例6
One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people, but rather a drug used against disease. The wartime use of penicillin（青霉素）saved thousands of lives. In the First World War, for example, pneumonia （肺炎）was responsible for 18% of all the deaths in the United States army. In the Second World War, the rate went down to less than 1%. In addition, penicillin was helpful in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing process of those wounds that did become infected.
Q: What was the pneumonia death rate of all the deaths in the United States army during the Second World War?
A) About 18%.
B) No more than 1%.
C) 1%.
D) About 17%.
該段短文中句子的邏輯功能可劃分如下：第一句為主題引介句。第二句“在戰(zhàn)時(shí)使用青霉素挽救了幾千條人命”，應(yīng)為主題句。余下三句為支撐主題的陳述細(xì)節(jié)的句子：
承接語(yǔ)for example提示，第三句為例解性的細(xì)節(jié)；第四句具有與之對(duì)比的含義，可視為同一細(xì)節(jié)；in addition是增補(bǔ)性的承接語(yǔ)，提示第五句為另一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。
顯然，答案為B），二戰(zhàn)其間美軍中死于肺炎的人“不到百分之一”，選項(xiàng)用了”no more than ”，等同于原文的“l(fā)ess than”。
3.1.3 區(qū)分事實(shí)和看法(Distinguishing Between Facts and Opinions)
事實(shí)是直接陳述的客觀事實(shí)，而看法則分為作者明說(shuō)的看法或暗指的意思兩種。
例 7
I remember thinking there was something absurdly melodramatic about screaming “Help, help!” at eight on a Tuesday evening in December and changing my plea to the more specific “Help, let me in, please let me in!” But the houses were cold, closed, unfriendly, and I ran on until I heard Jeremy’s screams behind me announcing that our attackers had fled.
The neighbors who had not opened their doors to us came out with baseball bats and helped Jeremy find his glasses and keys. In a group they were very brave. We waited for the cops to come until someone said to someone else that the noodles were getting cold, and I said politely, “Please go and eat. We’re O.K.”
I was happy to see them go. -------
這兩段短文選自上外教出版社出版的《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀》第二冊(cè)第七課《全靠運(yùn)氣》。
文中講到作者某夜在住所附近遇到持槍歹徒，大聲呼救，而鄰居們卻裝聾作啞。待作者僥幸逃脫，歹徒亦逃去無(wú)蹤后，鄰居們才裝模作樣出來(lái)“幫忙”。
第一段中的“The houses were --- closed,” 是事實(shí)，而“The houses were cold, --- unfriendly,” 是作者的觀點(diǎn)。第二段的第一句“The neighbors who had not opened their doors to us came out with baseball bats---”是事實(shí)，而“In a group they were very brave.”是作者的觀點(diǎn)。還有，第二段的“--- someone said to someone else that the noodles were getting cold,” 也是事實(shí)，而第三段的“I was happy to see them go.”是作者的觀點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然，這里指出的都是作者直白的觀點(diǎn)，而作者隱含的觀點(diǎn)是：鄰居們既懦弱、自私、和冷漠，又十分虛偽。
3.1.4 進(jìn)行推論(Making Inferences)
在理解閱讀材料的主旨大意及抓住其重要細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，還需具備獲得文章或句子所表達(dá)的隱含信息的能力，對(duì)所讀內(nèi)容進(jìn)行一定的引申和推理。往往可以從作者帶有感情色彩的語(yǔ)氣、措辭等文體特征推斷出作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、寫(xiě)作目的、文章風(fēng)格和基調(diào)。
例8
Worldwide fame burst upon Albert Einstein on November 7, 1919, when British astronomers announced they found the first confirmation of Einstein’s general relativity theory. Einstein had already become known in scientific circles because of his two astonishing theories: the special theory of relativity, published in 1905 when he was only 26 and a minor clerk in the Swiss patent（專(zhuān)利）office, and the general theory of relativity, advanced between 1913 and 1915. He was considered so brilliant by other scientists that in 1914 he was invited to join the famous Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and to become head of the research branch at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He accepted the offer and moved to Berlin.
Q: It can be inferred from the passage that the author ________.
A) is critical about Einstein
B) is indifferent to Einstein’s achievement
C) doesn’t think highly of Einstein
D) praises Einstein highly
本文簡(jiǎn)略地記敘了愛(ài)因斯坦獲得學(xué)術(shù)成就和聲望的經(jīng)歷。盡管短文沒(méi)有直接陳述作者對(duì)愛(ài)因斯坦的評(píng)論，但從某些記敘的措辭中仍可窺見(jiàn)作者對(duì)愛(ài)因斯坦的稱(chēng)頌，如Worldwide fame burst upon---（---聲震全球），--- so brilliant--- that---（---才華橫溢---以致）等。由此可知，答案應(yīng)為D），作者“高度評(píng)價(jià)愛(ài)因斯坦”。其余三項(xiàng)均不合作者的態(tài)度。
3.1.5 作結(jié)論(Drawing Conclusions)
要根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，有理有據(jù)地推斷結(jié)論。結(jié)論應(yīng)基于文章中的事實(shí)和證據(jù)，
而不是基于讀者自己的觀點(diǎn)和喜好。
One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people, but rather a drug used against disease. The wartime use of penicillin（青霉素）saved thousands of lives. In the First World War, for example, pneumonia （肺炎）was responsible for 18% of all the deaths in the United States army. In the Second World War, the rate went down to less than 1%. In addition, penicillin was helpful in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing process of those wounds that did become infected.
Q: What was the pneumonia death rate of all the deaths in the United States army during the Second World War?
A) About 18%.
B) No more than 1%.
C) 1%.
D) About 17%.
該段短文中句子的邏輯功能可劃分如下：第一句為主題引介句。第二句“在戰(zhàn)時(shí)使用青霉素挽救了幾千條人命”，應(yīng)為主題句。余下三句為支撐主題的陳述細(xì)節(jié)的句子：
承接語(yǔ)for example提示，第三句為例解性的細(xì)節(jié)；第四句具有與之對(duì)比的含義，可視為同一細(xì)節(jié)；in addition是增補(bǔ)性的承接語(yǔ)，提示第五句為另一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。
顯然，答案為B），二戰(zhàn)其間美軍中死于肺炎的人“不到百分之一”，選項(xiàng)用了”no more than ”，等同于原文的“l(fā)ess than”。
3.1.3 區(qū)分事實(shí)和看法(Distinguishing Between Facts and Opinions)
事實(shí)是直接陳述的客觀事實(shí)，而看法則分為作者明說(shuō)的看法或暗指的意思兩種。
例 7
I remember thinking there was something absurdly melodramatic about screaming “Help, help!” at eight on a Tuesday evening in December and changing my plea to the more specific “Help, let me in, please let me in!” But the houses were cold, closed, unfriendly, and I ran on until I heard Jeremy’s screams behind me announcing that our attackers had fled.
The neighbors who had not opened their doors to us came out with baseball bats and helped Jeremy find his glasses and keys. In a group they were very brave. We waited for the cops to come until someone said to someone else that the noodles were getting cold, and I said politely, “Please go and eat. We’re O.K.”
I was happy to see them go. -------
這兩段短文選自上外教出版社出版的《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀》第二冊(cè)第七課《全靠運(yùn)氣》。
文中講到作者某夜在住所附近遇到持槍歹徒，大聲呼救，而鄰居們卻裝聾作啞。待作者僥幸逃脫，歹徒亦逃去無(wú)蹤后，鄰居們才裝模作樣出來(lái)“幫忙”。
第一段中的“The houses were --- closed,” 是事實(shí)，而“The houses were cold, --- unfriendly,” 是作者的觀點(diǎn)。第二段的第一句“The neighbors who had not opened their doors to us came out with baseball bats---”是事實(shí)，而“In a group they were very brave.”是作者的觀點(diǎn)。還有，第二段的“--- someone said to someone else that the noodles were getting cold,” 也是事實(shí)，而第三段的“I was happy to see them go.”是作者的觀點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然，這里指出的都是作者直白的觀點(diǎn)，而作者隱含的觀點(diǎn)是：鄰居們既懦弱、自私、和冷漠，又十分虛偽。
3.1.4 進(jìn)行推論(Making Inferences)
在理解閱讀材料的主旨大意及抓住其重要細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，還需具備獲得文章或句子所表達(dá)的隱含信息的能力，對(duì)所讀內(nèi)容進(jìn)行一定的引申和推理。往往可以從作者帶有感情色彩的語(yǔ)氣、措辭等文體特征推斷出作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、寫(xiě)作目的、文章風(fēng)格和基調(diào)。
例8
Worldwide fame burst upon Albert Einstein on November 7, 1919, when British astronomers announced they found the first confirmation of Einstein’s general relativity theory. Einstein had already become known in scientific circles because of his two astonishing theories: the special theory of relativity, published in 1905 when he was only 26 and a minor clerk in the Swiss patent（專(zhuān)利）office, and the general theory of relativity, advanced between 1913 and 1915. He was considered so brilliant by other scientists that in 1914 he was invited to join the famous Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and to become head of the research branch at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He accepted the offer and moved to Berlin.
Q: It can be inferred from the passage that the author ________.
A) is critical about Einstein
B) is indifferent to Einstein’s achievement
C) doesn’t think highly of Einstein
D) praises Einstein highly
本文簡(jiǎn)略地記敘了愛(ài)因斯坦獲得學(xué)術(shù)成就和聲望的經(jīng)歷。盡管短文沒(méi)有直接陳述作者對(duì)愛(ài)因斯坦的評(píng)論，但從某些記敘的措辭中仍可窺見(jiàn)作者對(duì)愛(ài)因斯坦的稱(chēng)頌，如Worldwide fame burst upon---（---聲震全球），--- so brilliant--- that---（---才華橫溢---以致）等。由此可知，答案應(yīng)為D），作者“高度評(píng)價(jià)愛(ài)因斯坦”。其余三項(xiàng)均不合作者的態(tài)度。
3.1.5 作結(jié)論(Drawing Conclusions)
要根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，有理有據(jù)地推斷結(jié)論。結(jié)論應(yīng)基于文章中的事實(shí)和證據(jù)，
而不是基于讀者自己的觀點(diǎn)和喜好。