70. The phrase "token economies" (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to _________.
A) ways to develop economy
B) systems of rewarding students
C) approaches to solving problems
D) methods of improving performance
注：1.token economy 是與“外部獎勵”有關(guān)的內(nèi)容
2.A選項是字面意思。有文章主題詞的選項優(yōu)選，本文主題詞 reward
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (認(rèn)知學(xué)派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
注：1.opposing 相反的
2.插入語 from warm praise to cold cash 用來解釋 external rewards
3.argue 認(rèn)為
4.maintain 認(rèn)為，維持
●對比型文章：文章提到兩種相反觀點(diǎn)，抓住以下幾點(diǎn)
1.文章主題即對比方面；
2.抓住各派觀點(diǎn)
3.抓住作者態(tài)度（a.支持一派反對另一派 b.中立態(tài)度）
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of
small monetary (金錢的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
注：1.spark 火花激發(fā)
2.作者用詞 careful, properly 表明作者態(tài)度是中立的
67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
A) They have no doubts about them.
B) They have doubts about them.
C) They approve of them.
D) They avoid talking about them.
注：只有B 項為負(fù)態(tài)度
"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, "says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
注：anticipation 期望，預(yù)期
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
注：uninspired 沒有靈感的 inspire 激勵，有靈感
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _________.
A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B) the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativity
C) the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance
注：文章第一段 divided 對應(yīng)opposing，attitude 對應(yīng) views，A和B選項涉及插入語，為次要成分干擾選項，C為竄句干擾選項
●竄句選項：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞回文章定位對應(yīng)語句，如該句話包含題干答案，則凡涉及該段其他語句的選項為竄句選項；如該句不包含答案，到其上下句中尋找答案
A) ways to develop economy
B) systems of rewarding students
C) approaches to solving problems
D) methods of improving performance
注：1.token economy 是與“外部獎勵”有關(guān)的內(nèi)容
2.A選項是字面意思。有文章主題詞的選項優(yōu)選，本文主題詞 reward
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (認(rèn)知學(xué)派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
注：1.opposing 相反的
2.插入語 from warm praise to cold cash 用來解釋 external rewards
3.argue 認(rèn)為
4.maintain 認(rèn)為，維持
●對比型文章：文章提到兩種相反觀點(diǎn)，抓住以下幾點(diǎn)
1.文章主題即對比方面；
2.抓住各派觀點(diǎn)
3.抓住作者態(tài)度（a.支持一派反對另一派 b.中立態(tài)度）
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of
small monetary (金錢的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
注：1.spark 火花激發(fā)
2.作者用詞 careful, properly 表明作者態(tài)度是中立的
67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
A) They have no doubts about them.
B) They have doubts about them.
C) They approve of them.
D) They avoid talking about them.
注：只有B 項為負(fù)態(tài)度
"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, "says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
注：anticipation 期望，預(yù)期
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
注：uninspired 沒有靈感的 inspire 激勵，有靈感
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _________.
A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B) the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativity
C) the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance
注：文章第一段 divided 對應(yīng)opposing，attitude 對應(yīng) views，A和B選項涉及插入語，為次要成分干擾選項，C為竄句干擾選項
●竄句選項：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞回文章定位對應(yīng)語句，如該句話包含題干答案，則凡涉及該段其他語句的選項為竄句選項；如該句不包含答案，到其上下句中尋找答案