Dialogues /monologues:
1、 Brief Account of the history of China . ( 中國歷史簡述 )
Account ：在這里應(yīng)理解為“說明”的意思。
2、 China traces its origins as a clearly separate political and cultural unit to ancient times.
追溯到古代，中國是一個(gè)政治與文化劃分得很清楚的國家。
as ：在這里應(yīng)理解為“被看作”。
3、 The dominating class in the later dynasties was made up of scholar-officials, who were recruited to serve the government based on their intelligence and skills rather than their family background.
（ 1 ） make up of sth 由……組成。如：
Farming and mining make up most of the country's industry.
（ 2 ） rather than 與其（某人 / 某事），不愿，不要，不是。如：
It's management that's at fault rather than the work-force.
錯(cuò)在資方而不在勞方。
4、 Its downfall in 1911 led the country to be torn apart by warlords, civil war, and Japanese invasion for several decades.
tear sth apart ：徹底毀滅或擊敗某物，嚴(yán)厲地批評某事物。如：
The critics tore her new play to pieces. （劇評家們把她的新戲批評得一無是處。）
5、 Governor Arthur Phillip directed the ships carrying “transported” convicts and jailors into Jackson , to the north.
transported 在這里為過去分詞作定語，修飾 convicts and jailors. Passage:
Why study history?
I turned down the lights in my classroom and asked the students to close their eyes and, “Imagine you are at a beach on a sunny day.” With your mind's eye, look around you. You see the waves lapping at the shore. To your left you see children in colorful swimsuits building sand castles, laughing and splashing in the water. To the right you see a boat dock painted blue. Several small boats are tied to the dock. You are living in the present, observing your surroundings and feeling the warmth of the sun on your skin.
After spending some time sitting on the beach, you are becoming bored and hot, and you begin to think of the future. What do you want to do? How did you decide? Based on your past experience you know the water will be cool and refreshing, and playing in the waves will be fun, so you decide to go for a swim. Living in the present, you are making a plan for the future based on your knowledge of the past. The present, the future and the past are always tied together and are always with us.
It's getting later now, and the sun is beginning to set over the water. It is time to think about going home. You recall that you arrived at the beach on a boat and that you left the boat tied to the dock. You know how you will get home. This knowledge is comforting, and you decide to stay awhile longer and enjoy the sunset. As you can see, your decisions about the future are based on your knowledge of the past.
But, suddenly a spaceship falls from the sky knocking you unconscious . You awake with amnesia, remembering nothing of the past. You don't know why you are on a beach, where home is or how to get there. It's getting dark and you are frightened . You groaned in agony because your loss of the past means you are hopelessly lost in trying to cope with the future.
Relax. You will probably never be struck by a falling spaceship… and you will learn what you need to know about beaches and swimming and getting home from your own personal experience. But, how will you learn of important thing that you cannot experience for yourself? How will you learn of the larger world outside your own personal experience?
This is why we have schools, so you can learn from the experiences of others gathered over centuries of human experience. Without this knowledge, you would suffer from a kind of amnesia that would leave you lost when it comes to understanding important matters in you future. For example, why would foreign terrorists want to attack you and other Americans? Should the United States go to war with Iraq ? Should we try to stop global warming? Should we work for economic justice in the world? Should scientists be allowed to alter human genes ?
You live in a free society, in a democracy , where citizens are expected to help decide these kind of issues and—the truth is — citizens DO help decide important issues in our country. It was the people, not the government, that brought the Vietnam War to an end. It was the people who led the way in the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s; the government followed. The people of the United States , and their elected representatives, will decide if they can support a war against Iraq .
We all need knowledge from the past — whether it comes from personal experience or from studying history. It is our only guide to the future.
1、 Brief Account of the history of China . ( 中國歷史簡述 )
Account ：在這里應(yīng)理解為“說明”的意思。
2、 China traces its origins as a clearly separate political and cultural unit to ancient times.
追溯到古代，中國是一個(gè)政治與文化劃分得很清楚的國家。
as ：在這里應(yīng)理解為“被看作”。
3、 The dominating class in the later dynasties was made up of scholar-officials, who were recruited to serve the government based on their intelligence and skills rather than their family background.
（ 1 ） make up of sth 由……組成。如：
Farming and mining make up most of the country's industry.
（ 2 ） rather than 與其（某人 / 某事），不愿，不要，不是。如：
It's management that's at fault rather than the work-force.
錯(cuò)在資方而不在勞方。
4、 Its downfall in 1911 led the country to be torn apart by warlords, civil war, and Japanese invasion for several decades.
tear sth apart ：徹底毀滅或擊敗某物，嚴(yán)厲地批評某事物。如：
The critics tore her new play to pieces. （劇評家們把她的新戲批評得一無是處。）
5、 Governor Arthur Phillip directed the ships carrying “transported” convicts and jailors into Jackson , to the north.
transported 在這里為過去分詞作定語，修飾 convicts and jailors. Passage:
Why study history?
I turned down the lights in my classroom and asked the students to close their eyes and, “Imagine you are at a beach on a sunny day.” With your mind's eye, look around you. You see the waves lapping at the shore. To your left you see children in colorful swimsuits building sand castles, laughing and splashing in the water. To the right you see a boat dock painted blue. Several small boats are tied to the dock. You are living in the present, observing your surroundings and feeling the warmth of the sun on your skin.
After spending some time sitting on the beach, you are becoming bored and hot, and you begin to think of the future. What do you want to do? How did you decide? Based on your past experience you know the water will be cool and refreshing, and playing in the waves will be fun, so you decide to go for a swim. Living in the present, you are making a plan for the future based on your knowledge of the past. The present, the future and the past are always tied together and are always with us.
It's getting later now, and the sun is beginning to set over the water. It is time to think about going home. You recall that you arrived at the beach on a boat and that you left the boat tied to the dock. You know how you will get home. This knowledge is comforting, and you decide to stay awhile longer and enjoy the sunset. As you can see, your decisions about the future are based on your knowledge of the past.
But, suddenly a spaceship falls from the sky knocking you unconscious . You awake with amnesia, remembering nothing of the past. You don't know why you are on a beach, where home is or how to get there. It's getting dark and you are frightened . You groaned in agony because your loss of the past means you are hopelessly lost in trying to cope with the future.
Relax. You will probably never be struck by a falling spaceship… and you will learn what you need to know about beaches and swimming and getting home from your own personal experience. But, how will you learn of important thing that you cannot experience for yourself? How will you learn of the larger world outside your own personal experience?
This is why we have schools, so you can learn from the experiences of others gathered over centuries of human experience. Without this knowledge, you would suffer from a kind of amnesia that would leave you lost when it comes to understanding important matters in you future. For example, why would foreign terrorists want to attack you and other Americans? Should the United States go to war with Iraq ? Should we try to stop global warming? Should we work for economic justice in the world? Should scientists be allowed to alter human genes ?
You live in a free society, in a democracy , where citizens are expected to help decide these kind of issues and—the truth is — citizens DO help decide important issues in our country. It was the people, not the government, that brought the Vietnam War to an end. It was the people who led the way in the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s; the government followed. The people of the United States , and their elected representatives, will decide if they can support a war against Iraq .
We all need knowledge from the past — whether it comes from personal experience or from studying history. It is our only guide to the future.