第四講 怎樣做選擇填空題
一、題型介紹
選擇填空又稱綜合填空或完形測(cè)試，它是目前較為滸的一種英語(yǔ)測(cè)試題型之一。
在我國(guó)其它的大規(guī)模英語(yǔ)考試中是一項(xiàng)必試項(xiàng)目。
選擇填空或完形測(cè)試的理論依據(jù)是完形心理學(xué)。這種理論的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為:人們?cè)谟^察物體形狀時(shí)，往往下意識(shí)地把不連貫的、窯的部分給補(bǔ)上，然后把它看成一個(gè)完整的形狀。把這種理論應(yīng)用到語(yǔ)言測(cè)試上，便出現(xiàn)了完形測(cè)試。這種試題設(shè)計(jì)程序?yàn)?命脈題人員首先選取一篇短文，然后每隔一定數(shù)目的單詞(一般為5-11個(gè))有規(guī)律地去掉一個(gè)詞，最后，讓考生填出去掉的那些詞，來(lái)測(cè)試他們的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力。
最初的這種完形測(cè)試方法是按固定比例來(lái)刪詞，后來(lái)又產(chǎn)生了幾種新的變體。一種是刪掉的詞僅限于某一類(lèi)語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，如動(dòng)詞、名詞、介詞等。這樣原來(lái)隔固定詞數(shù)刪詞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)僅做參考;另一種是把綜合填充和多項(xiàng)選擇結(jié)合起來(lái)，試題設(shè)計(jì)者為每個(gè)空白處提供3-5個(gè)選擇先項(xiàng)，讓考生從中挑選出正確的答案。這樣既可達(dá)到所希望的測(cè)試目的，又可保證評(píng)分的客觀性。這種測(cè)試形式是目前國(guó)內(nèi)采用的最普遍的完形測(cè)試方式。英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試c級(jí)試卷中采用的就是這種題型。
選擇填空的題目設(shè)計(jì)并非拿一篇短文來(lái)隨便地去掉幾個(gè)詞。設(shè)計(jì)者遵循一定要求和準(zhǔn)則，以保證測(cè)試的效度和信度。首先，選文的頭一、兩句應(yīng)是完整的，不去掉任何詞，以幫助考生進(jìn)入語(yǔ)境。其次，原文的長(zhǎng)度一般在300詞左右，太長(zhǎng)或太短都不合適。為了達(dá)到測(cè)試目的，可以靈活掌握隔多少個(gè)單詞刪去一個(gè)詞，但是總體上要遵循每隔一定數(shù)目的單詞去掉一個(gè)詞這種原則。
二、選擇填空的測(cè)試點(diǎn)
根據(jù)等級(jí)考試大綱，選擇填空通常用由一篇300詞左右的短文組成。短文中留有20個(gè)空格，每個(gè)空格為一題。我們還注意到，職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試中刪詞的間隙較一般考試要大一些。這樣，題目就相對(duì)容易了一些。這是因?yàn)槠茐牡男畔⒘可倭?，所以恢?fù)起來(lái)也就相對(duì)而言容易一些。通過(guò)對(duì)樣題的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，補(bǔ)刪的詞幾乎涉及到所有詞類(lèi)，如動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、介詞、連詞、短語(yǔ)等等。
三、選擇填空的解題方法
表面上來(lái)年，選擇填空就是要求考生把每個(gè)句子中刪掉的詞給恢復(fù)出來(lái)。實(shí)際上，選擇填空不僅僅測(cè)試應(yīng)試者在句子水平上運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，它還測(cè)試應(yīng)試者在語(yǔ)篇水平上綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力。因?yàn)椋x擇填空中的填空是與文章的上下文有緊密聯(lián)系的，不是孤立的、不相關(guān)的。因此，要做好選擇填空題，必須首先通讀整篇文章，開(kāi)清文章的大意和邏輯關(guān)系，根據(jù)空格所在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)篇等信息，通過(guò)邏輯揄、對(duì)比等手段最后確定答案。尤其是運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)、搭配和語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)來(lái)確定答案。
請(qǐng)看這篇短文，文中有20處空白，每個(gè)空白處有4個(gè)選項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容從4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)答案。 television is the greatest communiction medium ever designed and operated by man. it sends into the human brain an -------- (36) amount of opinions and information and -------(37) moral and artistic standards for all of us. every minute of a television programme teaches us something. it is never a neutral (中立的)------- (38). for example, how and when public issues ar -------(40) how they are treated by the television networks in entertainment --------(41) news and public affairs programmes.
what the american people think about governemnt and politics in -------(42), ad wwell as a favorite candidate in ------ (43), is largely influenced by ------- (44).
unfortuNATely commercial television seldom ------- (45) anything of value to our lives. many americans express a deep hostility (故意)--------(46) television BECause they know most tv programmes are ------- (47) poor quality and that sometimes these programmes are ever ------- (48).
the question is : how can television be improved? there are many thins are ordinary ------- (49) can do. for example, he ----- (50) complain to his local tv stations about offensive aDVertising. he can ----- (51) citiaens groups to urge local tv stations to ----- (52) their programmes ----- (53), these groups should propose regular analysies of specific tv commercials and programmes by educators, doctors, etc. to ----- (54) the influence of these programmes on children and adults. television can be our most exciting medium if we just think about ----- (55) to improve it.
36. a endless g ending c ended d end
37. a finds b absorbs c sets d mends
38. a consequence b influence c result d purpose
39. a talked b handled c watched d noticed
40. a over b in c above d on
41. a as well as b also c but d together
42. a all b short c general d name
43. a particular b special c instance d individual
44. a entertainment b news c programmes d television
45. a damages b contributes c hands d takes
46. a toward b in c on d over
47. a with b in c of d among
48. a serious b harmful c attractive d long
49. a reader b participant c listener d viewer
50. a can b does c should dought to
51. a can b does c should d ought to
52. a call b gather c organize d make
53. a as a result b as a matter of fact c in contract din addition
54. a determine b refuse c involve d receive
55. a tracks b roads c easy d programmes
一、題型介紹
選擇填空又稱綜合填空或完形測(cè)試，它是目前較為滸的一種英語(yǔ)測(cè)試題型之一。
在我國(guó)其它的大規(guī)模英語(yǔ)考試中是一項(xiàng)必試項(xiàng)目。
選擇填空或完形測(cè)試的理論依據(jù)是完形心理學(xué)。這種理論的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為:人們?cè)谟^察物體形狀時(shí)，往往下意識(shí)地把不連貫的、窯的部分給補(bǔ)上，然后把它看成一個(gè)完整的形狀。把這種理論應(yīng)用到語(yǔ)言測(cè)試上，便出現(xiàn)了完形測(cè)試。這種試題設(shè)計(jì)程序?yàn)?命脈題人員首先選取一篇短文，然后每隔一定數(shù)目的單詞(一般為5-11個(gè))有規(guī)律地去掉一個(gè)詞，最后，讓考生填出去掉的那些詞，來(lái)測(cè)試他們的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力。
最初的這種完形測(cè)試方法是按固定比例來(lái)刪詞，后來(lái)又產(chǎn)生了幾種新的變體。一種是刪掉的詞僅限于某一類(lèi)語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，如動(dòng)詞、名詞、介詞等。這樣原來(lái)隔固定詞數(shù)刪詞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)僅做參考;另一種是把綜合填充和多項(xiàng)選擇結(jié)合起來(lái)，試題設(shè)計(jì)者為每個(gè)空白處提供3-5個(gè)選擇先項(xiàng)，讓考生從中挑選出正確的答案。這樣既可達(dá)到所希望的測(cè)試目的，又可保證評(píng)分的客觀性。這種測(cè)試形式是目前國(guó)內(nèi)采用的最普遍的完形測(cè)試方式。英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試c級(jí)試卷中采用的就是這種題型。
選擇填空的題目設(shè)計(jì)并非拿一篇短文來(lái)隨便地去掉幾個(gè)詞。設(shè)計(jì)者遵循一定要求和準(zhǔn)則，以保證測(cè)試的效度和信度。首先，選文的頭一、兩句應(yīng)是完整的，不去掉任何詞，以幫助考生進(jìn)入語(yǔ)境。其次，原文的長(zhǎng)度一般在300詞左右，太長(zhǎng)或太短都不合適。為了達(dá)到測(cè)試目的，可以靈活掌握隔多少個(gè)單詞刪去一個(gè)詞，但是總體上要遵循每隔一定數(shù)目的單詞去掉一個(gè)詞這種原則。
二、選擇填空的測(cè)試點(diǎn)
根據(jù)等級(jí)考試大綱，選擇填空通常用由一篇300詞左右的短文組成。短文中留有20個(gè)空格，每個(gè)空格為一題。我們還注意到，職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試中刪詞的間隙較一般考試要大一些。這樣，題目就相對(duì)容易了一些。這是因?yàn)槠茐牡男畔⒘可倭?，所以恢?fù)起來(lái)也就相對(duì)而言容易一些。通過(guò)對(duì)樣題的分析，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，補(bǔ)刪的詞幾乎涉及到所有詞類(lèi)，如動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、介詞、連詞、短語(yǔ)等等。
三、選擇填空的解題方法
表面上來(lái)年，選擇填空就是要求考生把每個(gè)句子中刪掉的詞給恢復(fù)出來(lái)。實(shí)際上，選擇填空不僅僅測(cè)試應(yīng)試者在句子水平上運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，它還測(cè)試應(yīng)試者在語(yǔ)篇水平上綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力。因?yàn)椋x擇填空中的填空是與文章的上下文有緊密聯(lián)系的，不是孤立的、不相關(guān)的。因此，要做好選擇填空題，必須首先通讀整篇文章，開(kāi)清文章的大意和邏輯關(guān)系，根據(jù)空格所在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)篇等信息，通過(guò)邏輯揄、對(duì)比等手段最后確定答案。尤其是運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)、搭配和語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)來(lái)確定答案。
請(qǐng)看這篇短文，文中有20處空白，每個(gè)空白處有4個(gè)選項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容從4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)答案。 television is the greatest communiction medium ever designed and operated by man. it sends into the human brain an -------- (36) amount of opinions and information and -------(37) moral and artistic standards for all of us. every minute of a television programme teaches us something. it is never a neutral (中立的)------- (38). for example, how and when public issues ar -------(40) how they are treated by the television networks in entertainment --------(41) news and public affairs programmes.
what the american people think about governemnt and politics in -------(42), ad wwell as a favorite candidate in ------ (43), is largely influenced by ------- (44).
unfortuNATely commercial television seldom ------- (45) anything of value to our lives. many americans express a deep hostility (故意)--------(46) television BECause they know most tv programmes are ------- (47) poor quality and that sometimes these programmes are ever ------- (48).
the question is : how can television be improved? there are many thins are ordinary ------- (49) can do. for example, he ----- (50) complain to his local tv stations about offensive aDVertising. he can ----- (51) citiaens groups to urge local tv stations to ----- (52) their programmes ----- (53), these groups should propose regular analysies of specific tv commercials and programmes by educators, doctors, etc. to ----- (54) the influence of these programmes on children and adults. television can be our most exciting medium if we just think about ----- (55) to improve it.
36. a endless g ending c ended d end
37. a finds b absorbs c sets d mends
38. a consequence b influence c result d purpose
39. a talked b handled c watched d noticed
40. a over b in c above d on
41. a as well as b also c but d together
42. a all b short c general d name
43. a particular b special c instance d individual
44. a entertainment b news c programmes d television
45. a damages b contributes c hands d takes
46. a toward b in c on d over
47. a with b in c of d among
48. a serious b harmful c attractive d long
49. a reader b participant c listener d viewer
50. a can b does c should dought to
51. a can b does c should d ought to
52. a call b gather c organize d make
53. a as a result b as a matter of fact c in contract din addition
54. a determine b refuse c involve d receive
55. a tracks b roads c easy d programmes