例2
Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population --growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.
1. It is implied that fifty years ago
A. eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories
B. twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees
C. the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers
D. the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was much smaller than that of industrial workers
本題問的是文章隱含的意思，要求讀者把腦力勞動的雇員和產(chǎn)業(yè)工人人數(shù)進行比較。正確答案可以從最后一句找到：做腦力勞動的雇員人數(shù)增長“其速度之快使得作為工業(yè)革命最早的產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)業(yè)工人在人數(shù)上與其相形見絀”。所以選項D是正確答案。此題要求讀懂整個第一段，以便有信心地排除其他三個選項。這一段說到當(dāng)今美國社會中5個人中只有1人不是雇員，即80％的人是受雇傭為他人干活。但問題問的是50年前的情況。選項A用當(dāng)前的統(tǒng)計比例回答50年前的狀況，因此是錯誤的。選項B也是誤解，文章提到50年前1／5(即20％)的人被雇傭，是一個總體的比例，不能類推出說20％的美國知識分子是雇員。選項C認為勞動大軍中腦力勞動者和產(chǎn)業(yè)工人的比例一樣高。這顯然沒有看懂文章的最后～句，產(chǎn)業(yè)工人是工業(yè)革命的最早產(chǎn)物。
例3
What does a scientist do when he or she “explains” something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and deduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as examples of general laws. For instance most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by an exuberant dog) and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response -- fear.
1. Which of the following is most clearly analogous to the example in the passage of the person who fears dogs?
A. A child chokes on a fish bone and as an adolescent is reluctant to eat fish.
B. A person feels lonely and after a while b~s a dog for companionship.
C. A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.
D. A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home.
本題要求讀者在準確理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，從四個選項中找出一個適當(dāng)?shù)睦?，補充說明心理學(xué)家是如何解釋某種行為或心理現(xiàn)象的。本題的正確答案是A項。
例4
.., Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it will be the mechanist's trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fall because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
1. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one ________
A. to be more successful in his career
B. to be more specialized in his field
C. to solve technical problems
D. to develop his professional skill
本題要求讀者對文章的意思進行推理，準確掌握employeeship一詞的含義。在這段中關(guān)于當(dāng)好雇員的表達方式有“what it is to be all employee”，“have employeeship”，和“the requirements of being all employee”等等。第6—8行就明確指出，具備雇員要素，比專門的職業(yè)知識和技能，更能影響一個人的成就。所以選項A是正確答案。其他三個選項，文章里都沒有提到，故都不正確。
Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population --growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.
1. It is implied that fifty years ago
A. eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories
B. twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees
C. the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers
D. the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was much smaller than that of industrial workers
本題問的是文章隱含的意思，要求讀者把腦力勞動的雇員和產(chǎn)業(yè)工人人數(shù)進行比較。正確答案可以從最后一句找到：做腦力勞動的雇員人數(shù)增長“其速度之快使得作為工業(yè)革命最早的產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)業(yè)工人在人數(shù)上與其相形見絀”。所以選項D是正確答案。此題要求讀懂整個第一段，以便有信心地排除其他三個選項。這一段說到當(dāng)今美國社會中5個人中只有1人不是雇員，即80％的人是受雇傭為他人干活。但問題問的是50年前的情況。選項A用當(dāng)前的統(tǒng)計比例回答50年前的狀況，因此是錯誤的。選項B也是誤解，文章提到50年前1／5(即20％)的人被雇傭，是一個總體的比例，不能類推出說20％的美國知識分子是雇員。選項C認為勞動大軍中腦力勞動者和產(chǎn)業(yè)工人的比例一樣高。這顯然沒有看懂文章的最后～句，產(chǎn)業(yè)工人是工業(yè)革命的最早產(chǎn)物。
例3
What does a scientist do when he or she “explains” something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and deduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as examples of general laws. For instance most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by an exuberant dog) and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response -- fear.
1. Which of the following is most clearly analogous to the example in the passage of the person who fears dogs?
A. A child chokes on a fish bone and as an adolescent is reluctant to eat fish.
B. A person feels lonely and after a while b~s a dog for companionship.
C. A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.
D. A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home.
本題要求讀者在準確理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，從四個選項中找出一個適當(dāng)?shù)睦?，補充說明心理學(xué)家是如何解釋某種行為或心理現(xiàn)象的。本題的正確答案是A項。
例4
.., Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it will be the mechanist's trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fall because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
1. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one ________
A. to be more successful in his career
B. to be more specialized in his field
C. to solve technical problems
D. to develop his professional skill
本題要求讀者對文章的意思進行推理，準確掌握employeeship一詞的含義。在這段中關(guān)于當(dāng)好雇員的表達方式有“what it is to be all employee”，“have employeeship”，和“the requirements of being all employee”等等。第6—8行就明確指出，具備雇員要素，比專門的職業(yè)知識和技能，更能影響一個人的成就。所以選項A是正確答案。其他三個選項，文章里都沒有提到，故都不正確。