四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義
一：時(shí)態(tài)：所謂的"時(shí)態(tài)"，就是時(shí)間+狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)見下表：
1．主動(dòng)形式
過(guò)去 現(xiàn)在 將來(lái) 過(guò)去將來(lái)
一般 did do will/shall do should/would do
進(jìn)行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /
完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣
完成進(jìn)行 had been doing have/has been doing / /
2．被動(dòng)形式
過(guò)去 現(xiàn)在 將來(lái) 過(guò)去將來(lái)
一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given
進(jìn)行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / /
完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given
完成進(jìn)行 / / /
v CET-4 ?？嫉娜N時(shí)態(tài)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)；將來(lái)完成時(shí)；（現(xiàn)在/過(guò)去）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
v 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中的時(shí)態(tài)：
一般過(guò)去時(shí) 所有的過(guò)去
用 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示 現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成和將來(lái)完成
一．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
一．不定式：
一）不定式的常考形式：
1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.
被動(dòng)形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.
語(yǔ)法功能： 表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生
2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.
被動(dòng)形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
語(yǔ)法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前
二）不定式常考的考點(diǎn)：
1）不定式做定語(yǔ)----將要發(fā)生
2）不定式做狀語(yǔ)----目的
3）不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能---To see is to believe.
三)不定式的省略
1)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel
+ do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；
+ doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見了"這個(gè)事實(shí))
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作）
v 感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原to
I ‘d like to have John do it.
I have my package weighed.
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.
3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do
force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do
be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do
五) 有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing形式
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.
三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，want不太常用。
He needs (a lot of) encouraging.
二. 動(dòng)名詞： 具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞
1)是名詞 seeing is believing
2)具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語(yǔ) starving troops is necessary.
一)動(dòng)名詞的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking.
完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.
被動(dòng)形式：This question is far from being settled.
二) 動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn)
1)動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)
2)在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞
3)動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過(guò)代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語(yǔ).
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也對(duì)）
I regret not having taken your advice.
4)有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說(shuō)法：
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...
5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。
I remembered to post the letters. (指未來(lái)/過(guò)去未來(lái)的動(dòng)作)
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
forgot與remember的用法類似。
I regret to inform you that… 我很遺憾地通知你…
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 為了"二十年前的離開"而遺憾。
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.
try –ing 試驗(yàn) Try practicing five hours a day.
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父親不讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味著]贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。
prefer的用法：
我寧愿在這里等。
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）
I prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）
I prefer swimming to cycling. （這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）
3 分詞：
現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài)
現(xiàn)在分詞的形式:
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生)
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前)
3)完成被動(dòng)形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng))
過(guò)去分詞
1) 過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fight no battle unprepared.
2)過(guò)去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做)
這三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。他們之間的一致關(guān)系——主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系?！《禾摂M三：虛擬語(yǔ)氣
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的可能性程度：must/can't à should/shouldn't à might/may (not)
另外兩個(gè)"類情態(tài)詞的形式："need/needn't; have to/don't have to
v 最自然的虛擬狀態(tài)：由should/would+原型時(shí)態(tài)（不含時(shí)間只含狀態(tài)）
本質(zhì)上是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：即，時(shí)間固定在過(guò)去將來(lái)，狀態(tài)不同：一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行。
這時(shí)"虛擬語(yǔ)氣"的產(chǎn)生往往是因?yàn)槲覀円磉_(dá)"本來(lái)應(yīng)該……"（而現(xiàn)在卻還沒有……）
（本來(lái)可以……，本來(lái)能……）
I should go! (… but I'm still here!) (一般)
I should be working now! (進(jìn)行)
I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)
我應(yīng)該多多練習(xí)！（言下之意，現(xiàn)在我練習(xí)得不多。）
I shouldn't dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)
(actually I did dream away my time too much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成進(jìn)行)
I may/might/could have finished! (完成)
一些常見的句型中，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而處于從句之中，should 常常被省略掉
o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;
o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;
o require, request;
o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他們的含義中包含"建議，假設(shè)，應(yīng)該"這類的含義，所以，由他們引起的從句中，就會(huì)包含有should+原型時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
這些動(dòng)詞（以及他們的名次考(試大形式，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形：
主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句
It's suggested that…
My suggestion is that…
The only suggestion that...
The only suggestion I can give you now is that…
一些形容詞引起的表語(yǔ)從句中，也會(huì)有同樣的情況
important; necessary; essential
It's natural ; strange; incredible that
a pity; a shame; no wonder
Ø 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用should
v 表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反
1. 與現(xiàn)在相反：使用[過(guò)去時(shí)]：
I wish I were not here! (一般現(xiàn)在à一般過(guò)去)
Suppose we were not here.
He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般現(xiàn)在à一般過(guò)去)
Hope I weren't always losing things! (現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行à過(guò)去進(jìn)行)
一：時(shí)態(tài)：所謂的"時(shí)態(tài)"，就是時(shí)間+狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)見下表：
1．主動(dòng)形式
過(guò)去 現(xiàn)在 將來(lái) 過(guò)去將來(lái)
一般 did do will/shall do should/would do
進(jìn)行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /
完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣
完成進(jìn)行 had been doing have/has been doing / /
2．被動(dòng)形式
過(guò)去 現(xiàn)在 將來(lái) 過(guò)去將來(lái)
一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given
進(jìn)行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / /
完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given
完成進(jìn)行 / / /
v CET-4 ?？嫉娜N時(shí)態(tài)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)；將來(lái)完成時(shí)；（現(xiàn)在/過(guò)去）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
v 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中的時(shí)態(tài)：
一般過(guò)去時(shí) 所有的過(guò)去
用 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示 現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成和將來(lái)完成
一．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
一．不定式：
一）不定式的常考形式：
1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.
被動(dòng)形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.
語(yǔ)法功能： 表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生
2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.
被動(dòng)形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
語(yǔ)法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前
二）不定式常考的考點(diǎn)：
1）不定式做定語(yǔ)----將要發(fā)生
2）不定式做狀語(yǔ)----目的
3）不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能---To see is to believe.
三)不定式的省略
1)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel
+ do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；
+ doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見了"這個(gè)事實(shí))
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作）
v 感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原to
I ‘d like to have John do it.
I have my package weighed.
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.
3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do
force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do
be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do
五) 有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing形式
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.
三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，want不太常用。
He needs (a lot of) encouraging.
二. 動(dòng)名詞： 具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞
1)是名詞 seeing is believing
2)具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語(yǔ) starving troops is necessary.
一)動(dòng)名詞的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking.
完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.
被動(dòng)形式：This question is far from being settled.
二) 動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn)
1)動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)
2)在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞
3)動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過(guò)代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語(yǔ).
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也對(duì)）
I regret not having taken your advice.
4)有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說(shuō)法：
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...
5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。
I remembered to post the letters. (指未來(lái)/過(guò)去未來(lái)的動(dòng)作)
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
forgot與remember的用法類似。
I regret to inform you that… 我很遺憾地通知你…
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 為了"二十年前的離開"而遺憾。
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.
try –ing 試驗(yàn) Try practicing five hours a day.
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父親不讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味著]贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。
prefer的用法：
我寧愿在這里等。
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）
I prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）
I prefer swimming to cycling. （這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）
3 分詞：
現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài)
現(xiàn)在分詞的形式:
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生)
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前)
3)完成被動(dòng)形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng))
過(guò)去分詞
1) 過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fight no battle unprepared.
2)過(guò)去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做)
這三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。他們之間的一致關(guān)系——主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系?！《禾摂M三：虛擬語(yǔ)氣
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的可能性程度：must/can't à should/shouldn't à might/may (not)
另外兩個(gè)"類情態(tài)詞的形式："need/needn't; have to/don't have to
v 最自然的虛擬狀態(tài)：由should/would+原型時(shí)態(tài)（不含時(shí)間只含狀態(tài)）
本質(zhì)上是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：即，時(shí)間固定在過(guò)去將來(lái)，狀態(tài)不同：一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行。
這時(shí)"虛擬語(yǔ)氣"的產(chǎn)生往往是因?yàn)槲覀円磉_(dá)"本來(lái)應(yīng)該……"（而現(xiàn)在卻還沒有……）
（本來(lái)可以……，本來(lái)能……）
I should go! (… but I'm still here!) (一般)
I should be working now! (進(jìn)行)
I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)
我應(yīng)該多多練習(xí)！（言下之意，現(xiàn)在我練習(xí)得不多。）
I shouldn't dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)
(actually I did dream away my time too much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成進(jìn)行)
I may/might/could have finished! (完成)
一些常見的句型中，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而處于從句之中，should 常常被省略掉
o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;
o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;
o require, request;
o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他們的含義中包含"建議，假設(shè)，應(yīng)該"這類的含義，所以，由他們引起的從句中，就會(huì)包含有should+原型時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
這些動(dòng)詞（以及他們的名次考(試大形式，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形：
主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句
It's suggested that…
My suggestion is that…
The only suggestion that...
The only suggestion I can give you now is that…
一些形容詞引起的表語(yǔ)從句中，也會(huì)有同樣的情況
important; necessary; essential
It's natural ; strange; incredible that
a pity; a shame; no wonder
Ø 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用should
v 表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反
1. 與現(xiàn)在相反：使用[過(guò)去時(shí)]：
I wish I were not here! (一般現(xiàn)在à一般過(guò)去)
Suppose we were not here.
He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般現(xiàn)在à一般過(guò)去)
Hope I weren't always losing things! (現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行à過(guò)去進(jìn)行)