第十四講 虛擬語氣的句型分類和用法
虛擬語氣的句型分類和用法:
虛擬語氣可以粗略地分為兩大類:
第一類:should 型虛擬式 第二類:were 型虛擬式
1.should 型虛擬式:should + 原形動詞(往往省去should, 特別是在考試時(shí))
這類虛擬式最多用在以下詞或句型中:
(1) It is necessary that…的主語從句中,如:
It is necessary that the chief should be present personally at the meeting.(主任有必要親自參加這次會議。)
只要看到"necessary",馬上要想到這是"should型"虛擬式。
記住下面構(gòu)成"should型"虛擬式的詞:
essential (必要的) / important(重要的) / necessary(必要的) / imperative(迫切的)/ impossible(不可能的)/ natural(自然的)/ preferable(更好的)/ advisable(合理的)/ desirable(理想的)/ urgent(緊迫的)/ incredible(難以想象的)
(2) order (命令) / recommend(推薦)/ suggest(建議)/ demand(要求) / command(命令)/ propose(建議)/ require(要求)/ request(請求) / insist(堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為)/ urge(主張) / advise(勸告)/ ask(要求)/ prefer(寧愿)/ desire(愿望)/ move(提議)/ vote(提議)
由這些詞構(gòu)成的賓語從句,主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句或其他有關(guān)句型時(shí),都要使用"should型"虛擬式,例如:
It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once. (主語從句)
The order was that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(表語從句)
The chief ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(賓語從句)
The order that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once was sent to the branch office.(同位語從句)
(3) 在 in case / lest = for fear that(以免… / 以防…) 結(jié)構(gòu)中,例如:
He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain (或用真實(shí)語氣:…in case it rained)
She put a wool blanket over the child for fear that (lest) he should catch a cold. (她把一條毛毯蓋在孩子身上,以防他感冒。)
可見,此類虛擬語氣比較容易接受,考試時(shí)只要認(rèn)準(zhǔn)了上面的那些字一般就不難作出準(zhǔn)確選擇。
就解題而言,考生要注意:1)A的位置往往安排干擾項(xiàng),如使用must, may, might, could等類詞進(jìn)行干擾;2)句中往往省去should, 直接用否定詞not + 原形動詞的形式,以"迷惑"考生,例如:
The housemaster(男舍監(jiān))was very strict.He asked that we ______ television on week nights.
A. must not watch
B. not watch
C. should not have watched
D. not be watching
該題中的"ask"意為"要求",故是個(gè)"should型"虛擬式, 正確答案為B.
(4)在it is surprising, disappointing, a pity, a shame, no wonder, simply a miracle + 從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示驚訝、高興或遺憾,例如:
It is surprising that she should look so miserable. (真是奇怪,她竟看上去如此不高興。)
It is a great pity that you should miss such a good film. (你要是錯(cuò)過了這樣好的電影那真是遺憾。)
2.were型虛擬式:
所謂were型虛擬式,就是借用行為動詞過去時(shí)的某個(gè)形式以及be動詞的"were"這個(gè)形式來表達(dá)某種虛擬的語氣。
由于were型虛擬式主要用在if非真實(shí)條件句中,而且它是其他were型虛擬式句型的基礎(chǔ),所以我們先要搞清楚if非真實(shí)條件句。
(1) if非真實(shí)條件句:
條件句分為真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句:
真實(shí)條件句是指真實(shí)的或可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件句,例如:If we work together, we are sure to finish the task in time. (如果我們大家一起努力,就一定能按時(shí)完成任務(wù)), 動詞使用的是真實(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)和形式。
非真實(shí)條件句是指對已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情,或?qū)Σ豢赡馨l(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的事進(jìn)行假設(shè),例如:"如果當(dāng)時(shí)有醫(yī)生在,這個(gè)孩子就有可能得救了",顯然,這是對已發(fā)生的事情的一種假設(shè),該句的英語表達(dá)為:If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved.
為了便于理解和記憶,我們用表格形式加以歸納:
時(shí)間
動詞形式
舉例
過去
if條件句:had done / had been
結(jié)果句:would have done / been If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved.
倒裝:Had there been a doctor available, the child might have been saved
現(xiàn)在
if條件句:did / be動詞用were
結(jié)果句: would do (be) If I were you, I would accept his offer. (如果我是你的話,我就接受他的提議。)
倒裝:Were I you, I would accept his offer.
If I knew the fact, I would tell you. (我要是知道,我就會告訴你)
不可以倒裝
將來
if條件句:
should do (be) / were to
結(jié)果句:would do (be) If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. (一旦明天下雨,我們就呆在家里。)
倒裝:Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
If he were to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem. (要是他晚上會來,我就請他幫助解決這個(gè)問題。)
倒裝:Were he to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem.
這里關(guān)鍵是要掌握好兩點(diǎn):
(A) 虛擬行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時(shí)間:過去?現(xiàn)在?還是將來?
(B) 采用了什么相應(yīng)的動詞形式?
補(bǔ)充說明:
(A) 當(dāng) "if "省略后,要采用倒裝形式,如舉例所示;
(B) 如果所說的條件是永遠(yuǎn)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的。如"如果我是你的話"(我永遠(yuǎn)不可能變?yōu)槟悖?,即使是對過去的假設(shè),也用"現(xiàn)在"虛擬式表示,例如:
If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (要是換了我,我就采納他的意見了。)
(C) 結(jié)果句中的would 可以根據(jù)內(nèi)容需要,使用might, could或should,例如:If she had known that you were there, she might have come.(要是她知道你在哪兒,她或許會來的。)但是"將來"虛擬式條件句中的should是將來時(shí)的"標(biāo)志詞",不能用would代替,不要搞錯(cuò)了。
(D) 關(guān)于含蓄虛擬式:含蓄虛擬式是指虛擬的條件用一種比較含蓄的方式加以表達(dá)的虛擬語氣,如:"我昨天很忙,要不就來參加你的生日派對了".其中的"我很忙"是真實(shí)情況,"要不就來參加你的生日派對了"則是虛擬的:I was very busy yesterday, or I would have come to your birthday party.
所以,注意句子中出現(xiàn)的:but, or(否則), otherwise(否則), without(要不是),with(要是有),but that(要不是), but for(要不是), if it were not for / 過去:if it had not been for(要不是 ) 等用來引出含蓄虛擬式的詞或短語,例如:But for (或without) your cooperation, we would not have completed the experiment so smoothly.(要不是你們的合作,我們不可能那樣順利地完成這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。)
(2) were型虛擬式的其他用法 (同樣要遵守"過去、現(xiàn)在、將來"的虛擬規(guī)則):
●wish賓語從句:
I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.(真希望他不要把那事搞大了。- 過去)
I wish that I were a doctor. (我希望我是個(gè)醫(yī)生就好了。- 現(xiàn)在)
(注:這個(gè)句型中也可以用I wish that I was a doctor.)
I wish that the rain would stop. (真希望雨能停下來。將來)
●If only…(要是…就好了)
If only you hadn't offended him. (你當(dāng)時(shí)不惹他就好了。- 過去)
If only I had some money on hand now. (我現(xiàn)在手頭有些錢就好了。-現(xiàn)在)
If only he could come tomorrow. (他明天能來有多好啊。-將來)
●It is (about / high) time that….(是…的時(shí)候了)
由于該句型只能用在"現(xiàn)在"時(shí)間,所以從句的動詞只能是"過去時(shí)"形式,例如:
It is high time (that) we began to work. (咱們該開始工作了。)
●As if (though)…(似乎…)
這個(gè)句型可以是陳述語氣,也可以是虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)變化原則與"wish"用法相同,例如:
She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. (她象自己孩子一樣熱愛幼兒園的孩子門。 - 現(xiàn)在)
He talked about China as if he had been there. (他談起中國來好象去過那里。)
It looks as if it is going to rain.(看來天要下雨。- 陳述語氣)
●Would (had) rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer + 從句結(jié)構(gòu)
這幾個(gè)句型都表示一種"婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備",中文常有"還不如…","寧可…""倒希望…"等意思,例如:
I'd rather she stayed at home in such a bad health condition. (她身體這么差,我倒希望你呆在家里。- 現(xiàn)在)
I would just as soon you had returned him the money yesterday. (你還不如昨天就把錢還給他了。- 過去)
I would prefer he didn't stay there too long. (我倒不希望他不要在那兒呆得時(shí)間太長。)
比較:
I would prefer that she act the young lady. (我倒認(rèn)為她演哪個(gè)年輕女子比較合適。- 表示建議,用 "should型虛擬式")
做虛擬語氣的題目,歸納起來就是兩句話:
一是,看清是什么形式的虛擬式,"should型"還是 "were型"?
二是,如果是were型虛擬式,看清句中所給的時(shí)態(tài):"過去"、"現(xiàn)在"、"將來"?
這里的關(guān)鍵是:要對構(gòu)成虛擬語氣的詞、詞組和句型比較敏感。
虛擬語氣的句型分類和用法:
虛擬語氣可以粗略地分為兩大類:
第一類:should 型虛擬式 第二類:were 型虛擬式
1.should 型虛擬式:should + 原形動詞(往往省去should, 特別是在考試時(shí))
這類虛擬式最多用在以下詞或句型中:
(1) It is necessary that…的主語從句中,如:
It is necessary that the chief should be present personally at the meeting.(主任有必要親自參加這次會議。)
只要看到"necessary",馬上要想到這是"should型"虛擬式。
記住下面構(gòu)成"should型"虛擬式的詞:
essential (必要的) / important(重要的) / necessary(必要的) / imperative(迫切的)/ impossible(不可能的)/ natural(自然的)/ preferable(更好的)/ advisable(合理的)/ desirable(理想的)/ urgent(緊迫的)/ incredible(難以想象的)
(2) order (命令) / recommend(推薦)/ suggest(建議)/ demand(要求) / command(命令)/ propose(建議)/ require(要求)/ request(請求) / insist(堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為)/ urge(主張) / advise(勸告)/ ask(要求)/ prefer(寧愿)/ desire(愿望)/ move(提議)/ vote(提議)
由這些詞構(gòu)成的賓語從句,主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句或其他有關(guān)句型時(shí),都要使用"should型"虛擬式,例如:
It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once. (主語從句)
The order was that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(表語從句)
The chief ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(賓語從句)
The order that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once was sent to the branch office.(同位語從句)
(3) 在 in case / lest = for fear that(以免… / 以防…) 結(jié)構(gòu)中,例如:
He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain (或用真實(shí)語氣:…in case it rained)
She put a wool blanket over the child for fear that (lest) he should catch a cold. (她把一條毛毯蓋在孩子身上,以防他感冒。)
可見,此類虛擬語氣比較容易接受,考試時(shí)只要認(rèn)準(zhǔn)了上面的那些字一般就不難作出準(zhǔn)確選擇。
就解題而言,考生要注意:1)A的位置往往安排干擾項(xiàng),如使用must, may, might, could等類詞進(jìn)行干擾;2)句中往往省去should, 直接用否定詞not + 原形動詞的形式,以"迷惑"考生,例如:
The housemaster(男舍監(jiān))was very strict.He asked that we ______ television on week nights.
A. must not watch
B. not watch
C. should not have watched
D. not be watching
該題中的"ask"意為"要求",故是個(gè)"should型"虛擬式, 正確答案為B.
(4)在it is surprising, disappointing, a pity, a shame, no wonder, simply a miracle + 從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示驚訝、高興或遺憾,例如:
It is surprising that she should look so miserable. (真是奇怪,她竟看上去如此不高興。)
It is a great pity that you should miss such a good film. (你要是錯(cuò)過了這樣好的電影那真是遺憾。)
2.were型虛擬式:
所謂were型虛擬式,就是借用行為動詞過去時(shí)的某個(gè)形式以及be動詞的"were"這個(gè)形式來表達(dá)某種虛擬的語氣。
由于were型虛擬式主要用在if非真實(shí)條件句中,而且它是其他were型虛擬式句型的基礎(chǔ),所以我們先要搞清楚if非真實(shí)條件句。
(1) if非真實(shí)條件句:
條件句分為真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句:
真實(shí)條件句是指真實(shí)的或可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件句,例如:If we work together, we are sure to finish the task in time. (如果我們大家一起努力,就一定能按時(shí)完成任務(wù)), 動詞使用的是真實(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)和形式。
非真實(shí)條件句是指對已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情,或?qū)Σ豢赡馨l(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的事進(jìn)行假設(shè),例如:"如果當(dāng)時(shí)有醫(yī)生在,這個(gè)孩子就有可能得救了",顯然,這是對已發(fā)生的事情的一種假設(shè),該句的英語表達(dá)為:If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved.
為了便于理解和記憶,我們用表格形式加以歸納:
時(shí)間
動詞形式
舉例
過去
if條件句:had done / had been
結(jié)果句:would have done / been If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved.
倒裝:Had there been a doctor available, the child might have been saved
現(xiàn)在
if條件句:did / be動詞用were
結(jié)果句: would do (be) If I were you, I would accept his offer. (如果我是你的話,我就接受他的提議。)
倒裝:Were I you, I would accept his offer.
If I knew the fact, I would tell you. (我要是知道,我就會告訴你)
不可以倒裝
將來
if條件句:
should do (be) / were to
結(jié)果句:would do (be) If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. (一旦明天下雨,我們就呆在家里。)
倒裝:Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
If he were to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem. (要是他晚上會來,我就請他幫助解決這個(gè)問題。)
倒裝:Were he to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem.
這里關(guān)鍵是要掌握好兩點(diǎn):
(A) 虛擬行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時(shí)間:過去?現(xiàn)在?還是將來?
(B) 采用了什么相應(yīng)的動詞形式?
補(bǔ)充說明:
(A) 當(dāng) "if "省略后,要采用倒裝形式,如舉例所示;
(B) 如果所說的條件是永遠(yuǎn)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的。如"如果我是你的話"(我永遠(yuǎn)不可能變?yōu)槟悖?,即使是對過去的假設(shè),也用"現(xiàn)在"虛擬式表示,例如:
If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (要是換了我,我就采納他的意見了。)
(C) 結(jié)果句中的would 可以根據(jù)內(nèi)容需要,使用might, could或should,例如:If she had known that you were there, she might have come.(要是她知道你在哪兒,她或許會來的。)但是"將來"虛擬式條件句中的should是將來時(shí)的"標(biāo)志詞",不能用would代替,不要搞錯(cuò)了。
(D) 關(guān)于含蓄虛擬式:含蓄虛擬式是指虛擬的條件用一種比較含蓄的方式加以表達(dá)的虛擬語氣,如:"我昨天很忙,要不就來參加你的生日派對了".其中的"我很忙"是真實(shí)情況,"要不就來參加你的生日派對了"則是虛擬的:I was very busy yesterday, or I would have come to your birthday party.
所以,注意句子中出現(xiàn)的:but, or(否則), otherwise(否則), without(要不是),with(要是有),but that(要不是), but for(要不是), if it were not for / 過去:if it had not been for(要不是 ) 等用來引出含蓄虛擬式的詞或短語,例如:But for (或without) your cooperation, we would not have completed the experiment so smoothly.(要不是你們的合作,我們不可能那樣順利地完成這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。)
(2) were型虛擬式的其他用法 (同樣要遵守"過去、現(xiàn)在、將來"的虛擬規(guī)則):
●wish賓語從句:
I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.(真希望他不要把那事搞大了。- 過去)
I wish that I were a doctor. (我希望我是個(gè)醫(yī)生就好了。- 現(xiàn)在)
(注:這個(gè)句型中也可以用I wish that I was a doctor.)
I wish that the rain would stop. (真希望雨能停下來。將來)
●If only…(要是…就好了)
If only you hadn't offended him. (你當(dāng)時(shí)不惹他就好了。- 過去)
If only I had some money on hand now. (我現(xiàn)在手頭有些錢就好了。-現(xiàn)在)
If only he could come tomorrow. (他明天能來有多好啊。-將來)
●It is (about / high) time that….(是…的時(shí)候了)
由于該句型只能用在"現(xiàn)在"時(shí)間,所以從句的動詞只能是"過去時(shí)"形式,例如:
It is high time (that) we began to work. (咱們該開始工作了。)
●As if (though)…(似乎…)
這個(gè)句型可以是陳述語氣,也可以是虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)變化原則與"wish"用法相同,例如:
She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. (她象自己孩子一樣熱愛幼兒園的孩子門。 - 現(xiàn)在)
He talked about China as if he had been there. (他談起中國來好象去過那里。)
It looks as if it is going to rain.(看來天要下雨。- 陳述語氣)
●Would (had) rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer + 從句結(jié)構(gòu)
這幾個(gè)句型都表示一種"婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備",中文常有"還不如…","寧可…""倒希望…"等意思,例如:
I'd rather she stayed at home in such a bad health condition. (她身體這么差,我倒希望你呆在家里。- 現(xiàn)在)
I would just as soon you had returned him the money yesterday. (你還不如昨天就把錢還給他了。- 過去)
I would prefer he didn't stay there too long. (我倒不希望他不要在那兒呆得時(shí)間太長。)
比較:
I would prefer that she act the young lady. (我倒認(rèn)為她演哪個(gè)年輕女子比較合適。- 表示建議,用 "should型虛擬式")
做虛擬語氣的題目,歸納起來就是兩句話:
一是,看清是什么形式的虛擬式,"should型"還是 "were型"?
二是,如果是were型虛擬式,看清句中所給的時(shí)態(tài):"過去"、"現(xiàn)在"、"將來"?
這里的關(guān)鍵是:要對構(gòu)成虛擬語氣的詞、詞組和句型比較敏感。