三、精讀幾篇范文以熟悉閱讀方法
在連載第一期，我們已經(jīng)了解到，做一篇閱讀的步驟和進(jìn)行每一個(gè)步驟需要運(yùn)用的方法，對(duì)于考生，知道這些還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，怎樣在具體的閱讀中靈活的運(yùn)用這些方法，使得做題速度和正確率的均有所提高才是最終的目標(biāo)，故，將做閱讀的理論用于實(shí)踐這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)必不可少，下面，筆者就以一篇具體的文章為例，將做一篇閱讀的完整過程和解題思路做一個(gè)串講，希望對(duì)大家有所啟發(fā)。
例文1 筆記欄
In large part as a consequence of the feminist move-ment, historians have focused a great deal of attentionin recent years on determining more accurately the statusof women in various periods. Although much has been(5) accomplished for the modern period, premodern cultureshave proved more difficult: sources are restricted innumber, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, andoften contradictory. Thus it is not particularly surprisingthat some earlier scholarship concerning such cultures(10) has so far gone unchallenged. An example is JohannBachofen's 1861 treatise on Amazons, women-ruledsocieties of questionable existence contemporary withancient Greece.Starting from the premise that mythology and legend(15) preserve at least a nucleus of historical fact, Bachofenargued that women were dominant in many ancient soci-eties. His work was based on a comprehensive survey ofreferences in the ancient sources to Amazonian andother societies with matrilineal customs-societies in(20) which descent and property rights are traced through thefemale line. Some support for his theory can be found inevidence such as that drawn from Herofotus, the Greek"historian" of the fifth century B. C.,who speaks of anmazonian society, the Sauromatae, where the women(25) hunted and fought in wars. A woman in this society wasnot allowed to marry until she had killed a person inbattle.Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders ofancient myths have preserved facts is problematic. If one(30) begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, itbecomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of suchsocieties were meant not so much to represent observedhistorical fact-real Amazonian societies-but rather tooffer "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of(35) women's rule in their own society. The Amazons wereoften characterized, for example, as the equivalents ofgiants and centaurs, enemies to be slain by Greek heroes.Their customs were presented not as those of a respect-able society, but as the very antitheses of ordinary Greek(40) practices.Thus, I would argue, the purpose of accounts of theAmazons for their male Greek recorders was didactic, toteach both male and female Greeks that all-femalegroups, formed by withdrawal from traditional society,(45) are destructive and dangerous. Myths about the Ama-zons were used as arguments for the male-dominatedstatus quo, in which groups composed exclusively ofeither sex were not permitted to segregate themselvespermanently from society. Bachofen was thus misled in(50) his reliance on myths for information about the status ofwomen. The sources that will probably tell contempo-rary historians most about women in the ancient worldare such social documents as grave-stones, wills, andmarriage contracts. Studies of such documents have(55) already begun to show how mistaken we are when wetry to derive our picture of the ancient world exclusivelyfrom literary sources, especially myths. （although句關(guān)注后半句）（首段觀點(diǎn)句）；L6缺（difficult缺陷特征詞）L6-7 L（列舉考點(diǎn)）L10 J B（Am）（觀點(diǎn)已知，具體例子略讀，紀(jì)錄大寫名詞）；L15 SE（Structural Elements）（B提出的觀點(diǎn)）（觀點(diǎn)已知，具體論述內(nèi)容略讀）；（目的已知，具體的例子略讀）；L22 H（紀(jì)錄大寫名詞）L23 5 c（紀(jì)錄特殊年代）L24 Sa（紀(jì)錄大寫名詞）L28 SE（段首轉(zhuǎn)折，否定上文觀點(diǎn)）L29 -（problematic負(fù)態(tài)度，定要關(guān)注負(fù)態(tài)度針對(duì)誰，否定了B得出結(jié)論的前提）（not…but…句關(guān)注后半句）；（觀點(diǎn)已知，具體例子略讀）；L41 SE（作者觀點(diǎn)，purpose of強(qiáng)驅(qū)動(dòng)短語，值得關(guān)注）L45-（destructive & dangerous明顯的負(fù)態(tài)度詞）（觀點(diǎn)已知，具體論述略讀）；L49 B-（misled反映作者對(duì)B持負(fù)態(tài)度，否定了B的結(jié)論）（全文末句，經(jīng)常成為考點(diǎn)，關(guān)注，mistaken反映作者負(fù)態(tài)度）；L55-（注意負(fù)態(tài)度的對(duì)象是literary sources& myths）
1、讀原文
第一遍讀原文應(yīng)該力求快速，快速并不等于全部快讀，讀者首先應(yīng)該對(duì)原文的結(jié)構(gòu)有個(gè)大致的把握，在這個(gè)把握的基礎(chǔ)之上，略讀一些不慎重要的例子、廢話，重讀一些常考的考點(diǎn)。
這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)分析如下：
首段，介紹了一個(gè)文化背景，在首段末尾，主人公J B登場(chǎng)；
二段，先闡述了B的觀點(diǎn)（women were dominant in many ancient societies）及他提出此觀點(diǎn)所依據(jù)的前提（mythology and legend reserve fact），后用evidence證明之；
三段，首句Nonetheless為一個(gè)強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折詞，從前提上否定了B；
四段，作者提出自己的看法，并從觀點(diǎn)上直接否定了B，全文末句，重申對(duì)B觀點(diǎn)前提的否定。
全文結(jié)構(gòu)組成為：除首段背景外，其余部分為"新觀點(diǎn)*舊觀點(diǎn)"型文章，重在"*"，即對(duì)B觀點(diǎn)的駁斥。請(qǐng)讀者參考筆記欄中的講解，體會(huì)一下讀原文的方法和詳略、取舍的原則。
2、讀原文的同時(shí)對(duì)重點(diǎn)、考點(diǎn)做標(biāo)記
在右邊筆記欄中，我示范了一下做標(biāo)記的方法，括號(hào)中是對(duì)標(biāo)記的解釋，供讀者參考，做標(biāo)記要求考生總結(jié)一套清晰、簡(jiǎn)單、易懂的符號(hào)來標(biāo)記重要的考點(diǎn)和需關(guān)注點(diǎn)，這就要求考生對(duì)?？伎键c(diǎn)非常熟悉，例如事物的缺陷、事物之間的相似、不同等等，這些需要在練習(xí)中不斷總結(jié)、積累、熟悉，具體考點(diǎn)的羅列及講解請(qǐng)大家參考本作者的《GRE閱讀39+3全攻略》一書的第四章：考點(diǎn)與題型，由于篇幅所限，在此就不一一羅列了。
3、讀題干、選項(xiàng)并定位
4、（排除干擾選項(xiàng)后）按照文字對(duì)應(yīng)原則選答案
第下面我們通過對(duì)幾道題目的重點(diǎn)講解來講解一下后面這兩個(gè)做題步驟。
1.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A)compare competing new approaches to understanding the role of women in ancient societies.
(B)investigate the ramifications of Bachofen's theory about the dominance of women in ancient societies.
(C)explain the burgeoning interest among historians in determining the actual status of women in various societies.
(D)analyze the nature of Amazonian society and uncover similarities between it and the Greek world.
(E)criticize the value of ancient myths in determining the status of women in ancient societies .
此題為主旨題，對(duì)選項(xiàng)先豎看，后橫看，豎看主要比較各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的主動(dòng)詞。compare, investigate, explain, analyze均與原文結(jié)構(gòu)不甚符合，只有E選項(xiàng)的criticize（to find fault with）比較符合原文意圖，只看E選項(xiàng)的后半部分就可以了，其余選項(xiàng)不用細(xì)看。E中，ancient myths是B觀點(diǎn)的前提，the status of women in ancient societies是B的主要觀點(diǎn)，故，E選項(xiàng)正確。
2. All of the following are stated by the author as problems connected with the sources for knowledge of premodern cultures EXCEPT
(A)partial completeness.
(B)restricted accessibility.
(C)difficulty of interpretation.
(D)limited quantity.
(E)tendency toward contradiction.
此題為Except題，看到Except，讀者應(yīng)當(dāng)首先找原文中的列舉標(biāo)記，L6-7 L：
定位后，將原文sources are restricted in number, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, and often contradictory.與各個(gè)選項(xiàng)相比較，restricted in number對(duì)應(yīng)limited quantity，fragmentary對(duì)應(yīng)partial completeness，difficult to interpret對(duì)應(yīng)difficulty of interpretation，contradictory對(duì)應(yīng)tendency toward contradiction，故B為正確答案。
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the probable reactions of many males in ancient Greece to the idea of a society ruled by women could best characterized as
(A) confused and dismayed.
(B) wary and hostile.
(C) cynical and disinterested.
(D) curious but fearful.
(E) excited but anxious.
此題是態(tài)度題，問的是males in Greece對(duì)a society ruled by women的態(tài)度，此考
點(diǎn)正在原文所做標(biāo)記之列，L45-（原文負(fù)態(tài)度標(biāo)記），在原文中標(biāo)記態(tài)度時(shí)之所以要關(guān)注態(tài)度持有者，就是為了定位之用，原文L45的負(fù)態(tài)度持有者是male Greek recorders，和題干所問是同一群人。原文中，males in Greece把那些脫離傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)的女性群體看作是destructive and dangerous（具有破壞性且危險(xiǎn)的）。選項(xiàng)D，E應(yīng)該首先被排除，因?yàn)閎ut是反映復(fù)雜態(tài)度的特征詞，A選項(xiàng)的confused and dismayed（困惑且沮喪），C選項(xiàng)中的disinterested（漠不關(guān)心）均和原文所述不符，故答案B，wary and hostile（警覺且?guī)в袛骋猓檎_答案。
做完題目，考生不妨按照下面的方式做一個(gè)小結(jié)，例如，考生可以借此機(jī)會(huì)將原文與文章所屬結(jié)構(gòu)類型的特點(diǎn)相結(jié)合做一個(gè)總結(jié)性的回顧，這篇文章是"全文論證一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)"型文章，這類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特征及TS和SE的知識(shí)要點(diǎn)如下：
1）舊觀點(diǎn)
2）舊觀點(diǎn)特征及缺陷的論述（也可能沒有）
3）新觀點(diǎn)
4）對(duì)新觀點(diǎn)的具體論述
5）對(duì)新觀點(diǎn)的讓步（也可能沒有）
此外，我還想借此機(jī)會(huì)給讀者推薦幾篇值得如此分析、總結(jié)的文章，讀者可以以這些文章作為起點(diǎn)，進(jìn)入用系統(tǒng)的做題方來來指導(dǎo)自己提高的新閱讀階段：92年4月section4短，GRE No.7第二套section2長(zhǎng)， 94年2月section2短。
在連載第一期，我們已經(jīng)了解到，做一篇閱讀的步驟和進(jìn)行每一個(gè)步驟需要運(yùn)用的方法，對(duì)于考生，知道這些還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，怎樣在具體的閱讀中靈活的運(yùn)用這些方法，使得做題速度和正確率的均有所提高才是最終的目標(biāo)，故，將做閱讀的理論用于實(shí)踐這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)必不可少，下面，筆者就以一篇具體的文章為例，將做一篇閱讀的完整過程和解題思路做一個(gè)串講，希望對(duì)大家有所啟發(fā)。
例文1 筆記欄
In large part as a consequence of the feminist move-ment, historians have focused a great deal of attentionin recent years on determining more accurately the statusof women in various periods. Although much has been(5) accomplished for the modern period, premodern cultureshave proved more difficult: sources are restricted innumber, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, andoften contradictory. Thus it is not particularly surprisingthat some earlier scholarship concerning such cultures(10) has so far gone unchallenged. An example is JohannBachofen's 1861 treatise on Amazons, women-ruledsocieties of questionable existence contemporary withancient Greece.Starting from the premise that mythology and legend(15) preserve at least a nucleus of historical fact, Bachofenargued that women were dominant in many ancient soci-eties. His work was based on a comprehensive survey ofreferences in the ancient sources to Amazonian andother societies with matrilineal customs-societies in(20) which descent and property rights are traced through thefemale line. Some support for his theory can be found inevidence such as that drawn from Herofotus, the Greek"historian" of the fifth century B. C.,who speaks of anmazonian society, the Sauromatae, where the women(25) hunted and fought in wars. A woman in this society wasnot allowed to marry until she had killed a person inbattle.Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders ofancient myths have preserved facts is problematic. If one(30) begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, itbecomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of suchsocieties were meant not so much to represent observedhistorical fact-real Amazonian societies-but rather tooffer "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of(35) women's rule in their own society. The Amazons wereoften characterized, for example, as the equivalents ofgiants and centaurs, enemies to be slain by Greek heroes.Their customs were presented not as those of a respect-able society, but as the very antitheses of ordinary Greek(40) practices.Thus, I would argue, the purpose of accounts of theAmazons for their male Greek recorders was didactic, toteach both male and female Greeks that all-femalegroups, formed by withdrawal from traditional society,(45) are destructive and dangerous. Myths about the Ama-zons were used as arguments for the male-dominatedstatus quo, in which groups composed exclusively ofeither sex were not permitted to segregate themselvespermanently from society. Bachofen was thus misled in(50) his reliance on myths for information about the status ofwomen. The sources that will probably tell contempo-rary historians most about women in the ancient worldare such social documents as grave-stones, wills, andmarriage contracts. Studies of such documents have(55) already begun to show how mistaken we are when wetry to derive our picture of the ancient world exclusivelyfrom literary sources, especially myths. （although句關(guān)注后半句）（首段觀點(diǎn)句）；L6缺（difficult缺陷特征詞）L6-7 L（列舉考點(diǎn)）L10 J B（Am）（觀點(diǎn)已知，具體例子略讀，紀(jì)錄大寫名詞）；L15 SE（Structural Elements）（B提出的觀點(diǎn)）（觀點(diǎn)已知，具體論述內(nèi)容略讀）；（目的已知，具體的例子略讀）；L22 H（紀(jì)錄大寫名詞）L23 5 c（紀(jì)錄特殊年代）L24 Sa（紀(jì)錄大寫名詞）L28 SE（段首轉(zhuǎn)折，否定上文觀點(diǎn)）L29 -（problematic負(fù)態(tài)度，定要關(guān)注負(fù)態(tài)度針對(duì)誰，否定了B得出結(jié)論的前提）（not…but…句關(guān)注后半句）；（觀點(diǎn)已知，具體例子略讀）；L41 SE（作者觀點(diǎn)，purpose of強(qiáng)驅(qū)動(dòng)短語，值得關(guān)注）L45-（destructive & dangerous明顯的負(fù)態(tài)度詞）（觀點(diǎn)已知，具體論述略讀）；L49 B-（misled反映作者對(duì)B持負(fù)態(tài)度，否定了B的結(jié)論）（全文末句，經(jīng)常成為考點(diǎn)，關(guān)注，mistaken反映作者負(fù)態(tài)度）；L55-（注意負(fù)態(tài)度的對(duì)象是literary sources& myths）
1、讀原文
第一遍讀原文應(yīng)該力求快速，快速并不等于全部快讀，讀者首先應(yīng)該對(duì)原文的結(jié)構(gòu)有個(gè)大致的把握，在這個(gè)把握的基礎(chǔ)之上，略讀一些不慎重要的例子、廢話，重讀一些常考的考點(diǎn)。
這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)分析如下：
首段，介紹了一個(gè)文化背景，在首段末尾，主人公J B登場(chǎng)；
二段，先闡述了B的觀點(diǎn)（women were dominant in many ancient societies）及他提出此觀點(diǎn)所依據(jù)的前提（mythology and legend reserve fact），后用evidence證明之；
三段，首句Nonetheless為一個(gè)強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折詞，從前提上否定了B；
四段，作者提出自己的看法，并從觀點(diǎn)上直接否定了B，全文末句，重申對(duì)B觀點(diǎn)前提的否定。
全文結(jié)構(gòu)組成為：除首段背景外，其余部分為"新觀點(diǎn)*舊觀點(diǎn)"型文章，重在"*"，即對(duì)B觀點(diǎn)的駁斥。請(qǐng)讀者參考筆記欄中的講解，體會(huì)一下讀原文的方法和詳略、取舍的原則。
2、讀原文的同時(shí)對(duì)重點(diǎn)、考點(diǎn)做標(biāo)記
在右邊筆記欄中，我示范了一下做標(biāo)記的方法，括號(hào)中是對(duì)標(biāo)記的解釋，供讀者參考，做標(biāo)記要求考生總結(jié)一套清晰、簡(jiǎn)單、易懂的符號(hào)來標(biāo)記重要的考點(diǎn)和需關(guān)注點(diǎn)，這就要求考生對(duì)?？伎键c(diǎn)非常熟悉，例如事物的缺陷、事物之間的相似、不同等等，這些需要在練習(xí)中不斷總結(jié)、積累、熟悉，具體考點(diǎn)的羅列及講解請(qǐng)大家參考本作者的《GRE閱讀39+3全攻略》一書的第四章：考點(diǎn)與題型，由于篇幅所限，在此就不一一羅列了。
3、讀題干、選項(xiàng)并定位
4、（排除干擾選項(xiàng)后）按照文字對(duì)應(yīng)原則選答案
第下面我們通過對(duì)幾道題目的重點(diǎn)講解來講解一下后面這兩個(gè)做題步驟。
1.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A)compare competing new approaches to understanding the role of women in ancient societies.
(B)investigate the ramifications of Bachofen's theory about the dominance of women in ancient societies.
(C)explain the burgeoning interest among historians in determining the actual status of women in various societies.
(D)analyze the nature of Amazonian society and uncover similarities between it and the Greek world.
(E)criticize the value of ancient myths in determining the status of women in ancient societies .
此題為主旨題，對(duì)選項(xiàng)先豎看，后橫看，豎看主要比較各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的主動(dòng)詞。compare, investigate, explain, analyze均與原文結(jié)構(gòu)不甚符合，只有E選項(xiàng)的criticize（to find fault with）比較符合原文意圖，只看E選項(xiàng)的后半部分就可以了，其余選項(xiàng)不用細(xì)看。E中，ancient myths是B觀點(diǎn)的前提，the status of women in ancient societies是B的主要觀點(diǎn)，故，E選項(xiàng)正確。
2. All of the following are stated by the author as problems connected with the sources for knowledge of premodern cultures EXCEPT
(A)partial completeness.
(B)restricted accessibility.
(C)difficulty of interpretation.
(D)limited quantity.
(E)tendency toward contradiction.
此題為Except題，看到Except，讀者應(yīng)當(dāng)首先找原文中的列舉標(biāo)記，L6-7 L：
定位后，將原文sources are restricted in number, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, and often contradictory.與各個(gè)選項(xiàng)相比較，restricted in number對(duì)應(yīng)limited quantity，fragmentary對(duì)應(yīng)partial completeness，difficult to interpret對(duì)應(yīng)difficulty of interpretation，contradictory對(duì)應(yīng)tendency toward contradiction，故B為正確答案。
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the probable reactions of many males in ancient Greece to the idea of a society ruled by women could best characterized as
(A) confused and dismayed.
(B) wary and hostile.
(C) cynical and disinterested.
(D) curious but fearful.
(E) excited but anxious.
此題是態(tài)度題，問的是males in Greece對(duì)a society ruled by women的態(tài)度，此考
點(diǎn)正在原文所做標(biāo)記之列，L45-（原文負(fù)態(tài)度標(biāo)記），在原文中標(biāo)記態(tài)度時(shí)之所以要關(guān)注態(tài)度持有者，就是為了定位之用，原文L45的負(fù)態(tài)度持有者是male Greek recorders，和題干所問是同一群人。原文中，males in Greece把那些脫離傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)的女性群體看作是destructive and dangerous（具有破壞性且危險(xiǎn)的）。選項(xiàng)D，E應(yīng)該首先被排除，因?yàn)閎ut是反映復(fù)雜態(tài)度的特征詞，A選項(xiàng)的confused and dismayed（困惑且沮喪），C選項(xiàng)中的disinterested（漠不關(guān)心）均和原文所述不符，故答案B，wary and hostile（警覺且?guī)в袛骋猓檎_答案。
做完題目，考生不妨按照下面的方式做一個(gè)小結(jié)，例如，考生可以借此機(jī)會(huì)將原文與文章所屬結(jié)構(gòu)類型的特點(diǎn)相結(jié)合做一個(gè)總結(jié)性的回顧，這篇文章是"全文論證一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)"型文章，這類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特征及TS和SE的知識(shí)要點(diǎn)如下：
1）舊觀點(diǎn)
2）舊觀點(diǎn)特征及缺陷的論述（也可能沒有）
3）新觀點(diǎn)
4）對(duì)新觀點(diǎn)的具體論述
5）對(duì)新觀點(diǎn)的讓步（也可能沒有）
此外，我還想借此機(jī)會(huì)給讀者推薦幾篇值得如此分析、總結(jié)的文章，讀者可以以這些文章作為起點(diǎn)，進(jìn)入用系統(tǒng)的做題方來來指導(dǎo)自己提高的新閱讀階段：92年4月section4短，GRE No.7第二套section2長(zhǎng)， 94年2月section2短。