充說明。
Be based on 意思是“以……為基礎”。
Guess在句中做名詞用，意思是“推測，猜想”。
Rather than在本句中的意思相當于instead of “而不是”。
1）I have used some simple words rather than the difficult ones.（我用了一些簡單詞匯而不是難詞。）
2）He bought two books rather than one.（他買了兩本書而不是一本。）
3）Rather than go back on his word， he kept his promise.（他沒有食言，而是言而有信。）
5.Given the state of knowledge of those times， he got things wrong， ……
在第十五單元中，我們學過given這個介詞，意思是“考慮到”，在本句中given仍是這個意思，請再看兩個例句：
1）Given the poor working condition， you cannot expect the workers to be very efficient.（考慮到工作條件差，你不能指望工人們的效率很高。
2）Given the bad weather， we have to change our plan.（基于天氣不好，我們得改變計劃。）
Times在本句中的意思是“時代”，如：
1）The times are different， women are now equal to man.（時代不同了，現(xiàn)在男女平等了。）
2）In modern times， the development of science and technology is accelerating.（近代科學技術在加速發(fā)展。）
3）In the difficult times， many people died of hunger.（在那限難時世，許多人因饑餓而死。）
6.…since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware that the pacific ocean existed.
本句中的since引導的是一個原因狀語從句，如：
1）Since so many people are absent， we'd better put off the meeting.（既然如此多的人缺席，我們好將此會延期。）
2）I won't blame you since you know nothing about it.（既然你對此一無所知，我就不會怪你。）
Unaware與aware一樣是形容詞，其用法也與aware相同，be unaware of…， be unaware that…。
1）I was unaware of his presence.（我沒注意到他在場。）
2）He was unaware that he had been followed.（他不知道他被跟蹤了。）
7.The reason for this was that he decided to orientate the map in the direction of the pole star since Polaris was the immovable guiding light in which the voyagers of the era placed their trust.
本句中，that引導的是一個表語從句。表語從句的結構為：
主語+連系動詞+表語從句。表語從句也可用where， why， how引導。如：
1） The reason for his absence was that he was ill.（他缺席的原因是他病了。）
2） That was why I hated it.（這就是我不喜歡這個的原因。）
3）That is how he cheated people.（他就是用這種方式騙人的。）
Which所引導的是一個定語從句修飾guiding light限定性定語從句如果修飾“物”，關系代詞that和which都可用，但在介詞的后面只能用which，在口語中一般把介詞放到從句后部去，這時則可以用that.如：
1） This is the question about which we had a discussion last night.（這就是我們昨晚討論的問題。）
This is the question that we. Had a discussion about last night.
2） This is the fact on which we base our opinion.（我們的觀點就是建立在這個事實之上的。）
This is the fact that we base our opinion on.
Trust在句中做名詞用，place （put） trust in sb/sth 信任某人（某事）。
1）I don't have any trust in him.（我對他一點也不信任。）
2）Have some trust in the future everything will be OK.（對未來有點信心吧，一切都會好起來。）
3）The old lady placed great trust in her grandson.（那位老太太對她孫子非常信任。）
8.North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages， when the church began to interfere seriously with the advance of science.
本句中when引導一個由逗號把前面句子隔開的句子，其意思相當于at the time.如：
1） The party has been put off until next week， when we can get better prepared.（晚會被推遲到下周，那時我們能準備得更好些。）
2） We will wait have until 6， when the manager can spare us a few minutes.（我們在這兒等到6點，那時經(jīng)理就能給我們幾分鐘了。）
Interfere with意思是“妨礙”，如：
1） Bad dietary habits often interfere with health.（不良的飲食習慣常常妨礙健康。）
2） The interests of the two countries do not interfere with each other.（這兩國相互間沒有利害沖突。）
9.Once again， north assumed its rightful place at the top of maps.
在第十五單元的Text B中，我們已經(jīng)學過assume這個詞
It has long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones.（長期以來，人們認定好斗是由男性荷爾蒙引起的。）
在本句中assume的意思是acquire（獲得，取得）
請注意下列例句中assume的意思：
1）I assume the misunderstanding will be cleared up.（我認定這誤會會消除。）
2）He assumed the report to be unreliable.（他猜那報告不可靠。）
3）Farmers will have a good harvest ， assuming that the weather is favorable.（假如風調(diào)雨順，農(nóng)民將會有好收成。）
4）Who will assume the costs of running a school？ （誰來負擔開設一所學校的費用？）
5）He assumed a leading position last May.（去年五月，他擔任領導職務。）
6）Hitler assumed power in 1933.（*于1933年奪得政權。）
7）He assumed full control of the company.（他完全控制了這家公司。）
本課主要詞組
1.in the sense of 2.more than
3.be based on 4.rather than
5.attempt to do sth 6.in the form of
7.in search of 8.at the top
9.in the direction of 10.place trust in
11.interfere with 12.in accordance with
13.from…point of view 14.reliance on
Text B You Have a Choice
短語表達
1.side by side
They are sitting side by side.
We walked side by side along the river.
2.be seated
Please be seated， I will fix you a cup of coffee.
The hostess was seated with the guests when I hurried in.
3.ahead of
The boy is running ahead of his classmates.
I believe we can finish the work ahead of time.
4.be certain of
I cannot be certain of the time of their arrival.
Can you be certain of the truth of his utterance？
5.bring about
The new policy is sure to bring about a lot of changes.
What Father said has brought about a profound change in his personality.
6.account for
This excuse cannot account for your absence.
Her explanation doesn't account for the failure.
7.regardless of
All of you will be given a chance regardless of your age and sex.
Regardless of which method you choose， the result will be the same.
8.make a difference
Whether he comes or not will not make any difference.
I hope my participation will make a difference.
9.lead to
Excessive smoking may lead to lung cancer.
The misunderstanding led to a bad quarrel.
10.pull out of
The train pulled out of the station at 10：00.
When do you think the car will pull out of the garage？
11.for sure
I don't know for sure who will be in charge of this department.
He couldn't tell for sure what was in the distance.
12.apply to
It is hard to apply the rule to real work.
It is necessary that the theory be applied to practice.
13.deal with
He is hard to deal with.
I have no idea how to deal with this situation.