GRE寫作語言修改以及內容補充精將

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語言修改以及內容補充
    下面是2篇issue writing習作的點評,這里不僅提供了關于原稿語言錯誤的修改,還提供了關于題目內容的補充,幫助大家了解如何使文章的內容更加充實。
    第一篇
    你會相信算命術或占星術嗎?也許你的回答是當然不會,那都是騙人的。可是如果有觀點認為諸如占星術、算命術、靈異現(xiàn)象和超自然現(xiàn)象等非主流領域的探索在社會中起著非常重要的作用,因為它們能夠滿足人類的需求,而這些需求是主流科學領域尚未涉及的。面對這樣的題目怎樣展開論述呢,或許下面的例文能夠提供一些啟迪。
    Nomainstream areas and Human Needs
    Rules: Present your perspective on the issue below, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views.
    Topic: "Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
    習作修改
    原稿(第一段) 語言修改
    It is true[1] that in contemporary society the nonmainstream areas of inquiry, such as astrology, fortune-telling and the like[2] , satisfy human needs more[3] than the mainstream science. But what we should bear in mind is that, always[4] it is the mainstream science that point out the way to overcome various obstacles, and light up[5] people's hope in true meaning.
     In contemporary society nonmainstream areas of inquiry such as astrology and fortune-telling satisfy human needs more than mainstream science. But we should bear in mind that mainstream science always points the way to overcome obstacles and sparks people’s hope in finding truth.
    內容點評及修改
    上面只是對習作的第一段的語言進行了修改,使用不當詞句可以參看腳注的指正,然而只是這樣的修改還不能使這一段成為一個好的開頭段。在繼續(xù)修改之前,有必要了解一下寫作GRE作文第一段有怎樣的要求,這里歸納為三點:
    1. 要有明確的立場(put forth a clear perspective)
    這篇習作有明確的立場,即否認非科學的人類精神追求而贊成主流的、科學的探索。
    2. 要表現(xiàn)出作者對于題目的復雜性或其隱含意義有所理解(demonstrate the understanding of the complexities or implications of the issue)
    GRE的題目的論述有時并不是黑白分明的。很多的issues并不要求作者站在一個clear cut position上。作者可以傾向于某一種觀點,但是他應該考慮到對立面的觀點也是有一定道理的。
    3. 要讓讀者了解下文的主要觀點脈絡(prepare readers for the main ideas of the following paragraphs)
    文章第一段有責任展現(xiàn)后面的段落大概會出現(xiàn)什么樣的內容,也就是第一段應該對下文的內容有一個綜述。
    如果按照這幾點要求來衡量上文的話,很遺憾上文只做到了三個要求中的第一點。了解了這幾點文章行文結構方面的要求,我們再結合這個具體的題目談一談內容。第一段在提出自己的觀點之前,可以先對對立面的觀點也是有一定道理的這一事實予以認可。例如我們可以承認這些非科學的精神追求在我們悲傷的時候給我們慰籍;在我們煩悶的時候給我們增添生活情趣;在我們沮喪的時候給我們點燃希望。然而這樣的追求終究是建立在虛幻之上的。它們所帶來的益處也是*的,虛幻的。然后,再提出自己的觀點,如科學是我們最值得信賴的源泉,是我們用于了解自身和解決實際問題最值得信賴的手段。具體的敘述請參見下面范例。
    修改范例
    In deed, astrology, fortune-telling and psychic readings can sometimes provide comfort when we are feeling sad, enliven our lives when we are bored, and spark hope when we are depressed. But these pursuits are ultimately based on falsehood and their benefits are short-lived and illusionary. Science remains the most reliable source for self-understanding and solutions to practical problems.
    這段的最后一句話就是對全文的綜述,讓讀者了解后面的內容大致是什么樣子的。后面內容中大量的證據是用來說明科學是用來了解自身以及解決實際問題的最可靠的手段。這樣的開頭段做到了語言簡潔,內容充實,結構清晰。
    原稿(第二段)
     語言修改
    Although called[6] nonmainstream areas, we should not ignore that to some extent, these areas such as astrology play an active role in society. We can see that in various festivals, no matter[7] Chinese (such as Spring Festival) or Western (such as Valentine's Day), people are willing to resort to astrology, mostly hoping to meet good luck[8] . This kind of activity always meets[9] their needs, because the equivalent nature of astrology destines[10] it will not dampen people's enthusiasm and hope. With these nonmainstream areas people's life becomes more colorful.
     Although they are called nonmainstream, we should admit that to some extent, beliefs such as astrology play an active role in society. We can see that in various holidays, whether Chinese or Western, people are willing to resort to nonmainstream ideas. These kinds of activities meet our needs because they encourage enthusiasm and hope and make people’s lives more colorful.
    內容點評及修改
    這是習作的第二段,作者進一步展開論述,提出盡管迷信是非主流的,但是我們不能忽略它,因為它在這個社會上的確是有些作用的,有些積極因素。同時還舉了些例子,如在中國和西方的節(jié)日中,人們都使用占星術,因為大多數(shù)人都希望有好運氣。這樣的活動滿足了人們的需求,因為它沒有削減人們的熱情和希望。正因為有了這些非主流的追求,人們的生活才變得更加豐富多彩。
    這一段大致的內容沒有問題。但是在細微的地方,在內容和語言上都有值得改進之處。語言問題請參見腳注。這里主要談一下內容方面的問題。
    本文中的例子不足以支持論點。情人節(jié)與占星術無關,人們也不會希望過情人節(jié)能帶來好運。中國春節(jié)習俗在中國是非常主流的文化內容,不能算是非主流的。同樣,國外源于宗教的節(jié)日都不能歸類于非主流。作者說的論點是非主流的信仰能夠豐富人們的生活,就一定要用具體的實例來說明這些信仰如何豐富了人們的生活。
    其實,在這段中可以說明一下非科學的信仰滿足了人們什么方面的需求,在接下來的段落中對比說明科學又能給人們帶來什么不同的或更多的好處。
    另外,同學們的習作中較少使用插入語和短語,其實英語文章中常用一個逗號相隔,然后把短語放進去,這樣可以調節(jié)讀者在閱讀時的呼吸,增加寫作的節(jié)奏感。
    對于考生來說找例證似乎很難,其實也不盡然。讓我們來看看下面的段落是怎么闡述的。
    修改范例1
    Although they are called nonmainstream, we should admit that to some extent, beliefs such as astrology play an active role in society. A glance at the astrology column in different newspapers and magazines reveals do’s and don’ts that contain more encouragement than warning. Frequently there are phrases like: “Aquarius should cease feeling depressed or exerting pressures on yourself”, or “Chances are good that Leo will get a promotion this week, so keep moving on and show your talent to your boss”, or “Things may go astray for Virgo this week, yet just wait to see the silver lining next week.” These nonmainstream contributions meet a need because they foster enthusiasm and hope and make our lives colorful.
    和前面的范例相比,這段中的例子非常具體,它直接引用了報紙上星座命理欄目中的話。如寶瓶座不要感到沮喪,不要給自己太多的壓力。獅子座的人這個星期能得到提拔,所以要加油干,讓老板知道你的才干。處女座的人這個星期可能情況不太好,但是下個星期希望就出現(xiàn)了。由此可見,只要開動的腦筋,發(fā)揮想象力,例子,例證是比較容易寫的,能夠充分證明這個觀點的例證還很多。
    比如我們可以從這樣一個角度論述,很多人并不是靠迷信或求助于非科學的信仰來安排他們的生活的。很多人在科學無法解釋的情況下才有可能求助于這些非主流的東西。然后列舉下面的事實。例如,一個死去妻子的人可能在夢見跟他的妻子說話。心理學可能解釋這是因為他的潛意識的愿望。但是這位失去妻子的丈夫愿意相信他的妻子是在陰間跟他說話。一個孩子被綁架了的父親在警察不能幫他找到孩子的下落的情況下就會相信巫術可以發(fā)現(xiàn)告訴他孩子藏身于何處。好像人們是愿意相信科學的,但在科學無法解釋而人們又有極大的需求的情況下,他們就有可能走向非科學的解釋。有了這些貼切的例證,然后再用地道的英文闡述出來,我們的作文就成功了。請看修改范例2。
    修改范例2
    Most people do not order their lives according to the paranormal, many would be willing to consider them as explanations when science fails or a possibility in the background of what is real. A husband who has lost his wife might have very vivid dreams in which he talks to her. Psychology may say that this resulted from his own subconscious wishes, but the husband may find himself believing that his wife has spoken from the dead. A father whose child has been kidnapped might consult a psychic for visions of where the child has been taken if the police investigations have failed. It seems that people can trust in science, but are willing to consider other possibilities when scientific explanations fail them.
    上面的這一段中的例子可以啟發(fā)我們想起更多的相關事實,其實這些都是我們日常生活中所經歷的。我相信下面這些例子,聽起來肯定也不陌生。當那些悲傷的遺屬極度想要與他們去世的親人見面的時候,他們可能就相信巫婆能夠幫助活人和死人進行交流。比如白居易的《長恨歌》中就寫道因唐明皇在楊貴妃死后過于思念她,于是就有人推薦“臨邛道士鴻都客,能以精誠致魂魄?!?,而唐明皇本人也相信并希望“天上人間會相見”。有些人對自己的職業(yè)或自己的前途感到擔憂、不確定的時候,他們就求計于看手相或是算命的。那些感到地球是宇宙中一個非常孤獨的所在的人就會相信在宇宙當中一定還有別的造福人類的生命存在。的確,巫術、占星術、以及其他的非主流精神現(xiàn)象在許多文化當中都存在。人們用這些辦法來解釋宇宙,來獲得力量,否則的話在這個世界當中很多人就會覺得很無助。請看修改范例
    修改范例3
    Grieving family members seeking to contact their lost relatives find comfort in believing that mediums can contact the dead. Some people who are worried about their jobs or facing difficult decisions feel more assured about the future when they consult a palm-reader or fortune-teller. Those who lack power or feel that the earth is a lonely place in the vast universe may find a more acceptable perspective in believing that other benevolent beings exist. Witchcraft, astrology, and psychic phenomenon can be found in most cultures as man’s attempt to explain the universe, or to gain power over a world in which humans are otherwise helpless.
    在真正的GRE考試中是不用把這上面舉例的三段都放上去,寫兩段,甚至一段就足夠了。因為在這篇文章當中作者更傾向于主流的科學,而否定這些非主流的精神追求。這里列出這么多就是為了提醒大家這些例證是萬萬缺不得的。而且,根據這些例子還要告訴大家,舉出恰當貼切的例證并非如想象的那么難,只要多思考,平時多積累就可以在寫作考試時信手拈來。
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    [1] “It is…”的句型使用不當,因為這里沒有強調的必要。這個句型經常被濫用,使用時應注意避免。
    [2] and the like在正式的寫作中不應當出現(xiàn)這樣的語匯。
    [3] 第一句話中的more引出了很大的問題,它曲解了題目原意, 即nonmainstream的作用比mainstream enquiry的作用還要重要。而題目原意是 “play a vital role”, 并不是 a “pivotal,” or “central” role.
    [4] always的語序位置不對,應該是the mainstream science always…
    [5] “燃起希望”可以寫成sparked a hope, kindled a hope?!發(fā)ight up”在這里用錯了,這個詞組的意思是給人帶來興奮和快樂,如:The shining report cards lit up Father’s face. 優(yōu)異的成績單讓父親臉上流露出快樂。/The funny cartoon picture lit up the children's eyes. 這有趣的卡通畫報讓孩子們的眼中流露出快樂。
    [6] 第一句話語法錯誤,主語應該是”these areas”, 但是現(xiàn)在的主語成了“We”.
    [7] “No matter”應改為“whether”。
    [8] “meet good luck”,“有好運氣”不是標準的英語表達。
    [9] “This kind”后面應該是復數(shù),后面的謂語不應當是meets。
    [10] “destine”一詞表示“一定”,通常是用作形容詞:He was destined for an important career in the Church of England. 他注定在英國的教堂中擔任重要職務。/By family tradition he was destined for a career as a regular army officer.因為家庭傳統(tǒng),他肯定要當一個軍官。