4. A good way of ridding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country—in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them.
4、使你自己擺脫某些教條主義的一種好方法是去了解與你不同的社會(huì)集團(tuán)所持的意見(jiàn)。我年輕時(shí)常居住在國(guó)外—在法國(guó)、德國(guó)、意大利和美國(guó)。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，這大大有助于消彌井蛙之見(jiàn)。如果你無(wú)法遠(yuǎn)行，那就找—些與你意見(jiàn)相左的人，讀一讀不屬于你們黨派的報(bào)紙。如果這些人和報(bào)紙看，上去瘋狂、荒謬和惡劣，那么請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝涯阕约?，在他們看?lái)，你可能也是如此。
5. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having different bias. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.
5、對(duì)于那些想象力豐富的人來(lái)說(shuō)，假設(shè)與觀點(diǎn)不同的人進(jìn)行辯論，不失為—種好方法。較之與對(duì)手進(jìn)行面對(duì)面的談話，這種方式有一個(gè)好處，可以說(shuō)是的好處：它不會(huì)受到時(shí)間和空間的限制。有時(shí)，由于這種假想的對(duì)話，結(jié)果，我真的改變了我的想法。而有時(shí)雖然未能真的改變看法，我也常發(fā)現(xiàn)自己因認(rèn)識(shí)到假想對(duì)手可能有道理而變得不那么武斷或自以為是了。
6. Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can resort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to all others. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some non-human mind. The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little comer of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jelly-fish.
6、對(duì)于那些迎合你自尊心的意見(jiàn)，要十分小心。無(wú)論男女，十有八九都確信自己這一睦別優(yōu)越。雙方都有充分的證據(jù)。如果你是個(gè)男人，你可以指出，大多數(shù)詩(shī)人和科學(xué)家是男性；如果你是個(gè)女人，你可以回敬說(shuō)，大多數(shù)的罪犯也是男的。這問(wèn)題本來(lái)就講不清楚，但是自尊心讓大多數(shù)人看不到這點(diǎn)。我們大家，不管來(lái)自世界何地，都相信自己的民族是秀的。鑒于每一個(gè)民族都有其固有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，我們常常試圖通過(guò)調(diào)整價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)?yè)P(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短，以便證明我們民族所具有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是真正重要的，而缺點(diǎn)則是相對(duì)不重要的。在這里，理智的人會(huì)再次承認(rèn)，這類問(wèn)題沒(méi)有一個(gè)明確的答案。而作為人類的人的自尊心則更難對(duì)付了，因?yàn)槲覀儾荒芡撤N非人類的觀點(diǎn)去進(jìn)行辯論，以求得結(jié)論。我所知道的處理這種人類普遍具有的自負(fù)的辦法是提醒我們自己：人類僅是宇宙一角中一個(gè)小行星的整個(gè)歷程中的一個(gè)短暫的插曲，也許，宇宙的其它地方可能有某種生物遠(yuǎn)勝于我們，就像我們遠(yuǎn)勝于水母一樣。
4、使你自己擺脫某些教條主義的一種好方法是去了解與你不同的社會(huì)集團(tuán)所持的意見(jiàn)。我年輕時(shí)常居住在國(guó)外—在法國(guó)、德國(guó)、意大利和美國(guó)。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，這大大有助于消彌井蛙之見(jiàn)。如果你無(wú)法遠(yuǎn)行，那就找—些與你意見(jiàn)相左的人，讀一讀不屬于你們黨派的報(bào)紙。如果這些人和報(bào)紙看，上去瘋狂、荒謬和惡劣，那么請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝涯阕约?，在他們看?lái)，你可能也是如此。
5. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having different bias. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.
5、對(duì)于那些想象力豐富的人來(lái)說(shuō)，假設(shè)與觀點(diǎn)不同的人進(jìn)行辯論，不失為—種好方法。較之與對(duì)手進(jìn)行面對(duì)面的談話，這種方式有一個(gè)好處，可以說(shuō)是的好處：它不會(huì)受到時(shí)間和空間的限制。有時(shí)，由于這種假想的對(duì)話，結(jié)果，我真的改變了我的想法。而有時(shí)雖然未能真的改變看法，我也常發(fā)現(xiàn)自己因認(rèn)識(shí)到假想對(duì)手可能有道理而變得不那么武斷或自以為是了。
6. Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can resort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to all others. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some non-human mind. The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little comer of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jelly-fish.
6、對(duì)于那些迎合你自尊心的意見(jiàn)，要十分小心。無(wú)論男女，十有八九都確信自己這一睦別優(yōu)越。雙方都有充分的證據(jù)。如果你是個(gè)男人，你可以指出，大多數(shù)詩(shī)人和科學(xué)家是男性；如果你是個(gè)女人，你可以回敬說(shuō)，大多數(shù)的罪犯也是男的。這問(wèn)題本來(lái)就講不清楚，但是自尊心讓大多數(shù)人看不到這點(diǎn)。我們大家，不管來(lái)自世界何地，都相信自己的民族是秀的。鑒于每一個(gè)民族都有其固有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，我們常常試圖通過(guò)調(diào)整價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)?yè)P(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短，以便證明我們民族所具有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是真正重要的，而缺點(diǎn)則是相對(duì)不重要的。在這里，理智的人會(huì)再次承認(rèn)，這類問(wèn)題沒(méi)有一個(gè)明確的答案。而作為人類的人的自尊心則更難對(duì)付了，因?yàn)槲覀儾荒芡撤N非人類的觀點(diǎn)去進(jìn)行辯論，以求得結(jié)論。我所知道的處理這種人類普遍具有的自負(fù)的辦法是提醒我們自己：人類僅是宇宙一角中一個(gè)小行星的整個(gè)歷程中的一個(gè)短暫的插曲，也許，宇宙的其它地方可能有某種生物遠(yuǎn)勝于我們，就像我們遠(yuǎn)勝于水母一樣。