第四天 6.24
6. post hoc , ergo prepter hoc = after this , therefore because of thisP46 47 , P55 81
7. concurrence P36 5 , P50 61
8. incomplete comparison or selective comparison P54 78
9. composition and division
composition:把個體特征不恰當?shù)囊浦驳秸w上
division:把群體特征簡單的移植到個體上
P48 55
最后段的寫作：
兩項任務：
1.指出原論者未能有效的支持自己的結論
2.指出原論者可以從正文分析的幾個方面加強原論證。
針對正文幾個topic sentence作者應在這幾個方面加強
Module: p75-p79
Issue (是非問題)
Strategy: P67
選題：
構思：brainstorm
開頭：陳述問題背景，指出自己論點
正文：2~3段，分別支持自己立場
1.每段要有一個主題
2.展開論述
3.復雜性，讓步，修正
4.使用信號詞
結尾：
語言問題：check P68
Brainstorm快速構思
1.從大腦里調出盡可能多的相關信息
2.充分relax
3.快速記憶
Issue的典型立場
Agree P104 3
Disagree P108 47
閃光句型:----結論
1. to sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility cause the evidence cited in theanalysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. Tostrengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidenceconcerning…
2. moreover, it would be necessary for the arguer to rule out all theabove-mentioned possibilities before we can better evaluate the argument.
3. As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logicallyacceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that…
4. additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possiblecauses…
5. To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we acceptthe conclusion, the arguer must present more facts to demonstrate that…
6. To solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidenceconcerning…
7. In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid andmisleading. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would haveto prove that…
8. Moreover, I would suspend (推遲) my judgment about the credibility of therecommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that…
第五天6.28
一、Issue的典型立場
1. Agree P104 3
2. Disagree P108 47
3. Agree with concession P105 16
4. Disagree with concession P107 34
5. Refuse to take sides拒絕站在任何一邊case by case attitude P111 73
二、典型結構typical organizations
1. I. Introducion P293
II. support1
III. support2
IV. support3
V. conclusion
句型: In the first place / to begin with
In the second place / in addition
Last but not least / Moreover / furthermore / what’s more
2. I. support1正P217
II. support2正
III. concession反
句型：In the first place…
in the second place…
Admittedly / however , it should be admitted (confessed) that /
however, there is no denying that…
3. I. Introducion P283
II. Side A
III. Side B
IV. Conclusion
4.反駁式：逐一反駁對方理由
Refute 1
Refute 2
Refute 3
Conclusion
I. Many people may sincerely believe that…, However, one doesnot have to go very far to see that…
II. Some people may also take for granted that (理所當然地認為)…Yet careful examination would review that…
III. Another misconception that many people may hold is that…But what they feel notice is that…
三、開頭的策略：
應能抓住讀者的注意力和好奇心
注意開頭明確提出主張
1.描述背景并提出立場P68
2.首先陳述相沖突的觀點，然后提出自己的主張P71
3.先用問句提出問題，然后提出在這個問題上的典型主張(可提可不提)，最后說自己的觀點P72
4.講述一段軼文(anecdote )趣事P70
5.先提出典型反對派立場，然后簡要駁斥，最后提自己主張P260
6.先提出自己主張，然后簡要陳述自己的基本理由P255
閃光句型：
According to the title statement,…while I agree that…I insist that…/ it is natural that…
It is natural that people may disagree over such a controversial issue due to their different experiences and values. On balance , I an inclined to support(<-> oppose ) the idea that ..
There is a growing public concern over the issue of…
The speaker in the title statement advocates that….
In the last analysis, I argue that…
四、how to support your claim正文論證
1. inductive reasoning邏輯推理具體一般
1 )facts and examples: P282 P 219
句型：For example / instance, To illustrate , As an illustration. There is evidence that…
2) statistics : P 98-100
3) authorities or quotations :
句型：
Professor / or…, a well-known / influential scholar of…
In china said ,“…”
第六天7.1
四、how to support your claim正文論證
4 )anecdotes, cases, stories P256句型：a case in point is…ABC serves as a typical example.
5) Personal experience P192
6) Scenarios假設
可能發(fā)生的事情，可作為一種依據(jù)P70
Imagine / Suppose that…
7) Analogy P269
句型：similarly , likewise , in the same way / manner
2. Deductive Reasoning演繹推理P30 P6內參
五、結尾段的寫作：
1. restate your position P71
句型：P101
2. restate your position and summarize your reasons P285
3. restate your position and extand your argument
建議，號召，展望P70. 72. 73
句型：In conclusion, I hold that…not only because that…,
but also
because…
語言方面技巧：
1.使用高分詞匯
情態(tài)動詞：could, would, might, can, may, will
程度副詞：肯定certainly, naturally, obviously, understandably,
undoubtedly, plainly
可能性possibly, probably, potentially, likely, presumably.
信號詞：P155
分析性詞匯：
in the case, given that (考慮到…), granted that (姑且承認), actually, as a matter of fact, admittedly, to some extent, in a sense, in the last analysis, on balance.
2.正規(guī)語言與非正規(guī)P161
3.句式的變化P170
1)使用不同的句子結構
2)變換相鄰句子的開頭結構
4.復雜句式P6內參
備考建議
1.熟悉每道題及其提綱
充實論據(jù)(討論、看書、工具箱)，補充或重寫
2.背誦——工具箱
3.模擬訓練issue, argument各寫20篇
6. post hoc , ergo prepter hoc = after this , therefore because of thisP46 47 , P55 81
7. concurrence P36 5 , P50 61
8. incomplete comparison or selective comparison P54 78
9. composition and division
composition:把個體特征不恰當?shù)囊浦驳秸w上
division:把群體特征簡單的移植到個體上
P48 55
最后段的寫作：
兩項任務：
1.指出原論者未能有效的支持自己的結論
2.指出原論者可以從正文分析的幾個方面加強原論證。
針對正文幾個topic sentence作者應在這幾個方面加強
Module: p75-p79
Issue (是非問題)
Strategy: P67
選題：
構思：brainstorm
開頭：陳述問題背景，指出自己論點
正文：2~3段，分別支持自己立場
1.每段要有一個主題
2.展開論述
3.復雜性，讓步，修正
4.使用信號詞
結尾：
語言問題：check P68
Brainstorm快速構思
1.從大腦里調出盡可能多的相關信息
2.充分relax
3.快速記憶
Issue的典型立場
Agree P104 3
Disagree P108 47
閃光句型:----結論
1. to sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility cause the evidence cited in theanalysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. Tostrengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidenceconcerning…
2. moreover, it would be necessary for the arguer to rule out all theabove-mentioned possibilities before we can better evaluate the argument.
3. As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logicallyacceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that…
4. additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possiblecauses…
5. To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we acceptthe conclusion, the arguer must present more facts to demonstrate that…
6. To solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidenceconcerning…
7. In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid andmisleading. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would haveto prove that…
8. Moreover, I would suspend (推遲) my judgment about the credibility of therecommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that…
第五天6.28
一、Issue的典型立場
1. Agree P104 3
2. Disagree P108 47
3. Agree with concession P105 16
4. Disagree with concession P107 34
5. Refuse to take sides拒絕站在任何一邊case by case attitude P111 73
二、典型結構typical organizations
1. I. Introducion P293
II. support1
III. support2
IV. support3
V. conclusion
句型: In the first place / to begin with
In the second place / in addition
Last but not least / Moreover / furthermore / what’s more
2. I. support1正P217
II. support2正
III. concession反
句型：In the first place…
in the second place…
Admittedly / however , it should be admitted (confessed) that /
however, there is no denying that…
3. I. Introducion P283
II. Side A
III. Side B
IV. Conclusion
4.反駁式：逐一反駁對方理由
Refute 1
Refute 2
Refute 3
Conclusion
I. Many people may sincerely believe that…, However, one doesnot have to go very far to see that…
II. Some people may also take for granted that (理所當然地認為)…Yet careful examination would review that…
III. Another misconception that many people may hold is that…But what they feel notice is that…
三、開頭的策略：
應能抓住讀者的注意力和好奇心
注意開頭明確提出主張
1.描述背景并提出立場P68
2.首先陳述相沖突的觀點，然后提出自己的主張P71
3.先用問句提出問題，然后提出在這個問題上的典型主張(可提可不提)，最后說自己的觀點P72
4.講述一段軼文(anecdote )趣事P70
5.先提出典型反對派立場，然后簡要駁斥，最后提自己主張P260
6.先提出自己主張，然后簡要陳述自己的基本理由P255
閃光句型：
According to the title statement,…while I agree that…I insist that…/ it is natural that…
It is natural that people may disagree over such a controversial issue due to their different experiences and values. On balance , I an inclined to support(<-> oppose ) the idea that ..
There is a growing public concern over the issue of…
The speaker in the title statement advocates that….
In the last analysis, I argue that…
四、how to support your claim正文論證
1. inductive reasoning邏輯推理具體一般
1 )facts and examples: P282 P 219
句型：For example / instance, To illustrate , As an illustration. There is evidence that…
2) statistics : P 98-100
3) authorities or quotations :
句型：
Professor / or…, a well-known / influential scholar of…
In china said ,“…”
第六天7.1
四、how to support your claim正文論證
4 )anecdotes, cases, stories P256句型：a case in point is…ABC serves as a typical example.
5) Personal experience P192
6) Scenarios假設
可能發(fā)生的事情，可作為一種依據(jù)P70
Imagine / Suppose that…
7) Analogy P269
句型：similarly , likewise , in the same way / manner
2. Deductive Reasoning演繹推理P30 P6內參
五、結尾段的寫作：
1. restate your position P71
句型：P101
2. restate your position and summarize your reasons P285
3. restate your position and extand your argument
建議，號召，展望P70. 72. 73
句型：In conclusion, I hold that…not only because that…,
but also
because…
語言方面技巧：
1.使用高分詞匯
情態(tài)動詞：could, would, might, can, may, will
程度副詞：肯定certainly, naturally, obviously, understandably,
undoubtedly, plainly
可能性possibly, probably, potentially, likely, presumably.
信號詞：P155
分析性詞匯：
in the case, given that (考慮到…), granted that (姑且承認), actually, as a matter of fact, admittedly, to some extent, in a sense, in the last analysis, on balance.
2.正規(guī)語言與非正規(guī)P161
3.句式的變化P170
1)使用不同的句子結構
2)變換相鄰句子的開頭結構
4.復雜句式P6內參
備考建議
1.熟悉每道題及其提綱
充實論據(jù)(討論、看書、工具箱)，補充或重寫
2.背誦——工具箱
3.模擬訓練issue, argument各寫20篇