GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE國(guó)際貿(mào)易指南
While the terms of sale in international business often sound similar to those commonly used in domestic contracts, they often have different meanings. Confusion over these terms can result in a lost sale or a financial loss on a sale. Thus, it is essential that you understand what terms you are agreeing to before you finalize a contract.
雖然在國(guó)際商務(wù)中所使用的銷售條件和國(guó)內(nèi)合同中通常所用的銷售條件聽(tīng)起來(lái)很相似，但是它們的含義往往不同?；煜@些條件可能會(huì)喪失銷售機(jī)會(huì)或者導(dǎo)致銷售出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。因此，在敲定合同之前，理解你所用意的條件是至關(guān)重要的。
Incoterms 2000
By the 1920s, commercial traders developed a set of trade terms to describe their rights and liabilities with regard to the sale and transport of goods. These trade terms consisted of short abbreviations for lengthy contract provisions. Unfortunately, there was no uniform interpretation of them in all countries, and therefore misunderstandings often arose in cross-border transactions.
To improve this aspect of international trade, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Paris developed INCOTERMS (International Commercial TERMS), a set of uniform rules or the interpretation of international commercial terms defining the costs, risks, and obligations of buyers and sellers in international transactions. First published in 1936, these rules have been periodically revised to account for changing modes of transport and document delivery. The current version is Incoterms 2000.
《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》
20世紀(jì)20年代，商人們開(kāi)發(fā)了一套用于說(shuō)明他們?cè)谪浳镤N售和運(yùn)輸中權(quán)利和義務(wù)的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)。這些貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)由代表冗長(zhǎng)合同條款的簡(jiǎn)短縮寫構(gòu)成。不幸的是，這些術(shù)語(yǔ)在不同的國(guó)家沒(méi)有同意的解釋，因此，在跨國(guó)境貿(mào)易中，常常出現(xiàn)誤解。
為了對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的這一領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，設(shè)在巴黎的國(guó)際商會(huì)（ICC）開(kāi)發(fā)了一套用于解釋確定國(guó)交儀中買賣雙方費(fèi)用、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和責(zé)任的統(tǒng)一規(guī)則——國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則。該通則初版于1936，定期進(jìn)行修訂以反映運(yùn)輸和單據(jù)交付方式的變化?，F(xiàn)行的版本為《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》。
Use of Incoterms
Incoterms are not implied into contracts for the sale of goods. If you desire to use Incoterms, you must specifically include them in your contract. Further, your contract should expressly refer to the rules of interpretation as defined in the latest revision of Incoterms, for example, Incoterms 2000, and you should ensure the proper application of the terms by additional contract provisions. Also, Incoterms are not “l(fā)aws”. In case of a dispute, courts and arbitrators will look at: 1) the sales contract, 2) who has possession of the goods, and 3) what payment, if any, has been made. See International Contracts, also by World Trade Press.
《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》的使用
國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則并非暗含在貨物銷售合同中。如果想采用國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則，必須特地將其寫進(jìn)合同中。而且合同應(yīng)該明確援引國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的最新修訂本，如《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》中確定的解釋規(guī)則。此外，還應(yīng)該通過(guò)附加的合同條款確保這些術(shù)語(yǔ)的正確應(yīng)用。而且，國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則不是“法律”。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)糾紛時(shí)，法院和仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)將考察：（1）銷售合同；（2）誰(shuí)擁有貨物；（3）如果有的話，進(jìn)行了哪些支付。參見(jiàn)世界貿(mào)易出版社出版的《國(guó)際貿(mào)易》一書。
Illustrated Guide to Incoterms
This guide was designed to give a graphic representation of the buyer‘s and seller’s risks and costs under each Incoterm. The material on each facing page gives a summary of seller and buyer responsibilities.
《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》圖解指南
本指南旨在給出每個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)下買賣雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用的圖解說(shuō)明。每頁(yè)上的材料概括了買賣雙方的責(zé)任。
【說(shuō)明】原書內(nèi)容有圖解說(shuō)明，但由于文檔制作和論壇結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題，省略圖解，稍微影響對(duì)內(nèi)容的深入理解，但不會(huì)造成大的妨礙[魂之利刃注]。
Organization of Incoterms
Incoterms are grouped into four categories:
1. The “E” term (EXW) – The only term where the seller/exporter makes the goods available at his or her own premises to the buyer/importer.
2. The “F” terms (FCA, FAS, and FOB) – Terms where the seller/ exporter is responsible to deliver the goods to a carrier named by the buyer.
3. The “C” terms (CFR, CIF, CPT and CIP) – Terms where the seller/exporter/manufacturer is responsible for contracting and paying for carriage of the goods, but not responsible for additional costs or risk of loss or damages to the goods once they have been shipped. C terms evidence “shipment” (as opposed to “arrival”) contracts.
4. The “D” terms (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP) – Terms whrer the seller/exporter/manufacturer is responsible for all costs and risks associated with bringing the goods to the place of destination. D terms evidence “arrival” contracts.
國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的結(jié)構(gòu)
國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則分為四大類型：
1． E組術(shù)語(yǔ)（EXW）— 的賣方/出口商在其場(chǎng)所將貨物交付買方/進(jìn)口商的術(shù)語(yǔ)。
2． F組術(shù)語(yǔ)（FCA、FAS、和 FOB）—賣方/出口商負(fù)責(zé)將貨物交付買方指定承運(yùn)人的術(shù)語(yǔ)。
3． C組術(shù)語(yǔ)（CFR、CIF、CPT和 CIP）—賣方/出口商/制造商負(fù)責(zé)訂立運(yùn)輸合同并支付運(yùn)費(fèi)，但不負(fù)責(zé)裝船后的額外費(fèi)用、損失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和貨物損壞。C組術(shù)語(yǔ)用于表明“裝運(yùn)”（而不是“到達(dá)”）合同。
4． D組術(shù)語(yǔ)（DAF、DES、DEQ、DDU、和DDP）—賣方/出口商/制造商負(fù)責(zé)將貨物運(yùn)抵目的地的所有費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。C組術(shù)語(yǔ)用于表明“到達(dá)”合同。
Mode of transport
Not all Incoterms are appropriate for all modes of transport. Some terms were designed with sea vessels in mind while others were designed to be applicable to all modes. The following table set out which terms appropriate for each mode of transport.
運(yùn)輸方式
不是所有的國(guó)際貿(mào)易屬于都適合所有的運(yùn)輸方式。某些術(shù)語(yǔ)在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)就是準(zhǔn)備用于海輪運(yùn)輸，而有些術(shù)語(yǔ)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)是準(zhǔn)備用于所有運(yùn)輸方式。下表列出了每種運(yùn)輸方式適用的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)[略]。
Helpful Definitions
Pre-carriage – The initial transport of goods from the seller‘s premises to the mail port of shipment. Usually by truck, rail or on inland waterways.
前程運(yùn)輸 — 從賣方地點(diǎn)到主裝運(yùn)港的最初運(yùn)輸。通常通過(guò)卡車、鐵路或內(nèi)河水路進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。
Main carriage – The primary transport of goods, generally for the longest part of the journey and generally from on country to another. Usually by sea vessel or by airplane, but can be by truck or rail as well.
主運(yùn)輸 — 主要的貨物運(yùn)輸，通常航程最長(zhǎng)，而且通常是從一個(gè)國(guó)家到另一個(gè)國(guó)家。一般通過(guò)海輪或飛機(jī)進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸，也可以通過(guò)卡車或鐵路進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。
On-carriage – Transport from the port of arrival in the country of destination to the buyer‘s premises. Usually by truck, rail or inland waterways.
轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)輸 — 從目的國(guó)的到達(dá)港到賣方地點(diǎn)的運(yùn)輸。通常通過(guò)卡車、鐵路或內(nèi)河水路進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。
Notes on Incoterms
國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的注釋
1. Underlying Contract – Incoterms were designed to be used within the context of a written contract for the sale of goods. Incoterms, therefore, refer to the contract of sale, rather than the contract of carriage of the goods. Buyers and sellers should specify that their contract be governed by Incoterms 2000.
1． 管轄合同 — 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則在設(shè)計(jì)上是用于書面的貨物銷售合同的。所以，國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則援引銷售合同而非貨物運(yùn)輸合同。買賣雙方應(yīng)該明確他們的合同受《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》管轄。
2. EXW and FCA – If you buy Ex Works or Free Carrier you will need to arrange for the contract of carriage. Also, since the shipper will not receive a bill of lading, using a letter of credit requiring a bill of lading will not be possible.
2． EXW和FCA — 如果你以EXW或FCA購(gòu)買商品，你需要商定運(yùn)輸合同。而且，由于托運(yùn)人不接受提單，使用要求提供提單的信用證是不可能的。
3. EDI: Electric Data Interchange – It is increasingly common for seller to prepare and transmit documents electronically. Incoterms provides for EDI so long as buyers and sellers agree on their use in the sales contract.
3． 電子數(shù)據(jù)交換 — 賣方采用電子方式填寫和傳遞文件已經(jīng)變得越來(lái)越普遍。國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則對(duì)電子數(shù)據(jù)交換已經(jīng)作出了規(guī)定，只要買賣雙方在銷售合同中同意采用即可。
4. Insurable Interest – Note that in many cases either the buyer or the seller is not obligated to provide insurance. In a number of cases neither party is obligated to provide insurance. However, both the seller and buyer should be aware that they may have insurable interest in the goods and prudence dictates purchase of insurance coverage.
4． 可保利益 — 注意，在多數(shù)情況下，不是買方就是賣方?jīng)]有辦理保險(xiǎn)的義務(wù)。在許多情況下，任何一方都沒(méi)有辦理保險(xiǎn)的義務(wù)。然而買賣雙方應(yīng)該明白，他們?cè)谪浳锷嫌锌杀＠娲嬖冢谥?jǐn)慎原則要購(gòu)買保險(xiǎn)。
5. Customs of the Port or Trade – Incoterms are an attempt to standardize trade terms for all nations and all trades. However, different ports and different trades have their own customs and practices. It is best if specific customs and practices are specified in the sale contract.
5． 港口或行業(yè)習(xí)慣 — 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則試圖對(duì)所有國(guó)家和所有行業(yè)的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)實(shí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。然而不同的港口和不同的行業(yè)都有它們自己的習(xí)慣和做法。在銷售合同中明確這些具體的習(xí)慣和做法
6. Precise Point of Delivery – In some cases it may not be possible for the buyer to name the precise point of delivery at contract. However, if the buyer does not do so in a timely manner, it may give the seller the option to make delivery within a range of places that is within the terms of the contract. For example, the original terms of sale may state CFR Port of Rotterdam. The Port of Rotterdam is huge an the buyer may find that a particular point within the port is best and should so state in the sales contract and in the trade term. Also, since the buyer becomes liable for the goods once they arrive, he or she may be responsible for unloading, storage and other charges once the goods have been made available at the place named.
6． 準(zhǔn)確的交貨地點(diǎn) — 在某些情況下，要求買方在合同中指定準(zhǔn)確的交貨地點(diǎn)是不可能的。但是，如果買方不及時(shí)指定準(zhǔn)確交貨地點(diǎn)，賣方就有權(quán)在合同條款規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)的多個(gè)地點(diǎn)交貨。例如，原銷售條款可能規(guī)定CFR鹿特丹港。鹿特丹港很大，而且買方可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，該港口某特定地點(diǎn)是的，那么就應(yīng)該在銷售合同和貿(mào)易條件中加以說(shuō)明。而且，由于一旦貨物到達(dá)，買方就應(yīng)對(duì)貨物負(fù)責(zé)。一旦貨物在指定地點(diǎn)交付以后，他或她可能要負(fù)責(zé)卸貨、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)和其他費(fèi)用。
7. Export and Import Customs Clearance – It is usually desirable that export customs formalities be handled by the seller and import customs formalities be handled by the buyer. However, some trade terms require that the buyer handle export formalities and others require that the seller handle import formalities. In each case the buyer and seller will have to assume risk from export and import restrictions and prohibitions. In some cases foreign exporters may not be able to obtain import licenses in the country of import. This should be researched before accepting final terms.
7． 出口和進(jìn)口清關(guān) — 出口海關(guān)手續(xù)有賣方辦理，進(jìn)口海關(guān)手續(xù)由買方辦理是最理想的。然而，某些貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)要求買方辦理出口手續(xù)，另外一些術(shù)語(yǔ)要求賣方辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)。在每種情況下，買方和賣方將不得不承擔(dān)來(lái)自進(jìn)出口限制和禁令的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在某些情況下，外國(guó)出口商可能無(wú)法從進(jìn)口國(guó)取得進(jìn)口許可證。在接受最終的條件之前，應(yīng)該對(duì)這一點(diǎn)進(jìn)行研究。
8. Added Wording – It is possible, and in many cases desirable, that the seller and buyer agree to additional wording to an Incoterm. For example, if the seller agrees to DDP terms, agreeing to pay for customs formalities and import duties, but not for VAT (value Added Taxes) the term “DDP VAT Unpaid” may be used.
8． 附加措辭 — 買賣雙方有可能同意在國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)上附加一些措辭，這在許多情況下是比較理想的。例如，如果賣方同意采用DDP條件，同意支付海關(guān)手續(xù)費(fèi)和進(jìn)口關(guān)稅，但不支付增值稅，就可以使用“DDP增值稅未付”條件。
9. Packing – It is the responsibility of the seller to provide packaging unless the goods shipped are customarily shipped in bulk (usually commodities such as oil or grain). In most situations it is best if the buyer and seller agree in the sales contract on the type and extent of packing required. However, it may not be possible to know beforehand the type or duration of transport. As a result, it is the responsibility of the seller to provide for safe and appropriate packaging, but only to the extent that the buyer has made the circumstances of the transport known to the seller beforehand.
If the seller is responsible for packing goods in an ocean or air freight container it is also his responsibility to pack the container properly to withstand shipment.
10. Inspection – These are several issues related to inspections: a) the seller is responsible for costs of inspection to make certain the quantity and quality of the shipment is in conformity with the sales contract, b) pre-shipment inspections as required by the export authority are the responsibility of the party responsible for export formalities, c) import inspections as required by the import authority are the responsibility of the party responsible for import formalities, and d) third-party inspections for independent verification of quality and quantity (if required) are generally the responsibility of the buyer. The buyer may require such and inspection and inspection document as a condition of payment.
10． 檢驗(yàn) — 下面是與檢驗(yàn)有關(guān)的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：（a）賣方負(fù)責(zé)確定發(fā)送貨物與銷售合同規(guī)定的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量一致的檢驗(yàn)費(fèi)用；（b）出口國(guó)*規(guī)定的裝船前檢驗(yàn)由辦理出口手續(xù)的一方當(dāng)事人負(fù)責(zé)；（c）進(jìn)口國(guó)*規(guī)定的進(jìn)口檢驗(yàn)由辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)的一方當(dāng)事人負(fù)責(zé)；（d）為獨(dú)立地確定質(zhì)量和數(shù)量的第三方檢驗(yàn)（如果需要的話）通常由買方負(fù)責(zé)。買方可能要求把此類檢驗(yàn)和檢驗(yàn)證書作為付款的條件。
11. Passing of Risks and Costs – The general rule is that risks and costs pass from the seller to the buyer once the seller has delivered the goods to the point and place named in the trade term.
11． 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用的轉(zhuǎn)移 — 通常的規(guī)則是，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用自賣方將貨物交付到貿(mào)易條件指定地點(diǎn)是從賣方轉(zhuǎn)移給買方。
While the terms of sale in international business often sound similar to those commonly used in domestic contracts, they often have different meanings. Confusion over these terms can result in a lost sale or a financial loss on a sale. Thus, it is essential that you understand what terms you are agreeing to before you finalize a contract.
雖然在國(guó)際商務(wù)中所使用的銷售條件和國(guó)內(nèi)合同中通常所用的銷售條件聽(tīng)起來(lái)很相似，但是它們的含義往往不同?；煜@些條件可能會(huì)喪失銷售機(jī)會(huì)或者導(dǎo)致銷售出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。因此，在敲定合同之前，理解你所用意的條件是至關(guān)重要的。
Incoterms 2000
By the 1920s, commercial traders developed a set of trade terms to describe their rights and liabilities with regard to the sale and transport of goods. These trade terms consisted of short abbreviations for lengthy contract provisions. Unfortunately, there was no uniform interpretation of them in all countries, and therefore misunderstandings often arose in cross-border transactions.
To improve this aspect of international trade, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Paris developed INCOTERMS (International Commercial TERMS), a set of uniform rules or the interpretation of international commercial terms defining the costs, risks, and obligations of buyers and sellers in international transactions. First published in 1936, these rules have been periodically revised to account for changing modes of transport and document delivery. The current version is Incoterms 2000.
《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》
20世紀(jì)20年代，商人們開(kāi)發(fā)了一套用于說(shuō)明他們?cè)谪浳镤N售和運(yùn)輸中權(quán)利和義務(wù)的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)。這些貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)由代表冗長(zhǎng)合同條款的簡(jiǎn)短縮寫構(gòu)成。不幸的是，這些術(shù)語(yǔ)在不同的國(guó)家沒(méi)有同意的解釋，因此，在跨國(guó)境貿(mào)易中，常常出現(xiàn)誤解。
為了對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的這一領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，設(shè)在巴黎的國(guó)際商會(huì)（ICC）開(kāi)發(fā)了一套用于解釋確定國(guó)交儀中買賣雙方費(fèi)用、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和責(zé)任的統(tǒng)一規(guī)則——國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則。該通則初版于1936，定期進(jìn)行修訂以反映運(yùn)輸和單據(jù)交付方式的變化?，F(xiàn)行的版本為《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》。
Use of Incoterms
Incoterms are not implied into contracts for the sale of goods. If you desire to use Incoterms, you must specifically include them in your contract. Further, your contract should expressly refer to the rules of interpretation as defined in the latest revision of Incoterms, for example, Incoterms 2000, and you should ensure the proper application of the terms by additional contract provisions. Also, Incoterms are not “l(fā)aws”. In case of a dispute, courts and arbitrators will look at: 1) the sales contract, 2) who has possession of the goods, and 3) what payment, if any, has been made. See International Contracts, also by World Trade Press.
《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》的使用
國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則并非暗含在貨物銷售合同中。如果想采用國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則，必須特地將其寫進(jìn)合同中。而且合同應(yīng)該明確援引國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的最新修訂本，如《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》中確定的解釋規(guī)則。此外，還應(yīng)該通過(guò)附加的合同條款確保這些術(shù)語(yǔ)的正確應(yīng)用。而且，國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則不是“法律”。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)糾紛時(shí)，法院和仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)將考察：（1）銷售合同；（2）誰(shuí)擁有貨物；（3）如果有的話，進(jìn)行了哪些支付。參見(jiàn)世界貿(mào)易出版社出版的《國(guó)際貿(mào)易》一書。
Illustrated Guide to Incoterms
This guide was designed to give a graphic representation of the buyer‘s and seller’s risks and costs under each Incoterm. The material on each facing page gives a summary of seller and buyer responsibilities.
《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》圖解指南
本指南旨在給出每個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)下買賣雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用的圖解說(shuō)明。每頁(yè)上的材料概括了買賣雙方的責(zé)任。
【說(shuō)明】原書內(nèi)容有圖解說(shuō)明，但由于文檔制作和論壇結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題，省略圖解，稍微影響對(duì)內(nèi)容的深入理解，但不會(huì)造成大的妨礙[魂之利刃注]。
Organization of Incoterms
Incoterms are grouped into four categories:
1. The “E” term (EXW) – The only term where the seller/exporter makes the goods available at his or her own premises to the buyer/importer.
2. The “F” terms (FCA, FAS, and FOB) – Terms where the seller/ exporter is responsible to deliver the goods to a carrier named by the buyer.
3. The “C” terms (CFR, CIF, CPT and CIP) – Terms where the seller/exporter/manufacturer is responsible for contracting and paying for carriage of the goods, but not responsible for additional costs or risk of loss or damages to the goods once they have been shipped. C terms evidence “shipment” (as opposed to “arrival”) contracts.
4. The “D” terms (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP) – Terms whrer the seller/exporter/manufacturer is responsible for all costs and risks associated with bringing the goods to the place of destination. D terms evidence “arrival” contracts.
國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的結(jié)構(gòu)
國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則分為四大類型：
1． E組術(shù)語(yǔ)（EXW）— 的賣方/出口商在其場(chǎng)所將貨物交付買方/進(jìn)口商的術(shù)語(yǔ)。
2． F組術(shù)語(yǔ)（FCA、FAS、和 FOB）—賣方/出口商負(fù)責(zé)將貨物交付買方指定承運(yùn)人的術(shù)語(yǔ)。
3． C組術(shù)語(yǔ)（CFR、CIF、CPT和 CIP）—賣方/出口商/制造商負(fù)責(zé)訂立運(yùn)輸合同并支付運(yùn)費(fèi)，但不負(fù)責(zé)裝船后的額外費(fèi)用、損失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和貨物損壞。C組術(shù)語(yǔ)用于表明“裝運(yùn)”（而不是“到達(dá)”）合同。
4． D組術(shù)語(yǔ)（DAF、DES、DEQ、DDU、和DDP）—賣方/出口商/制造商負(fù)責(zé)將貨物運(yùn)抵目的地的所有費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。C組術(shù)語(yǔ)用于表明“到達(dá)”合同。
Mode of transport
Not all Incoterms are appropriate for all modes of transport. Some terms were designed with sea vessels in mind while others were designed to be applicable to all modes. The following table set out which terms appropriate for each mode of transport.
運(yùn)輸方式
不是所有的國(guó)際貿(mào)易屬于都適合所有的運(yùn)輸方式。某些術(shù)語(yǔ)在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)就是準(zhǔn)備用于海輪運(yùn)輸，而有些術(shù)語(yǔ)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)是準(zhǔn)備用于所有運(yùn)輸方式。下表列出了每種運(yùn)輸方式適用的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)[略]。
Helpful Definitions
Pre-carriage – The initial transport of goods from the seller‘s premises to the mail port of shipment. Usually by truck, rail or on inland waterways.
前程運(yùn)輸 — 從賣方地點(diǎn)到主裝運(yùn)港的最初運(yùn)輸。通常通過(guò)卡車、鐵路或內(nèi)河水路進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。
Main carriage – The primary transport of goods, generally for the longest part of the journey and generally from on country to another. Usually by sea vessel or by airplane, but can be by truck or rail as well.
主運(yùn)輸 — 主要的貨物運(yùn)輸，通常航程最長(zhǎng)，而且通常是從一個(gè)國(guó)家到另一個(gè)國(guó)家。一般通過(guò)海輪或飛機(jī)進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸，也可以通過(guò)卡車或鐵路進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。
On-carriage – Transport from the port of arrival in the country of destination to the buyer‘s premises. Usually by truck, rail or inland waterways.
轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)輸 — 從目的國(guó)的到達(dá)港到賣方地點(diǎn)的運(yùn)輸。通常通過(guò)卡車、鐵路或內(nèi)河水路進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。
Notes on Incoterms
國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的注釋
1. Underlying Contract – Incoterms were designed to be used within the context of a written contract for the sale of goods. Incoterms, therefore, refer to the contract of sale, rather than the contract of carriage of the goods. Buyers and sellers should specify that their contract be governed by Incoterms 2000.
1． 管轄合同 — 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則在設(shè)計(jì)上是用于書面的貨物銷售合同的。所以，國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則援引銷售合同而非貨物運(yùn)輸合同。買賣雙方應(yīng)該明確他們的合同受《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》管轄。
2. EXW and FCA – If you buy Ex Works or Free Carrier you will need to arrange for the contract of carriage. Also, since the shipper will not receive a bill of lading, using a letter of credit requiring a bill of lading will not be possible.
2． EXW和FCA — 如果你以EXW或FCA購(gòu)買商品，你需要商定運(yùn)輸合同。而且，由于托運(yùn)人不接受提單，使用要求提供提單的信用證是不可能的。
3. EDI: Electric Data Interchange – It is increasingly common for seller to prepare and transmit documents electronically. Incoterms provides for EDI so long as buyers and sellers agree on their use in the sales contract.
3． 電子數(shù)據(jù)交換 — 賣方采用電子方式填寫和傳遞文件已經(jīng)變得越來(lái)越普遍。國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則對(duì)電子數(shù)據(jù)交換已經(jīng)作出了規(guī)定，只要買賣雙方在銷售合同中同意采用即可。
4. Insurable Interest – Note that in many cases either the buyer or the seller is not obligated to provide insurance. In a number of cases neither party is obligated to provide insurance. However, both the seller and buyer should be aware that they may have insurable interest in the goods and prudence dictates purchase of insurance coverage.
4． 可保利益 — 注意，在多數(shù)情況下，不是買方就是賣方?jīng)]有辦理保險(xiǎn)的義務(wù)。在許多情況下，任何一方都沒(méi)有辦理保險(xiǎn)的義務(wù)。然而買賣雙方應(yīng)該明白，他們?cè)谪浳锷嫌锌杀＠娲嬖冢谥?jǐn)慎原則要購(gòu)買保險(xiǎn)。
5. Customs of the Port or Trade – Incoterms are an attempt to standardize trade terms for all nations and all trades. However, different ports and different trades have their own customs and practices. It is best if specific customs and practices are specified in the sale contract.
5． 港口或行業(yè)習(xí)慣 — 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則試圖對(duì)所有國(guó)家和所有行業(yè)的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)實(shí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。然而不同的港口和不同的行業(yè)都有它們自己的習(xí)慣和做法。在銷售合同中明確這些具體的習(xí)慣和做法
6. Precise Point of Delivery – In some cases it may not be possible for the buyer to name the precise point of delivery at contract. However, if the buyer does not do so in a timely manner, it may give the seller the option to make delivery within a range of places that is within the terms of the contract. For example, the original terms of sale may state CFR Port of Rotterdam. The Port of Rotterdam is huge an the buyer may find that a particular point within the port is best and should so state in the sales contract and in the trade term. Also, since the buyer becomes liable for the goods once they arrive, he or she may be responsible for unloading, storage and other charges once the goods have been made available at the place named.
6． 準(zhǔn)確的交貨地點(diǎn) — 在某些情況下，要求買方在合同中指定準(zhǔn)確的交貨地點(diǎn)是不可能的。但是，如果買方不及時(shí)指定準(zhǔn)確交貨地點(diǎn)，賣方就有權(quán)在合同條款規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)的多個(gè)地點(diǎn)交貨。例如，原銷售條款可能規(guī)定CFR鹿特丹港。鹿特丹港很大，而且買方可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，該港口某特定地點(diǎn)是的，那么就應(yīng)該在銷售合同和貿(mào)易條件中加以說(shuō)明。而且，由于一旦貨物到達(dá)，買方就應(yīng)對(duì)貨物負(fù)責(zé)。一旦貨物在指定地點(diǎn)交付以后，他或她可能要負(fù)責(zé)卸貨、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)和其他費(fèi)用。
7. Export and Import Customs Clearance – It is usually desirable that export customs formalities be handled by the seller and import customs formalities be handled by the buyer. However, some trade terms require that the buyer handle export formalities and others require that the seller handle import formalities. In each case the buyer and seller will have to assume risk from export and import restrictions and prohibitions. In some cases foreign exporters may not be able to obtain import licenses in the country of import. This should be researched before accepting final terms.
7． 出口和進(jìn)口清關(guān) — 出口海關(guān)手續(xù)有賣方辦理，進(jìn)口海關(guān)手續(xù)由買方辦理是最理想的。然而，某些貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)要求買方辦理出口手續(xù)，另外一些術(shù)語(yǔ)要求賣方辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)。在每種情況下，買方和賣方將不得不承擔(dān)來(lái)自進(jìn)出口限制和禁令的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在某些情況下，外國(guó)出口商可能無(wú)法從進(jìn)口國(guó)取得進(jìn)口許可證。在接受最終的條件之前，應(yīng)該對(duì)這一點(diǎn)進(jìn)行研究。
8. Added Wording – It is possible, and in many cases desirable, that the seller and buyer agree to additional wording to an Incoterm. For example, if the seller agrees to DDP terms, agreeing to pay for customs formalities and import duties, but not for VAT (value Added Taxes) the term “DDP VAT Unpaid” may be used.
8． 附加措辭 — 買賣雙方有可能同意在國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)上附加一些措辭，這在許多情況下是比較理想的。例如，如果賣方同意采用DDP條件，同意支付海關(guān)手續(xù)費(fèi)和進(jìn)口關(guān)稅，但不支付增值稅，就可以使用“DDP增值稅未付”條件。
9. Packing – It is the responsibility of the seller to provide packaging unless the goods shipped are customarily shipped in bulk (usually commodities such as oil or grain). In most situations it is best if the buyer and seller agree in the sales contract on the type and extent of packing required. However, it may not be possible to know beforehand the type or duration of transport. As a result, it is the responsibility of the seller to provide for safe and appropriate packaging, but only to the extent that the buyer has made the circumstances of the transport known to the seller beforehand.
If the seller is responsible for packing goods in an ocean or air freight container it is also his responsibility to pack the container properly to withstand shipment.
10. Inspection – These are several issues related to inspections: a) the seller is responsible for costs of inspection to make certain the quantity and quality of the shipment is in conformity with the sales contract, b) pre-shipment inspections as required by the export authority are the responsibility of the party responsible for export formalities, c) import inspections as required by the import authority are the responsibility of the party responsible for import formalities, and d) third-party inspections for independent verification of quality and quantity (if required) are generally the responsibility of the buyer. The buyer may require such and inspection and inspection document as a condition of payment.
10． 檢驗(yàn) — 下面是與檢驗(yàn)有關(guān)的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：（a）賣方負(fù)責(zé)確定發(fā)送貨物與銷售合同規(guī)定的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量一致的檢驗(yàn)費(fèi)用；（b）出口國(guó)*規(guī)定的裝船前檢驗(yàn)由辦理出口手續(xù)的一方當(dāng)事人負(fù)責(zé)；（c）進(jìn)口國(guó)*規(guī)定的進(jìn)口檢驗(yàn)由辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)的一方當(dāng)事人負(fù)責(zé)；（d）為獨(dú)立地確定質(zhì)量和數(shù)量的第三方檢驗(yàn)（如果需要的話）通常由買方負(fù)責(zé)。買方可能要求把此類檢驗(yàn)和檢驗(yàn)證書作為付款的條件。
11. Passing of Risks and Costs – The general rule is that risks and costs pass from the seller to the buyer once the seller has delivered the goods to the point and place named in the trade term.
11． 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用的轉(zhuǎn)移 — 通常的規(guī)則是，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用自賣方將貨物交付到貿(mào)易條件指定地點(diǎn)是從賣方轉(zhuǎn)移給買方。