職稱英語指導(dǎo):語法知識——動詞不定式1

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動詞不定式概述來源:考試大
    動詞不定式指由to加上動詞原形所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動詞,但在有些情況下to 可省略。動詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語,如:
    To ignore this dangerous signal would be a terrible mistake. (作主語)
    He promised not to tell anyone else about it. (作賓語)
    To treat comrades like enemies is to go over to the side of the enemy.(作表語)
    The manager announced his intention to retire.(作定語)
    The old man walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(作狀語)
    不定式中的動詞仍然具有動詞的特性,可以有自己的賓語和狀語,另外雖然動詞不定式在語法上沒有表面上的主語,但它所表達的意義是動作,這一動作的執(zhí)行者就是該動詞的邏輯主語,動詞不定式要和它的邏輯主語在語態(tài)和時態(tài)上保持一致。
    動詞不定式的用法 來源:考試大
    1.不定式作主語
    ⑴原則上,可用動詞不定式直接作句子的主語,通常用it作句子的形式主語,而把不定式移到后面,形成“it + 謂語… + 動詞不定式…”的句型。如:
    To catch the 5: 00 bus early in the morning is not a good idea. it is not a good idea to catch the 5: 00 bus early in the morning. to learn a foreign language well takes painstaking efforts. it takes painstaking efforts to learn a foreign language well.
    ⑵ 若要說明不定式的動作的執(zhí)行者,可以在不定式前面加上“for + 名詞或代詞”結(jié)構(gòu),或是“of + 名詞或代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
     It is a great pleasure for me to talk with him. it is very kind of you to help me .
    ⑶ 可用于“of + 名詞/代詞 + 動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語補足語的形容詞是指那些可以表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或品質(zhì)的好壞的形容詞。這些詞如: careful, cruel, foolish, bold, brave, good, honest, kind, rude, polite, nice,stupid, selfish, silly, wicked, wise, thoughtful, wrong等。
    2.不定式作賓語 來源:考試大
    不定式作賓語有兩種情況:一是及物動詞后直接跟帶to的不定式,二是“動詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式”。
    ⑴“動詞+帶to的不定式”結(jié)構(gòu):常見的以不定式作賓語的動詞有afford, appear, agree, ask, believe, decide, demand, desire, fail, hope, intend,learn, mean, offer, promise, refuse, wish等。如:
    I can‘t afford to buy a house.
    ⑵“動詞+疑問代(副)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu):常見的這類動詞有advise, decide, forget, know, learn, remember, see, tell, think, teach, wonder,discover, understand, guess, explain等。這類疑問代(副)詞 what, when, which, where, how, whether等(不包含why)。如:
    She does not know how to go there. he will tell you how to deal with it.
    ⑶在不定式作賓語時,有時我們會使用it作形式賓語,而把不定式放到后面。如:
    They consider it inappropriate to have classes in the evening.
    3.不定式作表語 來源:考試大
    不定式作表語時,主語通常是一個名詞,不定式短語或者從句。
    The boss‘s plan is to start building the skyscraper immediately. to work means to earn a living. what you have to do is to push the button.