I. Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485)
向現(xiàn)代英國的過渡(1455年-1485年)
The Wars of Rose
玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭
The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.
玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭是指，從1455年到1485年，以紅玫瑰為象征的蘭開斯特大家族和以白玫瑰為象征的約克家族之間戰(zhàn)爭的普遍接受的名稱。1485年，蘭開斯特家族的后代亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰(zhàn)役的勝利，建立了都鐸王朝。這些戰(zhàn)爭使英國的封建主義受到致命打擊，貴族階層受到了削弱。
II. The English Reformation
英國的宗教改革
Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed money.
最重要的是，亨利八世負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)行教會的宗教改革。改革原因有三個主要方面：改革教會的渴望已有多年，現(xiàn)在又受馬丁路德成功的鼓舞，許多人認(rèn)為時機(jī)已到；人們痛恨教職人員的威望和財富；亨利需要錢。
The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry's reforms was to get rid of the English Church's connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England's monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England.
改革以爭取離婚而開始，以脫離教皇而告終。亨利八世欲與阿拉貢的凱瑟琳離婚，但是教皇拒絕了。亨利改革的目的是擺脫英國教會與教皇的聯(lián)系，成立獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會。1529年至1534年間逐漸地與羅馬脫離了關(guān)系。他解散了所有英國的修道院和修女院，因?yàn)楹笳邔袒时葘τ鴩醺艺\。1534年的《繼位法》和1535年的《法案》使改革具有了可行性。1535年他獲"英格蘭教會首腦"之稱號。
Henry VIII's reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry's position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pope's power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards protestaintism.
改革的三大影響：亨利的改革強(qiáng)調(diào)了君主權(quán)力，自然加強(qiáng)了亨利的地位；議會以往從未做過如此漫長而重要的工作，自然其重要性也有所加強(qiáng)；他對教皇權(quán)力的打擊鼓舞許多人批評指責(zé)天主教會，并希望從天主教轉(zhuǎn)向新教。
向現(xiàn)代英國的過渡(1455年-1485年)
The Wars of Rose
玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭
The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.
玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭是指，從1455年到1485年，以紅玫瑰為象征的蘭開斯特大家族和以白玫瑰為象征的約克家族之間戰(zhàn)爭的普遍接受的名稱。1485年，蘭開斯特家族的后代亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰(zhàn)役的勝利，建立了都鐸王朝。這些戰(zhàn)爭使英國的封建主義受到致命打擊，貴族階層受到了削弱。
II. The English Reformation
英國的宗教改革
Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed money.
最重要的是，亨利八世負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)行教會的宗教改革。改革原因有三個主要方面：改革教會的渴望已有多年，現(xiàn)在又受馬丁路德成功的鼓舞，許多人認(rèn)為時機(jī)已到；人們痛恨教職人員的威望和財富；亨利需要錢。
The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry's reforms was to get rid of the English Church's connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England's monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England.
改革以爭取離婚而開始，以脫離教皇而告終。亨利八世欲與阿拉貢的凱瑟琳離婚，但是教皇拒絕了。亨利改革的目的是擺脫英國教會與教皇的聯(lián)系，成立獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會。1529年至1534年間逐漸地與羅馬脫離了關(guān)系。他解散了所有英國的修道院和修女院，因?yàn)楹笳邔袒时葘τ鴩醺艺\。1534年的《繼位法》和1535年的《法案》使改革具有了可行性。1535年他獲"英格蘭教會首腦"之稱號。
Henry VIII's reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry's position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pope's power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards protestaintism.
改革的三大影響：亨利的改革強(qiáng)調(diào)了君主權(quán)力，自然加強(qiáng)了亨利的地位；議會以往從未做過如此漫長而重要的工作，自然其重要性也有所加強(qiáng)；他對教皇權(quán)力的打擊鼓舞許多人批評指責(zé)天主教會，并希望從天主教轉(zhuǎn)向新教。