Argument主要是要找到原文論斷的邏輯錯誤(漏洞),然后,通過說出其它可能性,來攻擊這些邏輯漏洞。argument 的結(jié)構(gòu)比較固定,易于掌握。argument 每題由兩個部分構(gòu)成。第一部分是一句介紹性的話,用來提供論述的背景,這句話并沒有邏輯錯誤可言。第二部分是論述的本身,是一段完整的邏輯分析,其中肯定包含邏輯錯誤,這部分也正是考生在閱讀和攻擊時的重點所在。寫好這種模式的文章的關(guān)鍵是抓住邏輯錯誤,這是拿高分的第一點,也是最重要的一點。下面主要介紹一下argument作文中常見的邏輯錯誤。
因果關(guān)系錯誤(causal relationship oversimplification)
因果關(guān)系錯誤,顧名思義,就是在做因果推理時,太過于簡單而忽略了因果關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性。在現(xiàn)實生活中,一個結(jié)果可能是多個原因同時發(fā)揮作用而帶來的,或者一個原因既可能導(dǎo)致A結(jié)果,也可能導(dǎo)致B結(jié)果。題目中所給的因果關(guān)系推理,不能說是不正確的,但是,所犯的錯誤就是還可能有其他的原因會導(dǎo)致這種結(jié)果,而這些其他方面的原因正是我們需要找到的,用這些其他的原因去攻擊作者最后的結(jié)論是不全面的。
下面就以一個具體的因果關(guān)系錯誤來說明:
The following appeared in a letter sent by a committee of homeowners from the Deer haven Acres to all homeowners in Deer haven Acres.
"Seven years ago, homeowners in nearby Brookville community adopted a set of restrictions on how the community's yards should be landscaped and what colors the exteriors of homes should be painted. Since then, average property values have tripled in Brookville. In order to raise property values in Deer haven Acres, we should adopt our own set of restrictions on landscaping and house painting."
【太傻譯文】
“七年前,附近的Brookville社區(qū)的業(yè)主實施了一系列關(guān)于該社區(qū)的庭院應(yīng)如何布置以及房屋應(yīng)涂何種顏色的規(guī)定。從那以后,Brookville的地產(chǎn)平均價格翻了三番。為使Deer haven Acres的地產(chǎn)升值,我們也應(yīng)該對于景觀和房屋涂色實施自己的規(guī)定?!?BR> 【太傻分析】
這個題目中存在著一個很明顯的因果關(guān)系錯誤。即A有這樣的結(jié)果,不一定是這個事情造成的。題目中說“Brookville的地產(chǎn)平均價格翻了三番是由于規(guī)定了房屋的顏色這一原因”。但是,這一個原因不充分,并不能肯定得出最后的結(jié)論,可能還會有其他的原因。例如:越來越多的居民住進Brookville從而使得人們對于房屋的需求量大了,常理告訴我們需求量增大將導(dǎo)致地產(chǎn)價格的上升?;蛘呤怯捎贐rookville社區(qū)的商業(yè)發(fā)展迅猛,使得地產(chǎn)價格翻了三番。
在寫作的時候,無論是什么類型的邏輯錯誤,首先要先明確指出你所寫的中心句,即topic sentence.這是寫文章最基本的東西。因為每個段落都要有一個主旨句,能夠很清楚地告訴讀者你寫這段的總體思想,能夠概括整段的大意。即使是在沒有完全讀完整段話的情況下,只看該段的開頭句便能知道整段所講的內(nèi)容。對于因果關(guān)系的邏輯錯誤,根據(jù)自己的寫作特點,開頭句可以有多種表達(dá)方式,但是它的基本思路是不變的。例如:The author makes the assumption that there is a causal relationship between … and …。有了這樣的開頭,下面就該圍繞這句話來展開攻擊。例:First of all, the author presumes the correlation of … with …as a casual relationship between them. However, no sufficient evidence shows that… The author fails to rule out other possible alternatives to the sharply increasing of energy consumption. There are several other possible factors to…. Such alternatives may include the fact that …, or that… In addition, the author fails to consider other reasons for the declining of the spending of the program. For instance, if…, then a case can be made for… Likewise, if…. Therefore, the assumption that…is not convictive/ persuasive.
下面是根據(jù)上面的題目寫出的因果關(guān)系邏輯錯誤:
The author makes the assumption that there is a cause-result relationship between the adoption of restrictions and the going-up of property values. There are so many factors which may contribute to the latter, for instance, the Brookville may have changed from ordinary dwellings to a hive with potential market, the situation of Brookville may be a promise to safety, or convenient public transportations may have been available. Landscaping of yards and arranged house painting may attract new homeowners, which in turns raise the property values, but it is naïve to think that this is the one and only reason.
【太傻總結(jié)】
因果關(guān)系邏輯錯誤是argument作文中的一種,也是最常見的一種。這樣的邏輯錯誤會很明顯地出現(xiàn)在所給的題目中。在攻擊論證的時候,語言上要簡潔,論證要有說服力。
因果關(guān)系錯誤(causal relationship oversimplification)
因果關(guān)系錯誤,顧名思義,就是在做因果推理時,太過于簡單而忽略了因果關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性。在現(xiàn)實生活中,一個結(jié)果可能是多個原因同時發(fā)揮作用而帶來的,或者一個原因既可能導(dǎo)致A結(jié)果,也可能導(dǎo)致B結(jié)果。題目中所給的因果關(guān)系推理,不能說是不正確的,但是,所犯的錯誤就是還可能有其他的原因會導(dǎo)致這種結(jié)果,而這些其他方面的原因正是我們需要找到的,用這些其他的原因去攻擊作者最后的結(jié)論是不全面的。
下面就以一個具體的因果關(guān)系錯誤來說明:
The following appeared in a letter sent by a committee of homeowners from the Deer haven Acres to all homeowners in Deer haven Acres.
"Seven years ago, homeowners in nearby Brookville community adopted a set of restrictions on how the community's yards should be landscaped and what colors the exteriors of homes should be painted. Since then, average property values have tripled in Brookville. In order to raise property values in Deer haven Acres, we should adopt our own set of restrictions on landscaping and house painting."
【太傻譯文】
“七年前,附近的Brookville社區(qū)的業(yè)主實施了一系列關(guān)于該社區(qū)的庭院應(yīng)如何布置以及房屋應(yīng)涂何種顏色的規(guī)定。從那以后,Brookville的地產(chǎn)平均價格翻了三番。為使Deer haven Acres的地產(chǎn)升值,我們也應(yīng)該對于景觀和房屋涂色實施自己的規(guī)定?!?BR> 【太傻分析】
這個題目中存在著一個很明顯的因果關(guān)系錯誤。即A有這樣的結(jié)果,不一定是這個事情造成的。題目中說“Brookville的地產(chǎn)平均價格翻了三番是由于規(guī)定了房屋的顏色這一原因”。但是,這一個原因不充分,并不能肯定得出最后的結(jié)論,可能還會有其他的原因。例如:越來越多的居民住進Brookville從而使得人們對于房屋的需求量大了,常理告訴我們需求量增大將導(dǎo)致地產(chǎn)價格的上升?;蛘呤怯捎贐rookville社區(qū)的商業(yè)發(fā)展迅猛,使得地產(chǎn)價格翻了三番。
在寫作的時候,無論是什么類型的邏輯錯誤,首先要先明確指出你所寫的中心句,即topic sentence.這是寫文章最基本的東西。因為每個段落都要有一個主旨句,能夠很清楚地告訴讀者你寫這段的總體思想,能夠概括整段的大意。即使是在沒有完全讀完整段話的情況下,只看該段的開頭句便能知道整段所講的內(nèi)容。對于因果關(guān)系的邏輯錯誤,根據(jù)自己的寫作特點,開頭句可以有多種表達(dá)方式,但是它的基本思路是不變的。例如:The author makes the assumption that there is a causal relationship between … and …。有了這樣的開頭,下面就該圍繞這句話來展開攻擊。例:First of all, the author presumes the correlation of … with …as a casual relationship between them. However, no sufficient evidence shows that… The author fails to rule out other possible alternatives to the sharply increasing of energy consumption. There are several other possible factors to…. Such alternatives may include the fact that …, or that… In addition, the author fails to consider other reasons for the declining of the spending of the program. For instance, if…, then a case can be made for… Likewise, if…. Therefore, the assumption that…is not convictive/ persuasive.
下面是根據(jù)上面的題目寫出的因果關(guān)系邏輯錯誤:
The author makes the assumption that there is a cause-result relationship between the adoption of restrictions and the going-up of property values. There are so many factors which may contribute to the latter, for instance, the Brookville may have changed from ordinary dwellings to a hive with potential market, the situation of Brookville may be a promise to safety, or convenient public transportations may have been available. Landscaping of yards and arranged house painting may attract new homeowners, which in turns raise the property values, but it is naïve to think that this is the one and only reason.
【太傻總結(jié)】
因果關(guān)系邏輯錯誤是argument作文中的一種,也是最常見的一種。這樣的邏輯錯誤會很明顯地出現(xiàn)在所給的題目中。在攻擊論證的時候,語言上要簡潔,論證要有說服力。