二．雙重
(18)——touching in O Henry's stories is the gallantry with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity?
A．Most is B．Is mostly C．Is it most D．What is most
本題在“去掉獨立成分”后只剩了—is the gallantry"。很顯然缺少了主語.但四個選項幾乎都有一個代詞加一個謂語動詞。這就意味著作為正確答案的那個選項中的代詞必須一詞二用——一個詞充當兩個成分；這樣再加上"touching”(這里"touching"不是作后置定語，所以不“獨立’’)和“the gallantry"分別充當兩個“is’’的主語和表語。最終答案是"D".為什么呢?因為四個選項中只有"what"具有“雙重"的功能.
那么，具體地說，什么是"雙重"?托福語法部分常見的具有"雙重"功能的連詞有哪些呢?所謂的“雙重”，這里指的是連詞除了正常的句法功能外還充當另外一個句子成分。而所謂的"正?！敝傅氖前凑找话愕恼Z法規(guī)則要求。在這種"正常"的情況下：
①形容詞性(定語從句)的連詞(關(guān)系代詞)除有“關(guān)聯(lián)”功能外還在從句中充當一個實際成分(主語、動詞賓語、介詞賓語或定語)。如：
The same forces that create surface tension in any sample Of water are responsible fOr the maintenance Of these unbroken columns Of water．(充當主語) The early European settlers Of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life．(充當介詞賓語)
但涉及到時間、地點(方位)、原因、方式時，連詞(關(guān)系代詞)不充當從句中的成分.如：
The knee is joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone Of the lower leg．
②名詞性從句(主語、賓語或表語、同位語從句)和副詞性從句(狀語從句)的連詞(關(guān)系代詞)
除具有這一功能外，在從句中一般不充當任何成分。如：
That he was an honest man helped him win the respect from the people around．
Articles differ from editorials in that articles present facts while editorials present opinions．
根據(jù)對過去托福考題的總結(jié),托福語法中的總結(jié),托福語法中的"雙重"連詞有三種類型"
①.what
充當(主句和從句——下同)兩個主語、兩個賓語、一個主語十一個賓語。例(18)中的"what'’即是充當了兩個主語。又如： I believed what he said. 句中的"what"即是充當兩個賓語。有時，“what'’的這種特點也成為改錯部分的“題眼”。如：
(19)(Some) psychologists believe (what) even a person (suffers) from amnesia，some (memory) remains in the unconscious．
②whatever，whoever，whichever
上述三個詞的用法與“what”差不多：意義上表示一種強調(diào)。但在考題中出現(xiàn)的頻率不及"what”高。
③as，than
本來“ss”和"than"作為關(guān)聯(lián)詞只有連接主句和狀語從句的作用，但在托福語法考題中如果符合上面提到的“省略”要求的兩個條件——主句的主語與從句的主語邏輯上相一致；從句以“be'’的適當形式作謂語的“主一系一表”結(jié)構(gòu)或“類主一系一表”結(jié)構(gòu)——這兩個詞除“正常”的連接作用還充當從句的主語：如:John’s father was such a stingy man that he seldom spent On his son as much as was necessary．． Mark was delighted tO see his new flat Was larger than was expected．．．
上面的兩個句子中，“as”和“than’分別充當了從句的主語。
三．變性
“變性”是指"after"和“before”所引導的從句在從句的主語與主句的主語一致的時候可以由從句變?yōu)榻樵~(before、after由關(guān)聯(lián)詞變成介詞，動名詞短語作介詞賓語)。如:Before he became the 39th President Of United States，Jimmy Carterhad been the governor Of Georgia．
變成： Before becoming the 39th President Of…
四.變形
“變形”指的是"because"、“since"、“as”和“for'’引導的原因狀語從句在從句的主語與主句的主語一致的時候由從句變成分詞短語。如：AS she was the first woman to serve in this local court，she enjoyed a greater popularity than her male colleagues。
變成： “Being the first woman tO serve．．．"
(18)——touching in O Henry's stories is the gallantry with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity?
A．Most is B．Is mostly C．Is it most D．What is most
本題在“去掉獨立成分”后只剩了—is the gallantry"。很顯然缺少了主語.但四個選項幾乎都有一個代詞加一個謂語動詞。這就意味著作為正確答案的那個選項中的代詞必須一詞二用——一個詞充當兩個成分；這樣再加上"touching”(這里"touching"不是作后置定語，所以不“獨立’’)和“the gallantry"分別充當兩個“is’’的主語和表語。最終答案是"D".為什么呢?因為四個選項中只有"what"具有“雙重"的功能.
那么，具體地說，什么是"雙重"?托福語法部分常見的具有"雙重"功能的連詞有哪些呢?所謂的“雙重”，這里指的是連詞除了正常的句法功能外還充當另外一個句子成分。而所謂的"正?！敝傅氖前凑找话愕恼Z法規(guī)則要求。在這種"正常"的情況下：
①形容詞性(定語從句)的連詞(關(guān)系代詞)除有“關(guān)聯(lián)”功能外還在從句中充當一個實際成分(主語、動詞賓語、介詞賓語或定語)。如：
The same forces that create surface tension in any sample Of water are responsible fOr the maintenance Of these unbroken columns Of water．(充當主語) The early European settlers Of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life．(充當介詞賓語)
但涉及到時間、地點(方位)、原因、方式時，連詞(關(guān)系代詞)不充當從句中的成分.如：
The knee is joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone Of the lower leg．
②名詞性從句(主語、賓語或表語、同位語從句)和副詞性從句(狀語從句)的連詞(關(guān)系代詞)
除具有這一功能外，在從句中一般不充當任何成分。如：
That he was an honest man helped him win the respect from the people around．
Articles differ from editorials in that articles present facts while editorials present opinions．
根據(jù)對過去托福考題的總結(jié),托福語法中的總結(jié),托福語法中的"雙重"連詞有三種類型"
①.what
充當(主句和從句——下同)兩個主語、兩個賓語、一個主語十一個賓語。例(18)中的"what'’即是充當了兩個主語。又如： I believed what he said. 句中的"what"即是充當兩個賓語。有時，“what'’的這種特點也成為改錯部分的“題眼”。如：
(19)(Some) psychologists believe (what) even a person (suffers) from amnesia，some (memory) remains in the unconscious．
②whatever，whoever，whichever
上述三個詞的用法與“what”差不多：意義上表示一種強調(diào)。但在考題中出現(xiàn)的頻率不及"what”高。
③as，than
本來“ss”和"than"作為關(guān)聯(lián)詞只有連接主句和狀語從句的作用，但在托福語法考題中如果符合上面提到的“省略”要求的兩個條件——主句的主語與從句的主語邏輯上相一致；從句以“be'’的適當形式作謂語的“主一系一表”結(jié)構(gòu)或“類主一系一表”結(jié)構(gòu)——這兩個詞除“正常”的連接作用還充當從句的主語：如:John’s father was such a stingy man that he seldom spent On his son as much as was necessary．． Mark was delighted tO see his new flat Was larger than was expected．．．
上面的兩個句子中，“as”和“than’分別充當了從句的主語。
三．變性
“變性”是指"after"和“before”所引導的從句在從句的主語與主句的主語一致的時候可以由從句變?yōu)榻樵~(before、after由關(guān)聯(lián)詞變成介詞，動名詞短語作介詞賓語)。如:Before he became the 39th President Of United States，Jimmy Carterhad been the governor Of Georgia．
變成： Before becoming the 39th President Of…
四.變形
“變形”指的是"because"、“since"、“as”和“for'’引導的原因狀語從句在從句的主語與主句的主語一致的時候由從句變成分詞短語。如：AS she was the first woman to serve in this local court，she enjoyed a greater popularity than her male colleagues。
變成： “Being the first woman tO serve．．．"