職稱英語重點分析(四)

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第五講 怎樣做選擇填空題
    一、題型介紹
    選擇填空又稱綜合填空或完形測試,它是目前較為滸的一種英語測試題型之一。
    在我國其它的大規(guī)模英語考試中是一項必試項目。
    選擇填空或完形測試的理論依據(jù)是完形心理學。這種理論的觀點認為:人們在觀察物體形狀時,往往下意識地把不連貫的、窯的部分給補上,然后把它看成一個完整的形狀。把這種理論應(yīng)用到語言測試上,便出現(xiàn)了完形測試。這種試題設(shè)計程序為:命脈題人員首先選取一篇短文,然后每隔一定數(shù)目的單詞(一般為5-11個)有規(guī)律地去掉一個詞,最后,讓考生填出去掉的那些詞,來測試他們的語言應(yīng)用能力。
    最初的這種完形測試方法是按固定比例來刪詞,后來又產(chǎn)生了幾種新的變體。一種是刪掉的詞僅限于某一類語言現(xiàn)象,如動詞、名詞、介詞等。這樣原來隔固定詞數(shù)刪詞的標準僅做參考;另一種是把綜合填充和多項選擇結(jié)合起來,試題設(shè)計者為每個空白處提供3-5個選擇先項,讓考生從中挑選出正確的答案。這樣既可達到所希望的測試目的,又可保證評分的客觀性。這種測試形式是目前國內(nèi)采用的最普遍的完形測試方式。英語等級考試C級試卷中采用的就是這種題型。
    選擇填空的題目設(shè)計并非拿一篇短文來隨便地去掉幾個詞。設(shè)計者遵循一定要求和準則,以保證測試的效度和信度。首先,選文的頭一、兩句應(yīng)是完整的,不去掉任何詞,以幫助考生進入語境。其次,原文的長度一般在300詞左右,太長或太短都不合適。為了達到測試目的,可以靈活掌握隔多少個單詞刪去一個詞,但是總體上要遵循每隔一定數(shù)目的單詞去掉一個詞這種原則。
    二、選擇填空的測試點
    根據(jù)等級考試大綱,選擇填空通常用由一篇300詞左右的短文組成。短文中留有20個空格,每個空格為一題。我們還注意到,職稱英語等級考試中刪詞的間隙較一般考試要大一些。這樣,題目就相對容易了一些。這是因為破壞的信息量少了,所以恢復(fù)起來也就相對而言容易一些。通過對樣題的分析,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),補刪的詞幾乎涉及到所有詞類,如動詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、介詞、連詞、短語等等。
    三、選擇填空的解題方法
    表面上來年,選擇填空就是要求考生把每個句子中刪掉的詞給恢復(fù)出來。實際上,選擇填空不僅僅測試應(yīng)試者在句子水平上運用語言的能力,它還測試應(yīng)試者在語篇水平上綜合運用語言的能力。因為,選擇填空中的填空是與文章的上下文有緊密聯(lián)系的,不是孤立的、不相關(guān)的。因此,要做好選擇填空題,必須首先通讀整篇文章,開清文章的大意和邏輯關(guān)系,根據(jù)空格所在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、語法、語篇等信息,通過邏輯揄、對比等手段最后確定答案。尤其是運用語法知識、搭配和語篇知識來確定答案。
    請看這篇短文,文中有20處空白,每個空白處有4個選項。請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容從4個選項中選擇1個答案。
    Television is the greatest communiction medium ever designed and operated by man. It sends into the human brain an —— (36) amount of opinions and information and ——(37) moral and artistic standards for all of us. Every minute of a television programme teaches us something. It is never a neutral (中立的)—— (38). For example, how and when public issues ar ——(40) how they are treated by the television networks in entertainment ——(41) news and public affairs programmes.
    What the American people think about governemnt and politics in ——(42), ad wwell as a favorite candidate in —— (43), is largely influenced by —— (44).
    Unfortunately commercial television seldom —— (45) anything of value to our lives. Many Americans express a deep hostility (故意)——(46) television because they know most TV programmes are —— (47) poor quality and that sometimes these programmes are ever —— (48).
    The question is : how can television be improved? There are many thins are ordinary —— (49) can do. For example, he —— (50) complain to his local TV stations about offensive advertising. He can —— (51) citiaens groups to urge local TV stations to —— (52) their programmes —— (53), these groups should propose regular analysies of specific TV commercials and programmes by educators, doctors, etc. to —— (54) the influence of these programmes on children and adults. Television can be our most exciting medium if we just think about —— (55) to improve it.
    36. A endless G ending C ended D end
    37. A finds B absorbs C sets D mends
    38. A consequence B influence C result D purpose
    39. A talked B handled C watched D noticed
    40. A over B in C above D on
    41. A as well as B also C but D together
    42. A all B short C general D name
    43. A particular B special C instance D individual
    44. A entertainment B news C programmes D television
    45. A damages B contributes C hands D takes
    46. A toward B in C on D over
    47. A with B in C of D among
    48. A serious B harmful C attractive D long
    49. A reader B participant C listener D viewer
    50. A can B does C should Dought to
    51. A can B does C should D ought to
    52. A call B gather C organize D make
    53. A As a result B As a matter of fact C In contract DIn addition
    54. A determine B refuse C involve D receive
    55. A tracks B roads C easy D programmes