下面的材料旨在豐富學(xué)生在是非問題寫作方面的思想和語(yǔ)言，考生在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)可以先分類閱讀這些篇章，然后嘗試寫相關(guān)方面的作文題。
對(duì)于素材中用黑體字的部分，特別建議你熟讀，背誦，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谡Z(yǔ)言和觀點(diǎn)上都值得吸收。學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的人應(yīng)該明白，表達(dá)能力和思想深度都靠日積月累，潛移默化。從某種意義上說，提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力無捷徑可走，你必須大段背誦英語(yǔ)文章才能逐漸形成語(yǔ)感和用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行表達(dá)的能力。這一關(guān)，沒有任何人能代替你過。
因此，建議你下點(diǎn)苦功夫，把背單詞的精神拿出來背誦文章。何況，并不是要求你背了之后永遠(yuǎn)牢記在心：你可以這個(gè)星期背，下個(gè)星期忘。這沒有關(guān)系，相信你的大腦具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你會(huì)驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn)：I can think in English now！
1. Computer in Education
There is a great deal of interest in the use of computers in education. The educational use of computers is called Computer Assisted Instruction, or CAI. Many public schools in the United States have acquired computers and CAI programs to rum on them. School districts are establishing computer resource centers and special training programs to help teachers use computers. In addition, some colleges and universities are beginning to establish computer literacy requirements for graduation. In spite of all this interest in the use of computers in education, some educators and students still may be wondering if this expensive toy is really worth their time and, in some cases, money. The answer is a definite yes: The use of computers in education has important benefits for both students and teachers.
Computers enhance a student’s learning experience in many ways. First of all, the computer has the ability to accommodate individual differences in learning speed because the user (the student) is the one who controls the pace of the lessons. In addition, because a computer is nonjudgmental, the learner does not have to be afraid of reprisal or humiliation when making errors. For example, because computers can repeat information over and over, the user can ask for many repetitions of a lesson without fearing a judgmental response about his or her ability to learn. The beneficial effects of learning in a stress-free atmosphere are well documented. A third advantage of CAI is that computer can give a student immediate feedback. It can tell the student why she or he is wrong as soon as an error is made, and it can even provide an approach hint for figuring out the correct answer.
Not only do computers benefit students, they also make the teacher’s job easier. One advantage lies in the preparation of instructional materials. Schools and colleges can purchase educational computer programs that can be adapted to any learning situation. These systems, called “authoring systems,” are like skeletal lesson plans: The format of several exercises and tests is already planned out; all the teacher adds is the information he or she wants the students to learn (mathematical problems, vocabulary lists, and so forth). The authoring system automatically incorporates these teaching points into its preplanned format and then is ready to be used by several students for a long time. The system can also correct the students’ work and determine and record grades. In addition, the computer offers numerous advantages to teachers in managing their classrooms. A computer laboratory (a room having one computer for every two students) can free the teacher to meet individually with students while the rest of the class is occupied with computer lessons. Finally, computers can help teachers keep student records and chart student progress, thereby cutting down on time—consuming paperwork.”
With all of these advantages for both teachers and students, it is easy to see why there is so much interest in using computers in education. Of course, there are those who are skeptical and view computers as a passing fad. There are those also who simply are afraid of them. In time, however, computers will become as familiar in the classroom as chalkboards are today.
2. Computer Make the Workplace Less Friendly
We have seen the future, and it hurts.
That’s what millions of American office workers are discovering every year as computer come to dominate the office and the mania for ever-increasing profits consumes the work environment. If present sentiments persist, there could be a white-collar revolt, as executives and stenographers alike find that the “office of tomorrow” is just the keypunch counterpart of the sweatshop of yesterday.
One reason for this is the computer’s potential to “deskill” work—to reduce it to simple, repetitive actions. For example, instead of having each worker in an insurance company record an incoming insurance claim and then stay with it through all phases of processing, the job is broken up: One drone does nothing but complete the same log-in forms; another grind out identical letters to different addresses.
Even valued senior employees are burning out as a consequence, of computer monitoring—which affects between 20 and 35 percent of America’s workers, according to a report by the Office of technology Assessment [OTA].
When workers use electronic gear, it is easy to meter work-time to the millisecond, tally breaks and phone calls, or rank a worker’s output against that of his colleagues. Terminals track the number of keystrokes a workers uses in completing a particular project. This is all necessary, managers say, to improve productivity. (Yet the Japanese don’t do it, finding the notion offensive to loyalty and group spirit.)
對(duì)于素材中用黑體字的部分，特別建議你熟讀，背誦，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谡Z(yǔ)言和觀點(diǎn)上都值得吸收。學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的人應(yīng)該明白，表達(dá)能力和思想深度都靠日積月累，潛移默化。從某種意義上說，提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力無捷徑可走，你必須大段背誦英語(yǔ)文章才能逐漸形成語(yǔ)感和用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行表達(dá)的能力。這一關(guān)，沒有任何人能代替你過。
因此，建議你下點(diǎn)苦功夫，把背單詞的精神拿出來背誦文章。何況，并不是要求你背了之后永遠(yuǎn)牢記在心：你可以這個(gè)星期背，下個(gè)星期忘。這沒有關(guān)系，相信你的大腦具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你會(huì)驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn)：I can think in English now！
1. Computer in Education
There is a great deal of interest in the use of computers in education. The educational use of computers is called Computer Assisted Instruction, or CAI. Many public schools in the United States have acquired computers and CAI programs to rum on them. School districts are establishing computer resource centers and special training programs to help teachers use computers. In addition, some colleges and universities are beginning to establish computer literacy requirements for graduation. In spite of all this interest in the use of computers in education, some educators and students still may be wondering if this expensive toy is really worth their time and, in some cases, money. The answer is a definite yes: The use of computers in education has important benefits for both students and teachers.
Computers enhance a student’s learning experience in many ways. First of all, the computer has the ability to accommodate individual differences in learning speed because the user (the student) is the one who controls the pace of the lessons. In addition, because a computer is nonjudgmental, the learner does not have to be afraid of reprisal or humiliation when making errors. For example, because computers can repeat information over and over, the user can ask for many repetitions of a lesson without fearing a judgmental response about his or her ability to learn. The beneficial effects of learning in a stress-free atmosphere are well documented. A third advantage of CAI is that computer can give a student immediate feedback. It can tell the student why she or he is wrong as soon as an error is made, and it can even provide an approach hint for figuring out the correct answer.
Not only do computers benefit students, they also make the teacher’s job easier. One advantage lies in the preparation of instructional materials. Schools and colleges can purchase educational computer programs that can be adapted to any learning situation. These systems, called “authoring systems,” are like skeletal lesson plans: The format of several exercises and tests is already planned out; all the teacher adds is the information he or she wants the students to learn (mathematical problems, vocabulary lists, and so forth). The authoring system automatically incorporates these teaching points into its preplanned format and then is ready to be used by several students for a long time. The system can also correct the students’ work and determine and record grades. In addition, the computer offers numerous advantages to teachers in managing their classrooms. A computer laboratory (a room having one computer for every two students) can free the teacher to meet individually with students while the rest of the class is occupied with computer lessons. Finally, computers can help teachers keep student records and chart student progress, thereby cutting down on time—consuming paperwork.”
With all of these advantages for both teachers and students, it is easy to see why there is so much interest in using computers in education. Of course, there are those who are skeptical and view computers as a passing fad. There are those also who simply are afraid of them. In time, however, computers will become as familiar in the classroom as chalkboards are today.
2. Computer Make the Workplace Less Friendly
We have seen the future, and it hurts.
That’s what millions of American office workers are discovering every year as computer come to dominate the office and the mania for ever-increasing profits consumes the work environment. If present sentiments persist, there could be a white-collar revolt, as executives and stenographers alike find that the “office of tomorrow” is just the keypunch counterpart of the sweatshop of yesterday.
One reason for this is the computer’s potential to “deskill” work—to reduce it to simple, repetitive actions. For example, instead of having each worker in an insurance company record an incoming insurance claim and then stay with it through all phases of processing, the job is broken up: One drone does nothing but complete the same log-in forms; another grind out identical letters to different addresses.
Even valued senior employees are burning out as a consequence, of computer monitoring—which affects between 20 and 35 percent of America’s workers, according to a report by the Office of technology Assessment [OTA].
When workers use electronic gear, it is easy to meter work-time to the millisecond, tally breaks and phone calls, or rank a worker’s output against that of his colleagues. Terminals track the number of keystrokes a workers uses in completing a particular project. This is all necessary, managers say, to improve productivity. (Yet the Japanese don’t do it, finding the notion offensive to loyalty and group spirit.)