英：
Marketing is that part of the process of production and exchange that is concerned with the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. It is popularly defined as the distribution and sale of goods. Marketing includes the activities of all those engaged in the transfer of goods from producer to consumer. Following are key elements to consider when developing a marketing promotion：
Marketing mix （PPPPP）
Determination of the Package, Price, Place （of sale）, and type of Promotion
for the Product.
Image
How the market or customers perceive the company or company brand and
the products and services that it sells.
Satisfying or creating a need
Marketing activities can be directed towards either satisfying a need which
is real, or creating a perceived need.
S.W.O.T.
Analytical process to identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats.
Pricing
Process of determining the ideal rate to charge a customer for your product or
service. This is based upon pricing elasticity studies and consumer demand.
Promotion planning
Process of making decisions about the parts of the promotion mix
（advertising, sales promotion, public relations, event marketing, and
sponsorship）. A company must establish the role and importance of each part before creating an overall promotion strategy.
Promotion objectives
Each part of the promotion mix is assigned a goal based on its' potential
contribution to the overall plan. The main objectives that should be
considered are：
Is it realistically achievable？
Is it quantitative （for measurement purposes）？
Is it aimed at a carefully defined target market？
Is it easy to evaluate and modify if necessary？
Promotion strategy
The plan of action outlining ways to achieve objectives. The two types of
strategies are 'push' （where the company directs promotional efforts at
middlemen, who then promote the product among consumers）, and 'pull'
（where the company directs its' promotional efforts at consumers）.
Promotion budget
The funds required for a promotion depend on 3 factors：
Target customers -consumer products aimed at mass markets rely
mainly on advertising, whereas business or
industrial products （with a narrower target
market） usually rely more on personal selling.
Competition - based on what they're investing in promotion.
Life cycle - more investment in introductory and growth stages than
the mature stage.
中：
市場(chǎng)營銷是生產(chǎn)和交換過程的一部分，涉及到貨品和服務(wù)從生產(chǎn)商到消費(fèi)者的流通。它通常被定義為商品的分配和銷售。市場(chǎng)營銷包括了與商品從生產(chǎn)商到消費(fèi)者轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)的一切活動(dòng)。
以下是開展市場(chǎng)推廣活動(dòng)所必須考慮的一些關(guān)鍵要素：
營銷組合
決定產(chǎn)品的包裝、價(jià)位、銷售地點(diǎn)和推廣方式等。
形象
市場(chǎng)和消費(fèi)者是怎樣看待公司和公司的品牌以及公司提供的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的。
滿足和創(chuàng)造需求
市場(chǎng)營銷活動(dòng)可以是為了滿足市場(chǎng)真正存在的需求或?yàn)榱藙?chuàng)造一個(gè)可以感知的需求。
S.W.O.T.分析法
用來確定優(yōu)勢(shì)、劣勢(shì)、機(jī)會(huì)和威脅的分析方法。
定價(jià)
決定向使用你服務(wù)和產(chǎn)品的顧客收取多少費(fèi)用的過程。這是根據(jù)定價(jià)彈性研究和消費(fèi)者的需求決定的。
促銷計(jì)劃
關(guān)于推廣組合中（廣告，促銷，公共關(guān)系，舉辦活動(dòng)和贊助）各部分應(yīng)占多大比例的決策過程。一個(gè)公司在制定總體促銷戰(zhàn)略前必須決定各部分的角色和重要性。
促銷目標(biāo)
推廣組合中的每一部分都要根據(jù)總體計(jì)劃完成一個(gè)目標(biāo)。
主要應(yīng)考慮的目標(biāo)是：
確實(shí)能夠達(dá)到嗎？
是定量的嗎（為了便于測(cè)量）？
是否針對(duì)一個(gè)仔細(xì)定義的目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)？
便于評(píng)估和修改嗎？
促銷戰(zhàn)略
指出達(dá)到目標(biāo)的方法的行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。兩種戰(zhàn)略分別是'推'（公司將促銷力量放在中間商，由他們?cè)谙M(fèi)者中促銷商品）和'拉'（公司直接將營銷力量針對(duì)消費(fèi)者）。
促銷預(yù)算
促銷所需要的款項(xiàng)主要依據(jù)3個(gè)方面：
目標(biāo)消費(fèi)群 - 針對(duì)大眾市場(chǎng)的消費(fèi)品主要依靠廣告，而商業(yè)和工業(yè)產(chǎn)品（目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)較?。┩ǔ８嘁揽總€(gè)人推銷。
競(jìng)爭(zhēng) - 根據(jù)他們?cè)诖黉N中投入的多少。
生命周期 - 在推出和增長(zhǎng)階段的投入比成熟期多。
Marketing is that part of the process of production and exchange that is concerned with the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. It is popularly defined as the distribution and sale of goods. Marketing includes the activities of all those engaged in the transfer of goods from producer to consumer. Following are key elements to consider when developing a marketing promotion：
Marketing mix （PPPPP）
Determination of the Package, Price, Place （of sale）, and type of Promotion
for the Product.
Image
How the market or customers perceive the company or company brand and
the products and services that it sells.
Satisfying or creating a need
Marketing activities can be directed towards either satisfying a need which
is real, or creating a perceived need.
S.W.O.T.
Analytical process to identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats.
Pricing
Process of determining the ideal rate to charge a customer for your product or
service. This is based upon pricing elasticity studies and consumer demand.
Promotion planning
Process of making decisions about the parts of the promotion mix
（advertising, sales promotion, public relations, event marketing, and
sponsorship）. A company must establish the role and importance of each part before creating an overall promotion strategy.
Promotion objectives
Each part of the promotion mix is assigned a goal based on its' potential
contribution to the overall plan. The main objectives that should be
considered are：
Is it realistically achievable？
Is it quantitative （for measurement purposes）？
Is it aimed at a carefully defined target market？
Is it easy to evaluate and modify if necessary？
Promotion strategy
The plan of action outlining ways to achieve objectives. The two types of
strategies are 'push' （where the company directs promotional efforts at
middlemen, who then promote the product among consumers）, and 'pull'
（where the company directs its' promotional efforts at consumers）.
Promotion budget
The funds required for a promotion depend on 3 factors：
Target customers -consumer products aimed at mass markets rely
mainly on advertising, whereas business or
industrial products （with a narrower target
market） usually rely more on personal selling.
Competition - based on what they're investing in promotion.
Life cycle - more investment in introductory and growth stages than
the mature stage.
中：
市場(chǎng)營銷是生產(chǎn)和交換過程的一部分，涉及到貨品和服務(wù)從生產(chǎn)商到消費(fèi)者的流通。它通常被定義為商品的分配和銷售。市場(chǎng)營銷包括了與商品從生產(chǎn)商到消費(fèi)者轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)的一切活動(dòng)。
以下是開展市場(chǎng)推廣活動(dòng)所必須考慮的一些關(guān)鍵要素：
營銷組合
決定產(chǎn)品的包裝、價(jià)位、銷售地點(diǎn)和推廣方式等。
形象
市場(chǎng)和消費(fèi)者是怎樣看待公司和公司的品牌以及公司提供的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的。
滿足和創(chuàng)造需求
市場(chǎng)營銷活動(dòng)可以是為了滿足市場(chǎng)真正存在的需求或?yàn)榱藙?chuàng)造一個(gè)可以感知的需求。
S.W.O.T.分析法
用來確定優(yōu)勢(shì)、劣勢(shì)、機(jī)會(huì)和威脅的分析方法。
定價(jià)
決定向使用你服務(wù)和產(chǎn)品的顧客收取多少費(fèi)用的過程。這是根據(jù)定價(jià)彈性研究和消費(fèi)者的需求決定的。
促銷計(jì)劃
關(guān)于推廣組合中（廣告，促銷，公共關(guān)系，舉辦活動(dòng)和贊助）各部分應(yīng)占多大比例的決策過程。一個(gè)公司在制定總體促銷戰(zhàn)略前必須決定各部分的角色和重要性。
促銷目標(biāo)
推廣組合中的每一部分都要根據(jù)總體計(jì)劃完成一個(gè)目標(biāo)。
主要應(yīng)考慮的目標(biāo)是：
確實(shí)能夠達(dá)到嗎？
是定量的嗎（為了便于測(cè)量）？
是否針對(duì)一個(gè)仔細(xì)定義的目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)？
便于評(píng)估和修改嗎？
促銷戰(zhàn)略
指出達(dá)到目標(biāo)的方法的行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。兩種戰(zhàn)略分別是'推'（公司將促銷力量放在中間商，由他們?cè)谙M(fèi)者中促銷商品）和'拉'（公司直接將營銷力量針對(duì)消費(fèi)者）。
促銷預(yù)算
促銷所需要的款項(xiàng)主要依據(jù)3個(gè)方面：
目標(biāo)消費(fèi)群 - 針對(duì)大眾市場(chǎng)的消費(fèi)品主要依靠廣告，而商業(yè)和工業(yè)產(chǎn)品（目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)較?。┩ǔ８嘁揽總€(gè)人推銷。
競(jìng)爭(zhēng) - 根據(jù)他們?cè)诖黉N中投入的多少。
生命周期 - 在推出和增長(zhǎng)階段的投入比成熟期多。