1）Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale.（主題句，由此句和三段首句可知本文是結(jié)論解釋型文章，即主要特點(diǎn)是總分式）A book by Anne Summers （觀點(diǎn)之一）seeks to debunk （負(fù)評價(jià)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）the idealizations and present a reality（正評價(jià)詞）at odds with Nightingale’s heroic reputation. According to Summers, Nightingale’s importance during the Crimean War（和觀點(diǎn)二比較的差別點(diǎn)） has been exaggerated（負(fù)評價(jià)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）: not until near the war’s end did she become supervisor of the female nurses. Additionally, （遞進(jìn)副詞，表示行文方向一致，因此后面內(nèi)容可以略讀，僅提煉關(guān)鍵詞即可，或不讀）Summers writes that the contribution of the nurses to the relief of the wounded was at best marginal. The prevailing problems of military medicine were caused by army organizaitonal pratices, and the addition of a few nurses to the medical staff could be no more than symbolic. Nightingale’s place in the national pantheon, Summers asserts, is lrgely due to the propagandistic efforts of contemporary newspaper reporters.（以上略讀）
2）By contrast（重要的強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折詞，注意對比方/觀點(diǎn)的差異點(diǎn)）, the editors （對比觀點(diǎn)二）of a new volume of Nightingale’s letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced（正評價(jià)詞） not only her own age but also subsequenct generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war（觀點(diǎn)二比較的差別點(diǎn)，和觀點(diǎn)一中during the Crimean War對比，這一句是后面舉例的總結(jié)句，重要，知道總結(jié)句可以不用看后面的例子。）. For example,（舉例通常可以略讀，只提取例子中的關(guān)鍵詞，如peacetime living conditions，舉例的關(guān)鍵看前后的總結(jié)句，這里是for example 前面的一句話，因?yàn)槔佣际怯脕碚f明總結(jié)句的，只要明白總結(jié)句的意思就行了。 ） when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exeeded that of neighboring civilian populations, she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ traning hospital in London. Even in administrative matters, the editors assert, her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Army’s medical services were still using the cost-accounting system she had devised in the 1860’s.（以上略讀）
3）I believe that the evidence of her letters supports（正評價(jià)詞） continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity（正評價(jià)詞）. （總結(jié)句后舉例說明，提取關(guān)鍵字，略讀）When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator. Her insistence on classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers.（以上略讀） In sum（文章最后一句話通常要仔細(xì)讀，此處為總結(jié)句）, although （讓步略讀，重點(diǎn)是讓步后的轉(zhuǎn)折句）Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned（正評價(jià)詞） her an eminent（正評價(jià)詞） place among the ranks of social pioneers.（重點(diǎn)讀，表明作者對以上兩個(gè)不同觀點(diǎn)的評述）
題目：
注意我怎么定位的，題干、選項(xiàng)和原文原句的對應(yīng)線索我用相同顏色標(biāo)注，題干中的定位依據(jù)的關(guān)鍵詞我用下劃線標(biāo)注：
73. The passage is primarily concerned with evaluating
(A) the importance of Florence Nightingale’s innovations in the field of nursing
(B) contrasting approaches to the writing of historical biography
(C) contradictory accounts of Florence Nightingale’s historical significance
(D) the quality of health care in nineteenth-century England
(E) the effect of the Crimean War on developments in the field of health care
主題題，直接定位首段首句主題句：Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale
74. According to the passage, the editors（定位在觀點(diǎn)二出現(xiàn)段） of Nightingale’s letters credit（正評價(jià)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，將定位進(jìn)一步限制在觀點(diǎn)二中的正評價(jià)處，即找貢獻(xiàn)） her with contributing to which of the following?
(A) Improving of the survival rate for soldiers in British Army hospitals during the Crimean War（時(shí)間狀語為觀點(diǎn)一的內(nèi)容，觀點(diǎn)二的比較點(diǎn)在after the war，大膽排除）
(B) The development of a nurses’ training curriculum （原文未出現(xiàn)，排除）that was far in advance of its day
(C) The increase in the number of women doctors （原文未出現(xiàn)，排除）practicing in British Army hospitals (D) Establishment of the first （極端詞文章沒有，選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)，排除！）facility for traiing nurses at a major British university
(E) The creation of an organization for monitoring the peacetime living conditions of British soldiers
原文對應(yīng)：she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. 直接事實(shí)題，定位在2）段，for example 后具體內(nèi)容中，此題重點(diǎn)在于對于文中未出現(xiàn)的信息的果斷排除，千萬不要超出文章半步的猜測。
75. The passage suggests which of the following about Nightingale’s relationship with the British public（定位在二段舉例中，觀點(diǎn)一或其他段落未談到） of her day?
(A) She was highly respected, her projects receiving popular and governmental support.
(B) She encountered resistance both from the army establishment and the general public.
(C) She was supported by the working classes and opposed by the wealthier classes. (D) She was supported by the military establishment but had to fight the governmental bureaucracy.
(E) After intially being received with enthusiams, she was quickly forgotten. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ traning hospital in London. 原文中有public這個(gè)詞的句子只有一處，確定無疑。
76. The passage suggests which of the following about sanitary conditions in Britain after the Crimean War（重要的定位依據(jù)，說明是觀點(diǎn)二的內(nèi)容，所以我以前說，對題干的提煉一定要注意，即使只是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語）?
(A) While not ideal, they were superior to those in other parts of the world.
(B) Compared with conditions before the war, they had deteriorated.
(C) They were more advanced in rural areas than in the urban centers.
(D) They were worse in military camps than in the neighboring civilian populations. (E) They were unifromaly crude and unsatisfactory throughout England.
(They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war. For example, )when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exeeded that of neighboring civilian populations,....
77. Which of the following statements regarding the differing interpretations of Nightingale’s importance would the author most likely agree（定位于作者的觀點(diǎn)，作者觀點(diǎn)的總結(jié)句，而不是文中提到的兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)）? (A) Summers misunderstood both the importance of Nightingale’s achievements during the Crimean War and her subsequent influence on British policy.
(B) The editors of Nightingale’s letters made some valid points about her practical achievements, but they still exaggerated her influence on subsequent genrations. (C) Although Summers’ account of Nightingale’s role in the Crimean War may be accurate, she ignored evidence of Nightingales’ subsequent achievement that suggests that her reputation as an eminent social reformer is welldeserved.
定位于文末最后一句，關(guān)于作者對兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的總結(jié)句：
In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War（觀點(diǎn)一內(nèi)容）, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.
(D) The editors of Nightingale’s letters mistakenly propagated the outdated idealization of Nightingale that only impedes attempts to arrive at a balance assessment of her true role. (E) The evidence of Nightingale’s letters supports Summers’ conclusions both about Nightingale’s activities and about her influence.
78. Which of the following is an assumption underlying the author’s assessment of Nightingale’s creativity（定位關(guān)鍵詞，三段首句中，所以讀原文注意評價(jià)詞！）? (A) Educational philosophy in Nightingale’s day did not normally emphasize developing children’s ability to observe.
When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator.
(B) Nightingale was the first to notice the poor living conditions in British military barracks in peacetime.
(C) No educator before Nightingale had thought to enlist the help of village shcoolmasters in introducing new teaching techniques.
(D) Until Nightingale began her work, there was no concept of organized help for the needy in nineteenth-century Britain.
(E) The British Army’s medical services had no cost-accounting system until Nightingale devised one in the 1860’s.
本題注意細(xì)節(jié)的排除，堅(jiān)決按照原文信息！原文未出現(xiàn)的信息堅(jiān)決不能選！尤其注意極端詞匯?。ㄒ陨线x項(xiàng)中劃線部分都是排除的依據(jù)） 79. In the last paragraph（直接定位）, the author is primarily concerned with (A) summarizing the arguments about Nightingale presented in the first two paragraphs (B) refuting the view of Nightingale’s career presented in the preceding pargraph (C) analyzing the weaknesses of the evidence presented elsewhere in the passage (D) citing evidence to support a view of Nightingale’s career
(E) correcting a factual error occurring in one of the works under review 段落作用題，需要建立在框架把握的基礎(chǔ)上，第三段和前兩段的關(guān)系如何？從首句或末句判斷。
I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity.
以上的答案是我剛做的,如果有不對的,請MM給我指出來.
邏輯簡圖
1) 對N貢獻(xiàn)評價(jià)有兩個(gè)不同觀點(diǎn)+第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn): TS(主題句), AS (Anne Summers), during the Crimean War, exaggerated ( — )
2）第二個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：By contrast, Editors, significantly influenced（+）, after the war, for examples
3）作者的觀點(diǎn)：I believe....supports（+）... brilliance and creativity（+）. In sum，eminent（+）
這種邏輯簡圖簡單實(shí)用，其實(shí)就是總結(jié)每段的段意、段內(nèi)標(biāo)志文章承轉(zhuǎn)起合的重要的連接詞、態(tài)度詞，幫助你了解文章框架，把握重要的由連接詞引出的出題點(diǎn)。
另：從本文你可以看出，一定要培養(yǎng)對關(guān)鍵的連詞和作者態(tài)度詞的重視和敏感！
每一遍的總結(jié)側(cè)重不同,但最后讀文章答題時(shí)就是這樣的讀法和思路,等于現(xiàn)場做一個(gè)示范,幫助大家了解我所說的讀文章框架+定位+題干和原文的對應(yīng)是怎么一回事.
2）By contrast（重要的強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折詞，注意對比方/觀點(diǎn)的差異點(diǎn)）, the editors （對比觀點(diǎn)二）of a new volume of Nightingale’s letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced（正評價(jià)詞） not only her own age but also subsequenct generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war（觀點(diǎn)二比較的差別點(diǎn)，和觀點(diǎn)一中during the Crimean War對比，這一句是后面舉例的總結(jié)句，重要，知道總結(jié)句可以不用看后面的例子。）. For example,（舉例通常可以略讀，只提取例子中的關(guān)鍵詞，如peacetime living conditions，舉例的關(guān)鍵看前后的總結(jié)句，這里是for example 前面的一句話，因?yàn)槔佣际怯脕碚f明總結(jié)句的，只要明白總結(jié)句的意思就行了。 ） when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exeeded that of neighboring civilian populations, she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ traning hospital in London. Even in administrative matters, the editors assert, her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Army’s medical services were still using the cost-accounting system she had devised in the 1860’s.（以上略讀）
3）I believe that the evidence of her letters supports（正評價(jià)詞） continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity（正評價(jià)詞）. （總結(jié)句后舉例說明，提取關(guān)鍵字，略讀）When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator. Her insistence on classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers.（以上略讀） In sum（文章最后一句話通常要仔細(xì)讀，此處為總結(jié)句）, although （讓步略讀，重點(diǎn)是讓步后的轉(zhuǎn)折句）Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned（正評價(jià)詞） her an eminent（正評價(jià)詞） place among the ranks of social pioneers.（重點(diǎn)讀，表明作者對以上兩個(gè)不同觀點(diǎn)的評述）
題目：
注意我怎么定位的，題干、選項(xiàng)和原文原句的對應(yīng)線索我用相同顏色標(biāo)注，題干中的定位依據(jù)的關(guān)鍵詞我用下劃線標(biāo)注：
73. The passage is primarily concerned with evaluating
(A) the importance of Florence Nightingale’s innovations in the field of nursing
(B) contrasting approaches to the writing of historical biography
(C) contradictory accounts of Florence Nightingale’s historical significance
(D) the quality of health care in nineteenth-century England
(E) the effect of the Crimean War on developments in the field of health care
主題題，直接定位首段首句主題句：Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale
74. According to the passage, the editors（定位在觀點(diǎn)二出現(xiàn)段） of Nightingale’s letters credit（正評價(jià)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，將定位進(jìn)一步限制在觀點(diǎn)二中的正評價(jià)處，即找貢獻(xiàn)） her with contributing to which of the following?
(A) Improving of the survival rate for soldiers in British Army hospitals during the Crimean War（時(shí)間狀語為觀點(diǎn)一的內(nèi)容，觀點(diǎn)二的比較點(diǎn)在after the war，大膽排除）
(B) The development of a nurses’ training curriculum （原文未出現(xiàn)，排除）that was far in advance of its day
(C) The increase in the number of women doctors （原文未出現(xiàn)，排除）practicing in British Army hospitals (D) Establishment of the first （極端詞文章沒有，選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)，排除！）facility for traiing nurses at a major British university
(E) The creation of an organization for monitoring the peacetime living conditions of British soldiers
原文對應(yīng)：she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. 直接事實(shí)題，定位在2）段，for example 后具體內(nèi)容中，此題重點(diǎn)在于對于文中未出現(xiàn)的信息的果斷排除，千萬不要超出文章半步的猜測。
75. The passage suggests which of the following about Nightingale’s relationship with the British public（定位在二段舉例中，觀點(diǎn)一或其他段落未談到） of her day?
(A) She was highly respected, her projects receiving popular and governmental support.
(B) She encountered resistance both from the army establishment and the general public.
(C) She was supported by the working classes and opposed by the wealthier classes. (D) She was supported by the military establishment but had to fight the governmental bureaucracy.
(E) After intially being received with enthusiams, she was quickly forgotten. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ traning hospital in London. 原文中有public這個(gè)詞的句子只有一處，確定無疑。
76. The passage suggests which of the following about sanitary conditions in Britain after the Crimean War（重要的定位依據(jù)，說明是觀點(diǎn)二的內(nèi)容，所以我以前說，對題干的提煉一定要注意，即使只是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語）?
(A) While not ideal, they were superior to those in other parts of the world.
(B) Compared with conditions before the war, they had deteriorated.
(C) They were more advanced in rural areas than in the urban centers.
(D) They were worse in military camps than in the neighboring civilian populations. (E) They were unifromaly crude and unsatisfactory throughout England.
(They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war. For example, )when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exeeded that of neighboring civilian populations,....
77. Which of the following statements regarding the differing interpretations of Nightingale’s importance would the author most likely agree（定位于作者的觀點(diǎn)，作者觀點(diǎn)的總結(jié)句，而不是文中提到的兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)）? (A) Summers misunderstood both the importance of Nightingale’s achievements during the Crimean War and her subsequent influence on British policy.
(B) The editors of Nightingale’s letters made some valid points about her practical achievements, but they still exaggerated her influence on subsequent genrations. (C) Although Summers’ account of Nightingale’s role in the Crimean War may be accurate, she ignored evidence of Nightingales’ subsequent achievement that suggests that her reputation as an eminent social reformer is welldeserved.
定位于文末最后一句，關(guān)于作者對兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的總結(jié)句：
In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War（觀點(diǎn)一內(nèi)容）, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.
(D) The editors of Nightingale’s letters mistakenly propagated the outdated idealization of Nightingale that only impedes attempts to arrive at a balance assessment of her true role. (E) The evidence of Nightingale’s letters supports Summers’ conclusions both about Nightingale’s activities and about her influence.
78. Which of the following is an assumption underlying the author’s assessment of Nightingale’s creativity（定位關(guān)鍵詞，三段首句中，所以讀原文注意評價(jià)詞！）? (A) Educational philosophy in Nightingale’s day did not normally emphasize developing children’s ability to observe.
When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator.
(B) Nightingale was the first to notice the poor living conditions in British military barracks in peacetime.
(C) No educator before Nightingale had thought to enlist the help of village shcoolmasters in introducing new teaching techniques.
(D) Until Nightingale began her work, there was no concept of organized help for the needy in nineteenth-century Britain.
(E) The British Army’s medical services had no cost-accounting system until Nightingale devised one in the 1860’s.
本題注意細(xì)節(jié)的排除，堅(jiān)決按照原文信息！原文未出現(xiàn)的信息堅(jiān)決不能選！尤其注意極端詞匯?。ㄒ陨线x項(xiàng)中劃線部分都是排除的依據(jù)） 79. In the last paragraph（直接定位）, the author is primarily concerned with (A) summarizing the arguments about Nightingale presented in the first two paragraphs (B) refuting the view of Nightingale’s career presented in the preceding pargraph (C) analyzing the weaknesses of the evidence presented elsewhere in the passage (D) citing evidence to support a view of Nightingale’s career
(E) correcting a factual error occurring in one of the works under review 段落作用題，需要建立在框架把握的基礎(chǔ)上，第三段和前兩段的關(guān)系如何？從首句或末句判斷。
I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity.
以上的答案是我剛做的,如果有不對的,請MM給我指出來.
邏輯簡圖
1) 對N貢獻(xiàn)評價(jià)有兩個(gè)不同觀點(diǎn)+第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn): TS(主題句), AS (Anne Summers), during the Crimean War, exaggerated ( — )
2）第二個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：By contrast, Editors, significantly influenced（+）, after the war, for examples
3）作者的觀點(diǎn)：I believe....supports（+）... brilliance and creativity（+）. In sum，eminent（+）
這種邏輯簡圖簡單實(shí)用，其實(shí)就是總結(jié)每段的段意、段內(nèi)標(biāo)志文章承轉(zhuǎn)起合的重要的連接詞、態(tài)度詞，幫助你了解文章框架，把握重要的由連接詞引出的出題點(diǎn)。
另：從本文你可以看出，一定要培養(yǎng)對關(guān)鍵的連詞和作者態(tài)度詞的重視和敏感！
每一遍的總結(jié)側(cè)重不同,但最后讀文章答題時(shí)就是這樣的讀法和思路,等于現(xiàn)場做一個(gè)示范,幫助大家了解我所說的讀文章框架+定位+題干和原文的對應(yīng)是怎么一回事.