長難句解析
①【解析】“who”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾“the common, ignorant folk”?！癿uch as”引導(dǎo)狀語從句?！発itchen pots and pans”意為“鍋碗瓢盆”。
【譯文】一方面它是那些普通人甚至無知民眾的財(cái)產(chǎn)，他們每天都像使喚他們的牲畜和鍋碗瓢盆一樣用著語言。
②【解析】 此句為一個(gè)復(fù)合倒裝句?！皍ntil”引導(dǎo)一個(gè)并列句，前一句的主語是“a tendency”，“to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew”作“tendency”的定語，第二句的主語也是“a tendency”，“to”后面的句子作“tendency”的定語，“in which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾“ways”。
【譯文】例如在18世紀(jì)一種產(chǎn)生于各種來源的趨勢(shì)把語言固定在一個(gè)不常使用和不利于語言發(fā)展的模式中，而到了當(dāng)今，主流是要反復(fù)研究、評(píng)價(jià)人們說話、寫作中的語言實(shí)踐。
答案與詳解
【短文大意】本文主要講述英語演變過程的一些特點(diǎn)，指出了古英語與現(xiàn)代英語的不同，以及語言學(xué)家對(duì)待語言形式的態(tài)度的變化。
1.B細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干回原文中定位，閱讀文章時(shí)注意首末段及各段開頭的句子，這往往都是考點(diǎn)所在。這篇文章講的主要是英語語言演變的一些特點(diǎn)，指出了古英語與現(xiàn)代英語的不同，以及語言學(xué)家態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變。本題問的正是現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)家與早期語言學(xué)家不同的傾向。根據(jù)文章末尾The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write. 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)家傾向于根據(jù)人們說和寫的方式評(píng)價(jià)語言實(shí)踐，而不是像早期的語言學(xué)家根據(jù)一定的模式評(píng)價(jià)語言。選項(xiàng)B符合文章的意思。
2.A詞匯題。要根據(jù)上下文的信息判斷單詞的意思。文章在第二段中間再次提到inflection時(shí)說，A few inflections, however, have survived. 后面文章又舉了WHO/WHOM和ME/I為例說明inflection，這是一篇關(guān)于語言學(xué)的文章，從例子可以看出inflection的意思應(yīng)該是“單詞的變形”，選項(xiàng)A正確。
3.A細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，選項(xiàng)A“普遍認(rèn)為1500年是現(xiàn)代英語的起點(diǎn)”在文章中沒有提及，故為正確答案。文章第二句說The history of our language has always been a history of constant change - at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. 我們語言的歷史是一個(gè)不斷變化的歷史——在一些時(shí)間里緩慢得幾乎難以察覺，在另一些時(shí)間里則是兩種語言的激烈碰撞。由此可以推斷一些其他的語言對(duì)英語的發(fā)展有重大影響，選項(xiàng)B符合文章的意思。
4.D詞匯題。此題考查考生的推測(cè)能力和詞匯量，文章講述的是英國語言演進(jìn)的具體細(xì)節(jié)，最適當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢笐?yīng)該是D。作者很可能是一位語言學(xué)家。A答案(歷史學(xué)家)和C答案(人類學(xué)家)也可以有點(diǎn)迷惑性。B答案(哲學(xué)家)是最不符合的。
5.C主旨題。本文從各個(gè)方面談及英語作為一種語言的發(fā)展變化，但并不是講述英語的歷史。所以選項(xiàng)A不對(duì)，選項(xiàng)C作為文章的題目最為貼切。選項(xiàng)B只是文章闡述的一個(gè)方面，不夠全面。文章是在談到英語的不斷變化的時(shí)候談到了現(xiàn)代英語的一些特點(diǎn)，所以選項(xiàng)D也失之于片面。
Passage2 建議用時(shí)：6.5分鐘 From: To:
Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace. 『This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions.』① To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience.
The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonald’s. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from converging.
The other school proposes that companies must tailor business approaches to individual cultures. Setting up policies and procedures in each country has been compared to an organ transplant; the critical question centers around acceptance or rejection. The major challenge to the international manager is to make sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or even blindness.
Fortune examined the international performance of a dozen large companies that earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas. The internationally successful companies all share an important quality: patience. They have not rushed into situations but rather built their operations carefully by following the most basic business principles. These principles are to know your adversary, know your audience, and know your customer.
1. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. All international managers can learn culture.
B. Business diversity is not necessary.
C. Views differ on how to treat culture in business world.
Ｄ. Most people do not know foreign culture well.
2. According to the author, the model of Pepsi .
Ａ. is in line with the theories of the school advocating the business is business the world around
Ｂ. is different from the model of McDonald’s
Ｃ. shows the reverse of globalization
Ｄ. has converged cultural differences
3. The two schools of thought .
Ａ. both propose that companies should tailor business approaches to individual cultures
Ｂ. both advocate that different policies be set up in different countries
Ｃ. admit the existence of cultural diversity in business world
Ｄ. Both Ａ and Ｂ
①【解析】“who”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾“the common, ignorant folk”?！癿uch as”引導(dǎo)狀語從句?！発itchen pots and pans”意為“鍋碗瓢盆”。
【譯文】一方面它是那些普通人甚至無知民眾的財(cái)產(chǎn)，他們每天都像使喚他們的牲畜和鍋碗瓢盆一樣用著語言。
②【解析】 此句為一個(gè)復(fù)合倒裝句?！皍ntil”引導(dǎo)一個(gè)并列句，前一句的主語是“a tendency”，“to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew”作“tendency”的定語，第二句的主語也是“a tendency”，“to”后面的句子作“tendency”的定語，“in which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾“ways”。
【譯文】例如在18世紀(jì)一種產(chǎn)生于各種來源的趨勢(shì)把語言固定在一個(gè)不常使用和不利于語言發(fā)展的模式中，而到了當(dāng)今，主流是要反復(fù)研究、評(píng)價(jià)人們說話、寫作中的語言實(shí)踐。
答案與詳解
【短文大意】本文主要講述英語演變過程的一些特點(diǎn)，指出了古英語與現(xiàn)代英語的不同，以及語言學(xué)家對(duì)待語言形式的態(tài)度的變化。
1.B細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干回原文中定位，閱讀文章時(shí)注意首末段及各段開頭的句子，這往往都是考點(diǎn)所在。這篇文章講的主要是英語語言演變的一些特點(diǎn)，指出了古英語與現(xiàn)代英語的不同，以及語言學(xué)家態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變。本題問的正是現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)家與早期語言學(xué)家不同的傾向。根據(jù)文章末尾The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write. 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)家傾向于根據(jù)人們說和寫的方式評(píng)價(jià)語言實(shí)踐，而不是像早期的語言學(xué)家根據(jù)一定的模式評(píng)價(jià)語言。選項(xiàng)B符合文章的意思。
2.A詞匯題。要根據(jù)上下文的信息判斷單詞的意思。文章在第二段中間再次提到inflection時(shí)說，A few inflections, however, have survived. 后面文章又舉了WHO/WHOM和ME/I為例說明inflection，這是一篇關(guān)于語言學(xué)的文章，從例子可以看出inflection的意思應(yīng)該是“單詞的變形”，選項(xiàng)A正確。
3.A細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，選項(xiàng)A“普遍認(rèn)為1500年是現(xiàn)代英語的起點(diǎn)”在文章中沒有提及，故為正確答案。文章第二句說The history of our language has always been a history of constant change - at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. 我們語言的歷史是一個(gè)不斷變化的歷史——在一些時(shí)間里緩慢得幾乎難以察覺，在另一些時(shí)間里則是兩種語言的激烈碰撞。由此可以推斷一些其他的語言對(duì)英語的發(fā)展有重大影響，選項(xiàng)B符合文章的意思。
4.D詞匯題。此題考查考生的推測(cè)能力和詞匯量，文章講述的是英國語言演進(jìn)的具體細(xì)節(jié)，最適當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢笐?yīng)該是D。作者很可能是一位語言學(xué)家。A答案(歷史學(xué)家)和C答案(人類學(xué)家)也可以有點(diǎn)迷惑性。B答案(哲學(xué)家)是最不符合的。
5.C主旨題。本文從各個(gè)方面談及英語作為一種語言的發(fā)展變化，但并不是講述英語的歷史。所以選項(xiàng)A不對(duì)，選項(xiàng)C作為文章的題目最為貼切。選項(xiàng)B只是文章闡述的一個(gè)方面，不夠全面。文章是在談到英語的不斷變化的時(shí)候談到了現(xiàn)代英語的一些特點(diǎn)，所以選項(xiàng)D也失之于片面。
Passage2 建議用時(shí)：6.5分鐘 From: To:
Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace. 『This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions.』① To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience.
The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonald’s. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from converging.
The other school proposes that companies must tailor business approaches to individual cultures. Setting up policies and procedures in each country has been compared to an organ transplant; the critical question centers around acceptance or rejection. The major challenge to the international manager is to make sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or even blindness.
Fortune examined the international performance of a dozen large companies that earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas. The internationally successful companies all share an important quality: patience. They have not rushed into situations but rather built their operations carefully by following the most basic business principles. These principles are to know your adversary, know your audience, and know your customer.
1. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. All international managers can learn culture.
B. Business diversity is not necessary.
C. Views differ on how to treat culture in business world.
Ｄ. Most people do not know foreign culture well.
2. According to the author, the model of Pepsi .
Ａ. is in line with the theories of the school advocating the business is business the world around
Ｂ. is different from the model of McDonald’s
Ｃ. shows the reverse of globalization
Ｄ. has converged cultural differences
3. The two schools of thought .
Ａ. both propose that companies should tailor business approaches to individual cultures
Ｂ. both advocate that different policies be set up in different countries
Ｃ. admit the existence of cultural diversity in business world
Ｄ. Both Ａ and Ｂ