職稱英語語法:第十六講

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第十六講 倒裝
    倒裝:
    英語的一般語序為:主語 + 謂語動詞 + 賓語(或表語) + (狀語等附加成分)。有時為了語法上或修辭上的需要而改變這種語序,如將謂語動詞放到主語的前面,就稱為倒裝。因語法需要的倒裝稱為"語法倒裝",例如英語中的疑問句多采用倒裝形式,如Are you a doctor or an engineer? 因修辭需要,如為了強調(diào)、句子結(jié)構(gòu)均衡或承上啟下等目的倒裝,稱為"修辭性倒裝",例如On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house. (山頂上有一座漂亮的小屋。)。
    就應試而言,以下倒裝現(xiàn)象應給予特別注意(按考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率高低順序排列):
    1) not, not until, never, no, no sooner, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, few 等 否定詞開頭的句子,比較:
    例1
    正常語序:I shall never forget the first days at college.
    倒裝語序:Never shall I forget the first days at college.
    (我永遠不會忘記初上大學的那些日子)
    例2
    正常語序:I did not have any idea what market economy is until recently.
    倒裝語序:Not until recently did I have any idea what market economy is.
    (直到最近我才知道什么叫市場經(jīng)濟。)
    以上兩個句子采用倒裝語序的主要目的是為了強調(diào)。
    在這一節(jié)中,要特別注意以下三個倒裝句型:
    not until… ,見以上例2
    no sooner …than…, 例如:
    No sooner had she finished reading the poem than the students began to ask her questions.
    (她剛念完這首詩,學生們就開始向她提問題了。)
    hardly …when …,與 no sooner … than…句型的意思和用法相同,就是不要把搭配搞錯了,既:
    Hardly had she finished reading the poem when the students began to ask her questions.
    2)介詞 + no否定詞開頭的句子, 比較:
    正常語序:I shall not do anything against the interests of the country under any circumstances.(不管在什么情況下,我決不做有損國家利益的事情。)
    倒裝語序:Under no circumstances shall I do anything against the interests of the country.
    3) only, so/such (…that…),often 等詞開頭的句子,比較: 4)
    正常語序:We can learn a foreign language well only in this way.
    倒裝語序:Only in this way can we learn a foreign language well.
    (只有這樣我們才能學好一門外語。)
    正常語序:The stain was so small that I could hardly see it.
    倒裝語序:So small was the stain that I could hardly see it.
    (污跡很小,幾乎看不出來。)
    從以上的舉例可以歸納出:
    如果以上的詞(組)本來就是修飾或說明主語的,不存在倒裝問題,例如:
    Not all scientists accept his new theory about the origin of the Universe.
    (不是所有科學家都接受他的有關(guān)宇宙起源的新理論的。)
    怎么倒裝?采用一般疑問句的倒裝規(guī)則。
    應試思路:
    倒裝句一般都比較長,表達的意思相對比較復雜,這給英語基礎(chǔ)比較差的考生帶來理解上的一定困難。為了提高應試效率,要牢牢把握好以下應試思路:
    見到not等否定詞,或only, so, often, 或"介詞 + no…"開頭的句子,首先要考慮是否倒裝;
    看看答案中哪個采用了倒裝形式(不要管是什么意思);
    如果答案中有幾個倒裝形式,比較一下時態(tài)、語態(tài)或其他細微差別。
    例如:
    Not since the great growth years of the snowmobile ______ as much as the latest entry of all terrain vehicle.
    A. did a sport vehicle catch the public's fancy
    B. a sport vehicle had caught the public's fancy
    C.has a sport vehicle caught the public's fancy
    D.will a sport vehicle catch the public's fancy
    要正確翻譯這個句子并不是件容易的事,但并不影響解題:
    首先,這是個"not"開頭的句子,需要倒裝;
    第二,在A、A、C、D四個答案中,B是不倒裝的,肯定不對;
    第三,盡管A、C、D都是倒裝形式,但由于是"not since",要用現(xiàn)在完成時,故正確答案是C.
    從以上例子可以看出,就語法考試而言,牢記基本規(guī)則,把握正確解題思路有時比多認識幾個英語單詞更重要。
    其他需注意的倒裝現(xiàn)象:
    4) here, there, back, down, off, in, up等表示地點狀語的詞開頭的句子,例如:
    Here comes a taxi! (來了輛出租車?。?BR>    There goes the last bus!(末班公共汽車開走了?。?BR>    Down came the rain.(下雨了。)
    但是:主語是代詞時不倒裝,例如:
    Here it comes. (它來了。)
    There she goes.(她走了。)
    5) 主語 + live, stand, lie, sit 等動詞 + (介詞)地點狀語 的結(jié)構(gòu)中常采用倒裝語序,例如:
    正常語序:An old temple stands at the top of the hill.
    倒裝語序:At the top of the hill stands an old temple. (山頂上有座古廟。)
    同樣,如果主語是代詞,也不能倒裝,例如:
    (The old temple was built 800 hundred years ago. ) It stands at the top of the hill.
    6) although 讓步從句用as或 though代替時,例如:
    正常語序:Although he is young, he is quite expert in computer technology.
    倒裝語序:Young as he is, he is quite expert in computer technology.
    (盡管他很年輕,但是他對計算機技術(shù)相當專業(yè)。)
    4)、5)、6)類倒裝只是簡單的語序調(diào)整。