2002年Text 4
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It’s like surgery," he says. "We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospitals, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."
56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .
[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain.
[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.
[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.
[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
A選項對應于文章第三段的第一句話"Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain"（近年來，醫(yī)生們一直在用這項原則，為自己替病?；颊咦⑸浯髣┝康膯岱孺?zhèn)痛的做法提供正當?shù)睦碛桑?，但是顯然選項與原文不符，用大劑量并不表示醫(yī)生們總是會增加劑量。C選項對應于文章第二段第一句話"Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect""（盡管裁決認為，憲法沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權利，然而法庭實際上卻認可了醫(yī)療界的"雙重效應"原則），這說明法院的態(tài)度至少不是強烈反對。D選項的對應信息同C選項，但是原文的意思是"憲法沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權利"，沒有提到"憲法沒有賦予病人自殺的權力"，因而也是錯誤選項。同樣，也很容易判斷B是正確選項。
[題目譯文]
從前三段，我們了解到
[A] 醫(yī)生過去通過增加劑量來減輕病人的痛苦
[B] 醫(yī)生幫助那些垂死的病人結(jié)束生病現(xiàn)在仍然是非法的
[C] 法院強烈反對醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺
[D] 病人沒有憲法賦予的自殺權力 2003年Text 1
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage-----spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.
The last revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the world wide web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. in 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at http://www.straitford.com/.
Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine." As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.
Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.
44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that
[A] Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true.
[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.
[C] Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability.
[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本文的對應信息在文章的第四段。A選項與原文意思相左，因為文章只說公司對烏克蘭的一場危機作了預測，并沒有說明預測內(nèi)容是否準確。B選項的表述過于絕對，而且文中也沒有說司特雷福公司保證其提供信息的絕對準確性。C選項關于公司的這一特點在文中并沒有提到，因而是錯誤的。D選項的表述是準確地，文中指出該公司是業(yè)界較為出色的一個，因而提供的信息比較可靠。
[題目譯文]
可以從第四段中了解到
[A] 司特雷福公司關于烏克蘭的預言被證明是正確的
[B] 司特雷福保證了其信息的真實性
[C] 司特雷福德業(yè)務具有不可預測的特點
[D] 司特雷福能夠提供相當可靠的信息 2003年Text 2
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing."One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes."Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers."Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable, way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is
[A] a well-known humanist.
[B] a medical practitioner.
[C] an enthusiast in animal rights.
[D] a supporter of animal research.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
Stephen Cooper出現(xiàn)在文章的最后一段，對他的描述是"who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research"（他對動物實驗的價值勇敢地進行了肯定），顯然他是支持動物研究的，答案為D。C選項與原文意思相反，而A、B對Cooper的身份定位都是原文沒有提到的。
[題目譯文]
從文中我們可以了解到，斯蒂芬·庫柏是
[A] 一個的人道主義者
[B] 一個行醫(yī)者
[C] 動物權利的熱心者
[D] 動物研究的支持者 2003年Text 3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the .2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
53．It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題的對應信息為文章第三段，可以一一與原文對應。首先，A選項對應于該段第二句話"The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company"（鐵路運輸業(yè)內(nèi)的大規(guī)模聯(lián)合意味著多數(shù)客戶只能接受一家公司的服務），選項A的意思正好與原文相反，因此是錯誤答案。B選項也與原文意思相左，因為文章只談及鐵路公司合并的趨勢和可能性，而選項的表述則太過絕對，認為全國只會剩一家鐵路公司，缺乏證據(jù)支持。D選項的表述則與原文無關。再看C選項，該段最后一句話指出"Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases"（如果客戶感到他們被多收費，他們有權上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的"陸路運輸局"以爭取價格下調(diào)。但這個過程耗財、耗時，并且只有在極端特殊的情況下才有作用），因此托運人即使被多收費也不大可能提出申述，因此C選項是正確答案。
[題目譯文]
從第三段中可以推斷出
[A] 如果沒有競爭對手，對托運人收費將會減少
[B] 全國很快就只剩下一家鐵路公司
[C] 那些交了過高費用的托運人不可能上訴要求減少收費
[D] 政府部門保證在鐵路競爭中實行公平競爭
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It’s like surgery," he says. "We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospitals, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."
56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .
[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain.
[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.
[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.
[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
A選項對應于文章第三段的第一句話"Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain"（近年來，醫(yī)生們一直在用這項原則，為自己替病?；颊咦⑸浯髣┝康膯岱孺?zhèn)痛的做法提供正當?shù)睦碛桑?，但是顯然選項與原文不符，用大劑量并不表示醫(yī)生們總是會增加劑量。C選項對應于文章第二段第一句話"Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect""（盡管裁決認為，憲法沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權利，然而法庭實際上卻認可了醫(yī)療界的"雙重效應"原則），這說明法院的態(tài)度至少不是強烈反對。D選項的對應信息同C選項，但是原文的意思是"憲法沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權利"，沒有提到"憲法沒有賦予病人自殺的權力"，因而也是錯誤選項。同樣，也很容易判斷B是正確選項。
[題目譯文]
從前三段，我們了解到
[A] 醫(yī)生過去通過增加劑量來減輕病人的痛苦
[B] 醫(yī)生幫助那些垂死的病人結(jié)束生病現(xiàn)在仍然是非法的
[C] 法院強烈反對醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺
[D] 病人沒有憲法賦予的自殺權力 2003年Text 1
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game" of espionage-----spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.
The last revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the world wide web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. in 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at http://www.straitford.com/.
Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine." As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.
Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.
44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that
[A] Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true.
[B] Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.
[C] Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability.
[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
本文的對應信息在文章的第四段。A選項與原文意思相左，因為文章只說公司對烏克蘭的一場危機作了預測，并沒有說明預測內(nèi)容是否準確。B選項的表述過于絕對，而且文中也沒有說司特雷福公司保證其提供信息的絕對準確性。C選項關于公司的這一特點在文中并沒有提到，因而是錯誤的。D選項的表述是準確地，文中指出該公司是業(yè)界較為出色的一個，因而提供的信息比較可靠。
[題目譯文]
可以從第四段中了解到
[A] 司特雷福公司關于烏克蘭的預言被證明是正確的
[B] 司特雷福保證了其信息的真實性
[C] 司特雷福德業(yè)務具有不可預測的特點
[D] 司特雷福能夠提供相當可靠的信息 2003年Text 2
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing."One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes."Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers."Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable, way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is
[A] a well-known humanist.
[B] a medical practitioner.
[C] an enthusiast in animal rights.
[D] a supporter of animal research.
[答案] D
[解題思路]
Stephen Cooper出現(xiàn)在文章的最后一段，對他的描述是"who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research"（他對動物實驗的價值勇敢地進行了肯定），顯然他是支持動物研究的，答案為D。C選項與原文意思相反，而A、B對Cooper的身份定位都是原文沒有提到的。
[題目譯文]
從文中我們可以了解到，斯蒂芬·庫柏是
[A] 一個的人道主義者
[B] 一個行醫(yī)者
[C] 動物權利的熱心者
[D] 動物研究的支持者 2003年Text 3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the .2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
53．It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business.
[答案] C
[解題思路]
本題的對應信息為文章第三段，可以一一與原文對應。首先，A選項對應于該段第二句話"The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company"（鐵路運輸業(yè)內(nèi)的大規(guī)模聯(lián)合意味著多數(shù)客戶只能接受一家公司的服務），選項A的意思正好與原文相反，因此是錯誤答案。B選項也與原文意思相左，因為文章只談及鐵路公司合并的趨勢和可能性，而選項的表述則太過絕對，認為全國只會剩一家鐵路公司，缺乏證據(jù)支持。D選項的表述則與原文無關。再看C選項，該段最后一句話指出"Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases"（如果客戶感到他們被多收費，他們有權上訴到聯(lián)邦政府的"陸路運輸局"以爭取價格下調(diào)。但這個過程耗財、耗時，并且只有在極端特殊的情況下才有作用），因此托運人即使被多收費也不大可能提出申述，因此C選項是正確答案。
[題目譯文]
從第三段中可以推斷出
[A] 如果沒有競爭對手，對托運人收費將會減少
[B] 全國很快就只剩下一家鐵路公司
[C] 那些交了過高費用的托運人不可能上訴要求減少收費
[D] 政府部門保證在鐵路競爭中實行公平競爭