01. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 那種性別比例能在大程度上增加一個個體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。
02. (This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower . （這是一種）照亮現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望，此欲望從來就不會唐突的取代后面的那種欲望，后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個兼任小說加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準(zhǔn)確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的欲望。
03. Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. 哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無能，無法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動的穿梭往來；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動。
04. Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. 弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫（Virginia Woolf）在創(chuàng)作《黛洛維夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）時有關(guān)其創(chuàng)作意圖的這番發(fā)人深思的陳述，迄今為止一貫為文學(xué)評論家們所忽略，因?yàn)樗怀龇从沉怂T多文學(xué)興趣中某一方面，而這一方面則與人們對"詩性"小說家（poetic novelist）所形成的傳統(tǒng)見解大相徑庭。所謂的"詩性"小說家，所關(guān)注的是審視想入非非和白日夢幻的諸般狀態(tài)，并致力于追尋個體意識的通幽曲徑。
05. As she put it in The Common Reader , "It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore ." 就像她在《致普通讀者》一書中所表達(dá)的那樣，"盡管可以毫無疑問的說，沒有任何法律被指定出來，也沒有任何高樓大廈被建立起來是因?yàn)閱疼耪f了什么或者寫了什么；然而，當(dāng)我們讀它的書的時候，我們身上每一個毛孔都充滿了道德"
06. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis . 隨著爆發(fā)出來的運(yùn)動的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會變得很高，使得大型動物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來又會（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。
07. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves' preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛--在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被為顯著地揭示出來--在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
08. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說、音樂、及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。
09. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests,may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 古特曼表示，這種對于外部通婚的偏愛很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個和另一個部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對近親聯(lián)姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. 該社會學(xué)家的命題當(dāng)被應(yīng)用于針對美國黑人的歧視時，相對而言尚能適用，但他對種族偏見所下的定義--即"以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對某個群體的消級的先入之見，而該群體在任何特定的種族競爭地區(qū)則被普遍認(rèn)作一種族"--可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對加利福尼亞州的中國人以及中世紀(jì)的*人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。
11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience. 類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)他們被用來與大腦的體驗(yàn)以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來的時候，他們在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。
12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits . 有可能通過其他方法來證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。
13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. 盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點(diǎn)從來都沒有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對過，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點(diǎn)，即：神經(jīng)沖動從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作"一種普通流"在整個神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。
14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number， arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. 盡管其他實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理-神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來比起微小的差異更為令人注目。
15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. 雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個物體變得熟悉起來，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serial hypothesis），至少是對于那些不甚簡單、不甚熟悉的物體來說.
16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. 在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動（feminist movement）的緣故，史學(xué)家近年來匯聚了大量的注意力，來更為準(zhǔn)確地確定婦女在各個歷史時期的地位。 Focus A on B;
17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact -real Amazonian societies - but rather to offer "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society . 如果我們先研究一下為什么古人會提到亞馬遜人，下面的一點(diǎn)就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘對于這種社會的廟睡不是太多的被用來表達(dá)觀察的歷史事實(shí)--真正的亞麻遜社會的--而是為了對于婦女在其社會中的統(tǒng)治的預(yù)期后果提供一種"道德教導(dǎo)"。
18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. 因此，舉例來說，對數(shù)學(xué)家而言，了解到下述情形可能會令其驚愕不已，即薛定諤（Schrodinger）的氫原子方程式并非是對該原子作出的一種絕然正確的描述，而僅僅是個近似值，趨近于一個在某種程度上更為正確的將自旋、磁性偶極子、以及相對論效應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)的方程式；而這個得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個不完美的近似值，趨近于無窮無盡的一整套量子場論方程式。
19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 物理學(xué)家恐懼于那些精確無誤的論據(jù)不無道理，因?yàn)槟撤N只有在它是精確無誤的條件下才令人置信的論據(jù)，一旦它賴于建立其上的假設(shè)稍有變化，便會失去它一部的作用；而與此相反，一個盡管并不精確無誤但卻令人置信的論據(jù)，在其基本假設(shè)（underlying assumption）稍微受干擾的情況下，仍然有可能是站得住腳的。
20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. 起初，藍(lán)襪女們確實(shí)模仿了法國沙龍女主人，將男性襄括到其小圈子中來。然則，隨著她們獲得的凝聚力，她們漸趨將自己視作一女性團(tuán)體，并擁有了一種婦女團(tuán)結(jié)意識，而這種意識在法國沙龍女主人身上則蕩然無存，因?yàn)樗齻兠總€人在其自己的沙龍中自視甚高而彼此孤立隔絕開來。
21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. 隨著我的研究不斷深入，我對昆蟲和脊椎動物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來愈深刻，而對結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異印象愈發(fā)淡漠，雖然這些結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異初看上去似乎構(gòu)成了二者間一條無法愈越的鴻溝。
22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. 雖然小說無疑起源于政治情狀，但其作者則是以非意識形態(tài)的方式對這些政治情狀作出反應(yīng)的，而將小說和故事主要地當(dāng)作意識形態(tài)的工具來探討，會在相當(dāng)程度上阻礙小說事業(yè)。
23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic? 這究竟是一種缺陷呢，還是這些作者想要按照一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作，抑或是在試圖創(chuàng)立一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系？
24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? 不僅如此，有些黑人小說（比如JT的甘蔗）的風(fēng)格接近與表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義；這種技巧是否為流行的主題提供了一個和諧的對應(yīng)呢？這種主題刻畫了黑人注意與之相抗?fàn)幍拿\(yùn)，這是一個通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達(dá)的主題。
25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. 《黑人小說》考察了極為廣泛的一系列小說，在此過程中讓我們注意到了某些引人入勝但卻鮮為人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韋爾登。約翰遜（James Weldon Johnson）的《一個曾經(jīng)是有色人的自傳》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。
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26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. 雖然這些分子允許可見波長（visible wavelength）的輻射--陽光的絕大部分能量就匯集于此--不受阻擋地穿透，但它們卻會吸收某些較長波長（longer-wavelength），亦即從地球表面輻射出的紅外發(fā)射（infrared emission），這種輻射若不是二氧化碳的緣故就會被重新輸送回太空。
27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints-ways of feeling，thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. 這些人類學(xué)家所歸諸于生物進(jìn)化的作用，不是規(guī)定人類行為的種種細(xì)節(jié)，而是將各種限制強(qiáng)加于人類--即在任何文化的典型情景中都會"自然表露"的情感、思維、以及行動方式。
28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? 以下哪一個選項(xiàng)有可能為文章中所談到的與人類行為有關(guān)的"人類行為細(xì)節(jié)"相對"人類所受限制"之間的差異，從人類形態(tài)的角度上提供了一個合適的類比？
29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers had removed most of the algae. 在存在大量食草動物的同時卻只有少量的水藻花粉囊，這暗示出--但沒能證明--食草動物已吞噬了大部分水藻。
30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. 可能這樣一個事實(shí)，那就是很多這樣的初的研究只是考慮了那些能夠用網(wǎng)撈起來的大小的水藻，這樣一個忽視了更小的浮游生物（而這些浮游生物我們現(xiàn)在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，導(dǎo)致了在接下來的研究中對于捕食者的作用的貶低。
31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. 由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所進(jìn)行的研究，對自然條件下的群落捕食速率進(jìn)行了估計，其手段是通過測量出實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)單獨(dú)的浮游動物種類的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草動物種群密度，計算出實(shí)地狀況下的群落捕食速率。
32. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer， Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. 在浮游動物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對于營養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle），作為該學(xué)科中的一個主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過的諸現(xiàn)象的整個循環(huán)過程，開始時是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，終通過蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. 只有當(dāng)一個系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工形成的邊界來把邊界中的水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來的時候，才有可能把整個的系統(tǒng)恰當(dāng)?shù)某蔀榕c水文地質(zhì)學(xué)有關(guān)。
35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier--that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. 史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇--亦即是說，美國農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
36. In the early 1950's，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. 二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時期的歐洲）的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)（楊鵬的書中：第以大量的數(shù)據(jù)），開始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 象勒羅伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個案史（case history）來，闡明了不同社會群體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對犯罪和法律的態(tài)度），并揭示出*是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? 從文章中可以推斷出來，一個希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個十年的某個歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個十年中的犯罪率的歷史學(xué)家將會被以下那種信息的提高所好的幫助？
39. My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 我的論點(diǎn)是，其作品的中心意識--它將階級和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解--在很大程度上借鑒了那個早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評論家的足夠重視。
40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. 即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來的生物材料應(yīng)該對受移植者的組織無害，也能夠通過從研究組織培養(yǎng)對生物材料的反應(yīng)而來的，或從研究短期移植而來的技術(shù)來滿足。
41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識，即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合--而對這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。
42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. 伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象--毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當(dāng)數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處--以致于對它進(jìn)行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. 盡管從歷史角度來看，在古代以色列作為獨(dú)立主權(quán)國家的*教法與大流散時期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代*人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的*教法之間存在著一個明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《*教法典》（Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《*教法典》，是指大流散時期*教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. 另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教（Arab paganism）的一種根本上的決裂；伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對各種雜亂無章、絕無共同點(diǎn)的法律內(nèi)容進(jìn)行考察所致的結(jié)果，而這些法律內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過來的無數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。 (as it did )實(shí)際上是一句插入語。
45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. 這其中的一個新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構(gòu)造一個部分的那些不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識出來并被分離開來，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。由此，對豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
46. It is one of nature's great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants' leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. 下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對植物的生長構(gòu)成了一個上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮?dú)獾暮Ｑ笾小?BR> 47. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. 除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細(xì)菌共生關(guān)系的基因可被辨識出來和分離開來的話，且即使這些基因綜合體（gene complex），一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其移植得以成為可能的話。
48. Its subject(to use Maynard Mack's categories)is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers, diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. 其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克（Maynard Mack）的兩個分類范疇的話〕是"人生作為外部景象"，因?yàn)樽x者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來觀察其主人公奧德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是"人生作為內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)"：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴，而其行為動機(jī)卻致使他變作一個并非特別惹人喜愛的主人公。 （從分號后的語句推理出前面的意思）注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的
49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. 在一條成年比目魚身上顯著存在的諸多不對稱（asymmetry）特征中，為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位：在成年之前，一只眼睛發(fā)生移動，因此在成年比目魚身上，兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側(cè)面。
50. A critique of Handlin's interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660's suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded . 一個對于H的關(guān)于為何法律上的奴隸制沒有在17世紀(jì)60年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因所作解釋的批評顯示，關(guān)于奴隸制和種族偏見之間的關(guān)系的假說應(yīng)當(dāng)重新檢查，而且顯示出，對于在北美和南美之間的對黑怒的不同處理的解釋應(yīng)當(dāng)被擴(kuò)展。
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51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. 對于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來說，好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼--這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）--上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. 但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含"不相容成分"的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve's blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見的長篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個人記憶及小說情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開的小說。
54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. 各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列；正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯落有致地安排好。
55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb's newly published complete edition of Proust's correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. 但是我們當(dāng)中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細(xì)的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。
56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. 現(xiàn)在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國人的經(jīng)歷來審視這個文化，我們的經(jīng)歷是從一個主權(quán)的民族變成了新來的定居者的同胞，在終淪落成為一個被征服的民族--在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數(shù)民族。
57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA's （cDNA's）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA's (mRNA's) of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna'S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA's should still bind to these mRNA's，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA's for the true hormones. 科學(xué)家可以制造出特異的（specific）互補(bǔ)DNA's（cDNA's），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA's（mRNA's）。如果大腦正在制造著肽激素，則細(xì)胞就會含有這些信使RNA's.假若細(xì)胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全然相同，那么，互補(bǔ)cDNA's應(yīng)仍然和這些信使mDNA's粘結(jié)的程度。含有這些mRNA's的腦細(xì)胞然后就可以被分離開來，研究者可對其信使RNA's進(jìn)行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。
58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. 采用cDNA探子來測定肽激素的這一分子生物學(xué)方法同時也應(yīng)該比免疫學(xué)的方法速度來得快，因?yàn)閷τ诿庖叩姆椒▉碚f，需耗費(fèi)好幾年枯燥的提純進(jìn)程，方能將肽素分離了出來，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對它們的抗血清。
59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. 然而，研究P時代的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來顯示如果由他們來決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會如何安排冰川紀(jì)。
60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. 這一序列演替（succession）所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacial bed）中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化（interstatified）。
61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging. 人們試圖對這些禁忌作出解釋，所依據(jù)的要么是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要么是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會關(guān)系。
62. Many critics of Family Bronte's novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. 研究艾米麗。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小說《呼嘯山莊》（Wuthering Heights）的許多文學(xué)評論家，將小說的第二部分視作一種對比物，即使沒有將第一部分予以逆轉(zhuǎn)的話，也是在對第一部分作出一種詮釋評判，而在小說第一部分中，一種"浪漫的"的讀解能獲得更為充分的確證。
63. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel's heterogeneous parts. 誠然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對小說架構(gòu)的意識可與亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那種意識相比擬；然則，任何力圖將小說所有形形色色的因素統(tǒng)一起來的做法，在某種程度上注定是無法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都統(tǒng)一、當(dāng)然，表讓步，=admitted , of course.
64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. 這倒不是因?yàn)檫@樣的一種解釋必定會僵化成為一個命題（盡管對這部或任何一部小說的解釋中，僵化死板總是一種危險），而是因?yàn)椤逗魢[山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素，以其無可辯駁的力度，終拒絕被囿于一個囊括無遺的解釋中。
65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. 鉛的同位素構(gòu)成經(jīng)常在一種普通銅礦石來源與另一種銅礦石來源之間存在差異，其差異程度超出測量誤差；而初的研究表明，對于來自單獨(dú)一個銅礦石來源的鉛來說，其同位素構(gòu)成幾乎是毫無二致的。
66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. 更有可能的是鳥類運(yùn)輸：或者是通過外部途徑，即由于種籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通過內(nèi)部方式，即由于鳥類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來。
67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England's policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . 一個對于后來成了美國的英國殖民地的歷史的長久以來的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為英國在1763年以前對于這些殖民地的政策被經(jīng)濟(jì)利益所支配，而且認(rèn)為一種向著更大程度帝國制度的政策上的轉(zhuǎn)變--為擴(kuò)張主義的軍事目標(biāo)所左右--產(chǎn)生了終導(dǎo)致美國革命的緊張氣氛。
68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. 現(xiàn)在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它常見于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內(nèi)含物中，而這類物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說服力的證據(jù)，證明金剛石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。
69. Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. 即使是對這一主流研究模型的"激進(jìn)"批評，諸如《分裂的社會》（Divided Society）一書中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問題過分機(jī)構(gòu)地與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會移動性的因素聯(lián)系起來，因此無從闡明波多黎各人作為一個殖民地少數(shù)民族的文化從屬關(guān)系。
70. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way，and which can be detected. 它們被稱為"虛粒子"（virtual particle），以便與實(shí)粒子（real particle）區(qū)分開來，而實(shí)粒子則不會以這種方式受到制約，并且其存在可得以測定。
71. Open acknowledgement of the existence of women's oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir's conclusion, that change in women's economic condition , though insufficient by itself , "remains the basic factor " in improving women's situation , was particularly unacceptable . 公開對婦女壓迫的存在的承認(rèn)對于50年代的美國而言有些過分激進(jìn)，而且B的結(jié)論，即婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的變化，經(jīng)管它本身不是一個充分的因素，但是"仍然是提高婦女地位的根本因素"的觀點(diǎn)，尤其無法令人接受。
72. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth's rocky mantle by the Earth's collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth's iron fell to its core. 其他的理論家提出，在地球的大部分鐵沉入到地核之后，由于地球與另一個龐大的天體發(fā)生碰撞，月亮便從地球那石質(zhì)的地幔中撕裂開來而形成的。 Rip:撕開；撥去；在本文是撕開的意思。
73. However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 然而，進(jìn)來的學(xué)術(shù)研究強(qiáng)烈的顯示那些看來為明確的請教徒的早期新英格蘭文化的一些方面，比如強(qiáng)烈的宗教導(dǎo)向和團(tuán)體意識，就整體而言卻不是新英格蘭的典型特征，而是在很大程度上只局限與馬薩諸賽和康涅狄格兩個州。
74. Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern- acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the law，and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models-was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut，but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. 因此，那些與（北方）清教殖民地形成鮮明對比、并在戴維斯教授的心目中顯得具有特殊南方色彩的特征--占有欲、對政治和法律的濃厚興趣、以及培養(yǎng)大都市文化模式的傾向--不僅僅要比清教的馬薩諸塞州和康乃涅克州所展現(xiàn)出來的文化模式更具有典型的英國色彩，并且?guī)缀鹾翢o疑問地構(gòu)成了絕大多數(shù)其它早期近代英國殖民地的特征，從巴巴多斯北至羅得島和新罕布什爾州。
75. Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this. 一些描述，關(guān)于他從小就記得的北卡羅來納州的M縣的人民、關(guān)于他在H的日子里的爵士樂手和公寓的房頂、關(guān)于匹茲堡的鋼鐵工人的描述和他的假借古代B國對古希臘神話得寵俗，都表現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)。In the guise of :"假借、在...的幌子下，假裝"。
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76. A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton. 浮游動物體內(nèi)一種極特殊的進(jìn)食適應(yīng)性變化是蝌蚪狀的尾海鞘綱動物（appendicularian）的那種適應(yīng)性變化，而尾海鞘綱動物則存活于核桃大?。ɑ蚋。┑酿ひ呵蚰覂?nèi)，裝備有過濾器，用以捕捉和集中浮游植物。
77. These historians，however，have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. 但是，這些史學(xué)家還不曾充分地分析同一時期中那些具體的女權(quán)主義思想和活動的發(fā)展。
78. Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. 顯然，大多數(shù)的巨星能夠失去足夠多的物質(zhì)以至于在燃盡其核燃料以前他們的質(zhì)量下降到關(guān)鍵值1.4M以下。難在：sufficient ...that... = so much (many ) ... that...
79. This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. 即使是武裝部隊是在一種趨向職業(yè)平等的制度變遷的風(fēng)氣中運(yùn)作的時候，而且即使部隊是在聯(lián)邦政府的同工同酬的約束下運(yùn)行的時候，情況仍然是這樣。
80. An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon's smaller size and closer proximity to Earth. 一個能夠把活性表面的碎片射入地球交叉軌道的碰撞發(fā)生的可能性甚至小于這種事件在月亮上發(fā)生的可能性，考慮到月亮更小的尺寸及其與地球接近的程度。
81. Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin,from that donor are accepted permanently. 但是，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在許多種老鼠之間，這些移植法的"常規(guī)"并沒有被肝臟移植物所遵循。肝臟移植物非但從沒遭到過排斥，甚至還誘發(fā)了一種供者特異性無應(yīng)答狀態(tài)（donor-specific unresponsiveness），在此狀態(tài)中，隨后來自那個供者其它器官的移植物，如皮膚，會永久地被接受。
82. As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves)generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. 當(dāng)巖石界面被穿過的時候，震波所遇到的彈性性質(zhì)通常會發(fā)生突然的變化，這就使得一部分能量被反射回地面，在地面反射回來的波被震波紀(jì)錄儀記錄下來。
83. While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles,and throwing the date once more into utter confusion. 數(shù)據(jù)資料已被統(tǒng)計出來，或被重新統(tǒng)計出來，以便證明在文體學(xué)這方面，《乞援衰女》實(shí)際上確實(shí)在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》（后兩者現(xiàn)在則變成了"原始"的劇作）之后以及在軸殘片卻喚起了一種幽靈似的疑慮，即另一塊殘片有可能再度被挖掘出來，并證明，比如說，《乞援衰女》是作者藉以擊敗索?？死账沟摹哆_(dá)那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，從而將創(chuàng)作年代再度置于極度的混亂之中. 注：best:擊敗,=defeat, overcome, outdo
84. The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. 一個社會所創(chuàng)造出來藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成產(chǎn)生，以保存在這個社會看來具有本質(zhì)意義的文化遺產(chǎn)的各個方面。
85. Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. 傳統(tǒng)上，風(fēng)媒傳粉被看成是這樣的繁殖過程：其特征就是由一些隨即事件的發(fā)生，在這些隨機(jī)事件里，風(fēng)的反復(fù)無常被大量的產(chǎn)生花粉所補(bǔ)償，以至于新種子的終產(chǎn)生被保證了，其代價是產(chǎn)生遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于實(shí)際使用量的花粉。
86. Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. 由于花粉粒在其長距離的運(yùn)輸過程中所要面臨的潛在危險是巨大的，按上述觀點(diǎn)來看，由風(fēng)授粉的植物補(bǔ)償了通過偶發(fā)事件而伴隨造成的花粉損失。其途徑是，制造出大于昆蟲授粉的植物種類所產(chǎn)生的花粉量的一至三個數(shù)量級的花粉量。
87. For example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone's surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. 例如，帶有胚珠的松球的鱗苞綜合體的螺旋狀安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，對于氣流模式的形成與產(chǎn)生殊為重要，而這些氣流模式在松球的表現(xiàn)盤旋上升，從而把在空氣中飛行的花粉從一個鱗苞傳播至下一個鱗苞。
88. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex into public industry". FE,卻預(yù)測婦女們將被從家庭的"社會、法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)壓迫"中解放出來，只是通過使得征召"整個女性階層進(jìn)入公共的工業(yè)中去"成為可能的技術(shù)進(jìn)步的方式做到的。
89. It was not the change in office technology,but rather the separation of secretarial work,previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880's created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women's work." 十九世紀(jì)八十年代，產(chǎn)生了新的一類"沒前途"的職業(yè)，這并不是因?yàn)檗k公室技術(shù)發(fā)生了改變，而是由于秘書工作--在此之前被視作是初起步的經(jīng)理們的一種習(xí)見訓(xùn)練--與行政工作的分離。自此以后，這類"沒前途"的職業(yè)便被視作是"女人的工作。"
90. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire. 二十世紀(jì)已婚婦女在家庭以外就業(yè)的人數(shù)不斷增加，這與家務(wù)的機(jī)械化及這些婦女閑暇時間的增加并無多大聯(lián)系，更多地是與婦女自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)需要和高婚姻率相關(guān)。高婚姻率致使所能雇傭的單身女工的總量縮減，而在此之前的許多情形中，單身女性則是雇主們所愿雇傭的-一類婦女。 The pool of 如果后面跟著一群人，則表示勞動力資源
91. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. 請思考:如果文中說這句話的前提是：all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density-independent factors. 那么作者說上面的這句話有什么用意。解釋：本句雖然貌不驚人，但本書既然將其收錄進(jìn)來，并標(biāo)出難度5，就意味著其中有怪異之處。值得一提的是，本文前面曾把控制種群密度的因素分為兩種，一種叫做density-dependent factors(這里簡稱d-d因素)，另一種叫做dentsity-independent factors(簡稱d-I因素)。原文的直譯雖然好懂，但是總令人感覺說得不甚明白。顯然，GRE或GMAT的作者不可能隨便說一句無關(guān)痛癢的話，那么沒有任何種群能夠在所有的時間全被d-I因素所控制，其真正意思是什么呢？就是：一切種群都必然在某個時間內(nèi)受到d-d因素的控制。本句是ETS在考試中慣用的正話反說的典型例子，請讀者深沉體會。本句在文章中也是理解作者態(tài)度的關(guān)鍵所在。
92. In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's investigation，we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. 為了能理解生態(tài)學(xué)家們所從事的研究的性質(zhì)，我們可以把那些作用于增長參數(shù)的密度依賴效應(yīng)視作生態(tài)學(xué)家們力圖將其分離并予以解釋的"信號"，正是這一信號傾向于使種群從相對較低的數(shù)值遞增，或從相對較高的數(shù)值遞減；而與此同時，那些密度獨(dú)立效應(yīng)起到的作用則構(gòu)成了種群動態(tài)變化中的"噪音"。
93. But the play's complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois' famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity，or Fanon's emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. 但該劇有關(guān)黑人自尊可與人類團(tuán)結(jié)相融合這一復(fù)雜觀點(diǎn)，絲毫都不比杜波伊斯（Du Bois）的理想或法儂（Fanon）的強(qiáng)調(diào)來得更為"矛盾"：杜波伊斯提出的的、深思熟慮的理想是，民族的自覺可以和人類大同共存；法儂則對理想的國際主義進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)調(diào)，而這一理想的國際主義同樣也能兼容民族身份與角色。
94. In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs' to Raisin in the Sun? 在以下哪一個選項(xiàng)中，文章的作者加強(qiáng)了她對類似這樣的對于做出的反應(yīng)的批判呢？
95. Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker，these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. 作為二十世紀(jì)早期"進(jìn)步派"史學(xué)家（如Beard和Becker）等人某些觀點(diǎn)的繼承者，這些近期的史學(xué)家所提出的觀點(diǎn)值得我們予以評價。
96. Despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. 盡管存在這些模糊范疇，但我們不應(yīng)該斷然聲稱，在各個易于辨認(rèn)出的階層之間所存在的敵對態(tài)度就無法被合理地觀察到。
97. Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. 然而，有些史學(xué)家強(qiáng)調(diào)在殖民者之間曾出現(xiàn)過一種普遍的一致意見。這些史學(xué)家如果不認(rèn)識到各種矛盾的存在，就無法充分地理解這種一致意見，而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或壓制之后才有可能獲得那種一致意見。 It 指代：general consensus
98. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War？ 從文章中可以推斷出來，作者有可能同意以下哪一個關(guān)于在美國革命戰(zhàn)爭中的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)各階層及其對叛黨和保王黨的支持的陳述？
99. She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. 她希望拋棄傳統(tǒng)的方法和像芭蕾舞這樣已經(jīng)確立的舞蹈語言，而希望探索人類表現(xiàn)力的內(nèi)在源泉。
100. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. 盡管有可能從實(shí)際制造的商品和服務(wù)中可推知制造商和服務(wù)業(yè)認(rèn)為他們的顧客所需要的是什么，但只有對由實(shí)際顧客撰寫的相關(guān)的個人文件進(jìn)行一番研究，方能提供一幅精確的圖畫，藉以說明"什么樣的人"需要什么樣的東西。
02. (This is) A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower . （這是一種）照亮現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望，此欲望從來就不會唐突的取代后面的那種欲望，后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個兼任小說加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準(zhǔn)確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的欲望。
03. Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. 哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無能，無法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動的穿梭往來；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動。
04. Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. 弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫（Virginia Woolf）在創(chuàng)作《黛洛維夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）時有關(guān)其創(chuàng)作意圖的這番發(fā)人深思的陳述，迄今為止一貫為文學(xué)評論家們所忽略，因?yàn)樗怀龇从沉怂T多文學(xué)興趣中某一方面，而這一方面則與人們對"詩性"小說家（poetic novelist）所形成的傳統(tǒng)見解大相徑庭。所謂的"詩性"小說家，所關(guān)注的是審視想入非非和白日夢幻的諸般狀態(tài)，并致力于追尋個體意識的通幽曲徑。
05. As she put it in The Common Reader , "It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore ." 就像她在《致普通讀者》一書中所表達(dá)的那樣，"盡管可以毫無疑問的說，沒有任何法律被指定出來，也沒有任何高樓大廈被建立起來是因?yàn)閱疼耪f了什么或者寫了什么；然而，當(dāng)我們讀它的書的時候，我們身上每一個毛孔都充滿了道德"
06. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis . 隨著爆發(fā)出來的運(yùn)動的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會變得很高，使得大型動物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來又會（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。
07. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves' preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛--在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被為顯著地揭示出來--在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
08. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說、音樂、及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。
09. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests,may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 古特曼表示，這種對于外部通婚的偏愛很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個和另一個部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對近親聯(lián)姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. 該社會學(xué)家的命題當(dāng)被應(yīng)用于針對美國黑人的歧視時，相對而言尚能適用，但他對種族偏見所下的定義--即"以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對某個群體的消級的先入之見，而該群體在任何特定的種族競爭地區(qū)則被普遍認(rèn)作一種族"--可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對加利福尼亞州的中國人以及中世紀(jì)的*人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。
11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience. 類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)他們被用來與大腦的體驗(yàn)以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來的時候，他們在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。
12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits . 有可能通過其他方法來證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。
13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. 盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點(diǎn)從來都沒有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對過，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點(diǎn)，即：神經(jīng)沖動從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作"一種普通流"在整個神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。
14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number， arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. 盡管其他實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理-神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來比起微小的差異更為令人注目。
15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. 雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個物體變得熟悉起來，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serial hypothesis），至少是對于那些不甚簡單、不甚熟悉的物體來說.
16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. 在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動（feminist movement）的緣故，史學(xué)家近年來匯聚了大量的注意力，來更為準(zhǔn)確地確定婦女在各個歷史時期的地位。 Focus A on B;
17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact -real Amazonian societies - but rather to offer "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society . 如果我們先研究一下為什么古人會提到亞馬遜人，下面的一點(diǎn)就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘對于這種社會的廟睡不是太多的被用來表達(dá)觀察的歷史事實(shí)--真正的亞麻遜社會的--而是為了對于婦女在其社會中的統(tǒng)治的預(yù)期后果提供一種"道德教導(dǎo)"。
18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. 因此，舉例來說，對數(shù)學(xué)家而言，了解到下述情形可能會令其驚愕不已，即薛定諤（Schrodinger）的氫原子方程式并非是對該原子作出的一種絕然正確的描述，而僅僅是個近似值，趨近于一個在某種程度上更為正確的將自旋、磁性偶極子、以及相對論效應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)的方程式；而這個得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個不完美的近似值，趨近于無窮無盡的一整套量子場論方程式。
19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 物理學(xué)家恐懼于那些精確無誤的論據(jù)不無道理，因?yàn)槟撤N只有在它是精確無誤的條件下才令人置信的論據(jù)，一旦它賴于建立其上的假設(shè)稍有變化，便會失去它一部的作用；而與此相反，一個盡管并不精確無誤但卻令人置信的論據(jù)，在其基本假設(shè)（underlying assumption）稍微受干擾的情況下，仍然有可能是站得住腳的。
20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. 起初，藍(lán)襪女們確實(shí)模仿了法國沙龍女主人，將男性襄括到其小圈子中來。然則，隨著她們獲得的凝聚力，她們漸趨將自己視作一女性團(tuán)體，并擁有了一種婦女團(tuán)結(jié)意識，而這種意識在法國沙龍女主人身上則蕩然無存，因?yàn)樗齻兠總€人在其自己的沙龍中自視甚高而彼此孤立隔絕開來。
21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. 隨著我的研究不斷深入，我對昆蟲和脊椎動物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來愈深刻，而對結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異印象愈發(fā)淡漠，雖然這些結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異初看上去似乎構(gòu)成了二者間一條無法愈越的鴻溝。
22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. 雖然小說無疑起源于政治情狀，但其作者則是以非意識形態(tài)的方式對這些政治情狀作出反應(yīng)的，而將小說和故事主要地當(dāng)作意識形態(tài)的工具來探討，會在相當(dāng)程度上阻礙小說事業(yè)。
23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic? 這究竟是一種缺陷呢，還是這些作者想要按照一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作，抑或是在試圖創(chuàng)立一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系？
24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? 不僅如此，有些黑人小說（比如JT的甘蔗）的風(fēng)格接近與表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義；這種技巧是否為流行的主題提供了一個和諧的對應(yīng)呢？這種主題刻畫了黑人注意與之相抗?fàn)幍拿\(yùn)，這是一個通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達(dá)的主題。
25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. 《黑人小說》考察了極為廣泛的一系列小說，在此過程中讓我們注意到了某些引人入勝但卻鮮為人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韋爾登。約翰遜（James Weldon Johnson）的《一個曾經(jīng)是有色人的自傳》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。
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26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. 雖然這些分子允許可見波長（visible wavelength）的輻射--陽光的絕大部分能量就匯集于此--不受阻擋地穿透，但它們卻會吸收某些較長波長（longer-wavelength），亦即從地球表面輻射出的紅外發(fā)射（infrared emission），這種輻射若不是二氧化碳的緣故就會被重新輸送回太空。
27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints-ways of feeling，thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. 這些人類學(xué)家所歸諸于生物進(jìn)化的作用，不是規(guī)定人類行為的種種細(xì)節(jié)，而是將各種限制強(qiáng)加于人類--即在任何文化的典型情景中都會"自然表露"的情感、思維、以及行動方式。
28. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? 以下哪一個選項(xiàng)有可能為文章中所談到的與人類行為有關(guān)的"人類行為細(xì)節(jié)"相對"人類所受限制"之間的差異，從人類形態(tài)的角度上提供了一個合適的類比？
29. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers had removed most of the algae. 在存在大量食草動物的同時卻只有少量的水藻花粉囊，這暗示出--但沒能證明--食草動物已吞噬了大部分水藻。
30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. 可能這樣一個事實(shí)，那就是很多這樣的初的研究只是考慮了那些能夠用網(wǎng)撈起來的大小的水藻，這樣一個忽視了更小的浮游生物（而這些浮游生物我們現(xiàn)在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，導(dǎo)致了在接下來的研究中對于捕食者的作用的貶低。
31. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. 由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所進(jìn)行的研究，對自然條件下的群落捕食速率進(jìn)行了估計，其手段是通過測量出實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)單獨(dú)的浮游動物種類的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草動物種群密度，計算出實(shí)地狀況下的群落捕食速率。
32. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer， Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. 在浮游動物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對于營養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle），作為該學(xué)科中的一個主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過的諸現(xiàn)象的整個循環(huán)過程，開始時是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，終通過蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
34. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. 只有當(dāng)一個系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工形成的邊界來把邊界中的水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來的時候，才有可能把整個的系統(tǒng)恰當(dāng)?shù)某蔀榕c水文地質(zhì)學(xué)有關(guān)。
35. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890's that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier--that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. 史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇--亦即是說，美國農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
36. In the early 1950's，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. 二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時期的歐洲）的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)（楊鵬的書中：第以大量的數(shù)據(jù)），開始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 象勒羅伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個案史（case history）來，闡明了不同社會群體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對犯罪和法律的態(tài)度），并揭示出*是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? 從文章中可以推斷出來，一個希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個十年的某個歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個十年中的犯罪率的歷史學(xué)家將會被以下那種信息的提高所好的幫助？
39. My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people's lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 我的論點(diǎn)是，其作品的中心意識--它將階級和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解--在很大程度上借鑒了那個早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評論家的足夠重視。
40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. 即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來的生物材料應(yīng)該對受移植者的組織無害，也能夠通過從研究組織培養(yǎng)對生物材料的反應(yīng)而來的，或從研究短期移植而來的技術(shù)來滿足。
41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識，即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合--而對這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。
42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. 伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象--毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當(dāng)數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處--以致于對它進(jìn)行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
43. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. 盡管從歷史角度來看，在古代以色列作為獨(dú)立主權(quán)國家的*教法與大流散時期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代*人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的*教法之間存在著一個明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《*教法典》（Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《*教法典》，是指大流散時期*教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
44. Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. 另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教（Arab paganism）的一種根本上的決裂；伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對各種雜亂無章、絕無共同點(diǎn)的法律內(nèi)容進(jìn)行考察所致的結(jié)果，而這些法律內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過來的無數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。 (as it did )實(shí)際上是一句插入語。
45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants' natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. 這其中的一個新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構(gòu)造一個部分的那些不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識出來并被分離開來，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。由此，對豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
46. It is one of nature's great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants' leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas. 下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對植物的生長構(gòu)成了一個上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮?dú)獾暮Ｑ笾小?BR> 47. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. 除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細(xì)菌共生關(guān)系的基因可被辨識出來和分離開來的話，且即使這些基因綜合體（gene complex），一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其移植得以成為可能的話。
48. Its subject(to use Maynard Mack's categories)is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers, diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. 其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克（Maynard Mack）的兩個分類范疇的話〕是"人生作為外部景象"，因?yàn)樽x者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來觀察其主人公奧德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是"人生作為內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)"：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴，而其行為動機(jī)卻致使他變作一個并非特別惹人喜愛的主人公。 （從分號后的語句推理出前面的意思）注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的
49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. 在一條成年比目魚身上顯著存在的諸多不對稱（asymmetry）特征中，為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位：在成年之前，一只眼睛發(fā)生移動，因此在成年比目魚身上，兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側(cè)面。
50. A critique of Handlin's interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660's suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded . 一個對于H的關(guān)于為何法律上的奴隸制沒有在17世紀(jì)60年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因所作解釋的批評顯示，關(guān)于奴隸制和種族偏見之間的關(guān)系的假說應(yīng)當(dāng)重新檢查，而且顯示出，對于在北美和南美之間的對黑怒的不同處理的解釋應(yīng)當(dāng)被擴(kuò)展。
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51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. 對于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來說，好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼--這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）--上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. 但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含"不相容成分"的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve's blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見的長篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個人記憶及小說情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開的小說。
54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. 各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列；正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯落有致地安排好。
55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb's newly published complete edition of Proust's correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. 但是我們當(dāng)中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細(xì)的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。
56. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people - a charter minority on our own land. 現(xiàn)在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國人的經(jīng)歷來審視這個文化，我們的經(jīng)歷是從一個主權(quán)的民族變成了新來的定居者的同胞，在終淪落成為一個被征服的民族--在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數(shù)民族。
57. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA's （cDNA's）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA's (mRNA's) of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna'S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA's should still bind to these mRNA's，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA's for the true hormones. 科學(xué)家可以制造出特異的（specific）互補(bǔ)DNA's（cDNA's），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA's（mRNA's）。如果大腦正在制造著肽激素，則細(xì)胞就會含有這些信使RNA's.假若細(xì)胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全然相同，那么，互補(bǔ)cDNA's應(yīng)仍然和這些信使mDNA's粘結(jié)的程度。含有這些mRNA's的腦細(xì)胞然后就可以被分離開來，研究者可對其信使RNA's進(jìn)行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。
58. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. 采用cDNA探子來測定肽激素的這一分子生物學(xué)方法同時也應(yīng)該比免疫學(xué)的方法速度來得快，因?yàn)閷τ诿庖叩姆椒▉碚f，需耗費(fèi)好幾年枯燥的提純進(jìn)程，方能將肽素分離了出來，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對它們的抗血清。
59. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. 然而，研究P時代的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來顯示如果由他們來決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會如何安排冰川紀(jì)。
60. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. 這一序列演替（succession）所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacial bed）中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化（interstatified）。
61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging. 人們試圖對這些禁忌作出解釋，所依據(jù)的要么是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要么是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會關(guān)系。
62. Many critics of Family Bronte's novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. 研究艾米麗。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小說《呼嘯山莊》（Wuthering Heights）的許多文學(xué)評論家，將小說的第二部分視作一種對比物，即使沒有將第一部分予以逆轉(zhuǎn)的話，也是在對第一部分作出一種詮釋評判，而在小說第一部分中，一種"浪漫的"的讀解能獲得更為充分的確證。
63. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel's heterogeneous parts. 誠然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對小說架構(gòu)的意識可與亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那種意識相比擬；然則，任何力圖將小說所有形形色色的因素統(tǒng)一起來的做法，在某種程度上注定是無法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都統(tǒng)一、當(dāng)然，表讓步，=admitted , of course.
64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. 這倒不是因?yàn)檫@樣的一種解釋必定會僵化成為一個命題（盡管對這部或任何一部小說的解釋中，僵化死板總是一種危險），而是因?yàn)椤逗魢[山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素，以其無可辯駁的力度，終拒絕被囿于一個囊括無遺的解釋中。
65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. 鉛的同位素構(gòu)成經(jīng)常在一種普通銅礦石來源與另一種銅礦石來源之間存在差異，其差異程度超出測量誤差；而初的研究表明，對于來自單獨(dú)一個銅礦石來源的鉛來說，其同位素構(gòu)成幾乎是毫無二致的。
66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. 更有可能的是鳥類運(yùn)輸：或者是通過外部途徑，即由于種籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通過內(nèi)部方式，即由于鳥類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來。
67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England's policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . 一個對于后來成了美國的英國殖民地的歷史的長久以來的觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為英國在1763年以前對于這些殖民地的政策被經(jīng)濟(jì)利益所支配，而且認(rèn)為一種向著更大程度帝國制度的政策上的轉(zhuǎn)變--為擴(kuò)張主義的軍事目標(biāo)所左右--產(chǎn)生了終導(dǎo)致美國革命的緊張氣氛。
68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. 現(xiàn)在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它常見于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內(nèi)含物中，而這類物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說服力的證據(jù)，證明金剛石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。
69. Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. 即使是對這一主流研究模型的"激進(jìn)"批評，諸如《分裂的社會》（Divided Society）一書中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問題過分機(jī)構(gòu)地與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會移動性的因素聯(lián)系起來，因此無從闡明波多黎各人作為一個殖民地少數(shù)民族的文化從屬關(guān)系。
70. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way，and which can be detected. 它們被稱為"虛粒子"（virtual particle），以便與實(shí)粒子（real particle）區(qū)分開來，而實(shí)粒子則不會以這種方式受到制約，并且其存在可得以測定。
71. Open acknowledgement of the existence of women's oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir's conclusion, that change in women's economic condition , though insufficient by itself , "remains the basic factor " in improving women's situation , was particularly unacceptable . 公開對婦女壓迫的存在的承認(rèn)對于50年代的美國而言有些過分激進(jìn)，而且B的結(jié)論，即婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的變化，經(jīng)管它本身不是一個充分的因素，但是"仍然是提高婦女地位的根本因素"的觀點(diǎn)，尤其無法令人接受。
72. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth's rocky mantle by the Earth's collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth's iron fell to its core. 其他的理論家提出，在地球的大部分鐵沉入到地核之后，由于地球與另一個龐大的天體發(fā)生碰撞，月亮便從地球那石質(zhì)的地幔中撕裂開來而形成的。 Rip:撕開；撥去；在本文是撕開的意思。
73. However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 然而，進(jìn)來的學(xué)術(shù)研究強(qiáng)烈的顯示那些看來為明確的請教徒的早期新英格蘭文化的一些方面，比如強(qiáng)烈的宗教導(dǎo)向和團(tuán)體意識，就整體而言卻不是新英格蘭的典型特征，而是在很大程度上只局限與馬薩諸賽和康涅狄格兩個州。
74. Thus，what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern- acquisitiveness，a strong interest in politics and the law，and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models-was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut，but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. 因此，那些與（北方）清教殖民地形成鮮明對比、并在戴維斯教授的心目中顯得具有特殊南方色彩的特征--占有欲、對政治和法律的濃厚興趣、以及培養(yǎng)大都市文化模式的傾向--不僅僅要比清教的馬薩諸塞州和康乃涅克州所展現(xiàn)出來的文化模式更具有典型的英國色彩，并且?guī)缀鹾翢o疑問地構(gòu)成了絕大多數(shù)其它早期近代英國殖民地的特征，從巴巴多斯北至羅得島和新罕布什爾州。
75. Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this. 一些描述，關(guān)于他從小就記得的北卡羅來納州的M縣的人民、關(guān)于他在H的日子里的爵士樂手和公寓的房頂、關(guān)于匹茲堡的鋼鐵工人的描述和他的假借古代B國對古希臘神話得寵俗，都表現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)。In the guise of :"假借、在...的幌子下，假裝"。
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76. A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton. 浮游動物體內(nèi)一種極特殊的進(jìn)食適應(yīng)性變化是蝌蚪狀的尾海鞘綱動物（appendicularian）的那種適應(yīng)性變化，而尾海鞘綱動物則存活于核桃大?。ɑ蚋。┑酿ひ呵蚰覂?nèi)，裝備有過濾器，用以捕捉和集中浮游植物。
77. These historians，however，have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. 但是，這些史學(xué)家還不曾充分地分析同一時期中那些具體的女權(quán)主義思想和活動的發(fā)展。
78. Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4 M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. 顯然，大多數(shù)的巨星能夠失去足夠多的物質(zhì)以至于在燃盡其核燃料以前他們的質(zhì)量下降到關(guān)鍵值1.4M以下。難在：sufficient ...that... = so much (many ) ... that...
79. This is so even though armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work. 即使是武裝部隊是在一種趨向職業(yè)平等的制度變遷的風(fēng)氣中運(yùn)作的時候，而且即使部隊是在聯(lián)邦政府的同工同酬的約束下運(yùn)行的時候，情況仍然是這樣。
80. An impact (on the Mars) capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon's smaller size and closer proximity to Earth. 一個能夠把活性表面的碎片射入地球交叉軌道的碰撞發(fā)生的可能性甚至小于這種事件在月亮上發(fā)生的可能性，考慮到月亮更小的尺寸及其與地球接近的程度。
81. Not only are liver transplants never rejected，but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin,from that donor are accepted permanently. 但是，我們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在許多種老鼠之間，這些移植法的"常規(guī)"并沒有被肝臟移植物所遵循。肝臟移植物非但從沒遭到過排斥，甚至還誘發(fā)了一種供者特異性無應(yīng)答狀態(tài)（donor-specific unresponsiveness），在此狀態(tài)中，隨后來自那個供者其它器官的移植物，如皮膚，會永久地被接受。
82. As rock interface are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered (by seismic waves)generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments. 當(dāng)巖石界面被穿過的時候，震波所遇到的彈性性質(zhì)通常會發(fā)生突然的變化，這就使得一部分能量被反射回地面，在地面反射回來的波被震波紀(jì)錄儀記錄下來。
83. While the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct，the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed，showing，for instance，that it was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles,and throwing the date once more into utter confusion. 數(shù)據(jù)資料已被統(tǒng)計出來，或被重新統(tǒng)計出來，以便證明在文體學(xué)這方面，《乞援衰女》實(shí)際上確實(shí)在《波斯人》和《七雄攻忒拜》（后兩者現(xiàn)在則變成了"原始"的劇作）之后以及在軸殘片卻喚起了一種幽靈似的疑慮，即另一塊殘片有可能再度被挖掘出來，并證明，比如說，《乞援衰女》是作者藉以擊敗索?？死账沟摹哆_(dá)那特四部曲》的一部死后出版之作，從而將創(chuàng)作年代再度置于極度的混亂之中. 注：best:擊敗,=defeat, overcome, outdo
84. The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. 一個社會所創(chuàng)造出來藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成產(chǎn)生，以保存在這個社會看來具有本質(zhì)意義的文化遺產(chǎn)的各個方面。
85. Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used. 傳統(tǒng)上，風(fēng)媒傳粉被看成是這樣的繁殖過程：其特征就是由一些隨即事件的發(fā)生，在這些隨機(jī)事件里，風(fēng)的反復(fù)無常被大量的產(chǎn)生花粉所補(bǔ)償，以至于新種子的終產(chǎn)生被保證了，其代價是產(chǎn)生遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于實(shí)際使用量的花粉。
86. Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous，wind pollinated plants have，in the view above，compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects. 由于花粉粒在其長距離的運(yùn)輸過程中所要面臨的潛在危險是巨大的，按上述觀點(diǎn)來看，由風(fēng)授粉的植物補(bǔ)償了通過偶發(fā)事件而伴隨造成的花粉損失。其途徑是，制造出大于昆蟲授粉的植物種類所產(chǎn)生的花粉量的一至三個數(shù)量級的花粉量。
87. For example，the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones，where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located，is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone's surfaces，thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next. 例如，帶有胚珠的松球的鱗苞綜合體的螺旋狀安排，亦即松柏目植物雌性殖器官的所在位置，對于氣流模式的形成與產(chǎn)生殊為重要，而這些氣流模式在松球的表現(xiàn)盤旋上升，從而把在空氣中飛行的花粉從一個鱗苞傳播至下一個鱗苞。
88. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex into public industry". FE,卻預(yù)測婦女們將被從家庭的"社會、法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)壓迫"中解放出來，只是通過使得征召"整個女性階層進(jìn)入公共的工業(yè)中去"成為可能的技術(shù)進(jìn)步的方式做到的。
89. It was not the change in office technology,but rather the separation of secretarial work,previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880's created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women's work." 十九世紀(jì)八十年代，產(chǎn)生了新的一類"沒前途"的職業(yè)，這并不是因?yàn)檗k公室技術(shù)發(fā)生了改變，而是由于秘書工作--在此之前被視作是初起步的經(jīng)理們的一種習(xí)見訓(xùn)練--與行政工作的分離。自此以后，這類"沒前途"的職業(yè)便被視作是"女人的工作。"
90. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire. 二十世紀(jì)已婚婦女在家庭以外就業(yè)的人數(shù)不斷增加，這與家務(wù)的機(jī)械化及這些婦女閑暇時間的增加并無多大聯(lián)系，更多地是與婦女自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)需要和高婚姻率相關(guān)。高婚姻率致使所能雇傭的單身女工的總量縮減，而在此之前的許多情形中，單身女性則是雇主們所愿雇傭的-一類婦女。 The pool of 如果后面跟著一群人，則表示勞動力資源
91. For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. 請思考:如果文中說這句話的前提是：all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density-independent factors. 那么作者說上面的這句話有什么用意。解釋：本句雖然貌不驚人，但本書既然將其收錄進(jìn)來，并標(biāo)出難度5，就意味著其中有怪異之處。值得一提的是，本文前面曾把控制種群密度的因素分為兩種，一種叫做density-dependent factors(這里簡稱d-d因素)，另一種叫做dentsity-independent factors(簡稱d-I因素)。原文的直譯雖然好懂，但是總令人感覺說得不甚明白。顯然，GRE或GMAT的作者不可能隨便說一句無關(guān)痛癢的話，那么沒有任何種群能夠在所有的時間全被d-I因素所控制，其真正意思是什么呢？就是：一切種群都必然在某個時間內(nèi)受到d-d因素的控制。本句是ETS在考試中慣用的正話反說的典型例子，請讀者深沉體會。本句在文章中也是理解作者態(tài)度的關(guān)鍵所在。
92. In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's investigation，we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. 為了能理解生態(tài)學(xué)家們所從事的研究的性質(zhì)，我們可以把那些作用于增長參數(shù)的密度依賴效應(yīng)視作生態(tài)學(xué)家們力圖將其分離并予以解釋的"信號"，正是這一信號傾向于使種群從相對較低的數(shù)值遞增，或從相對較高的數(shù)值遞減；而與此同時，那些密度獨(dú)立效應(yīng)起到的作用則構(gòu)成了種群動態(tài)變化中的"噪音"。
93. But the play's complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois' famous，well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity，or Fanon's emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles. 但該劇有關(guān)黑人自尊可與人類團(tuán)結(jié)相融合這一復(fù)雜觀點(diǎn)，絲毫都不比杜波伊斯（Du Bois）的理想或法儂（Fanon）的強(qiáng)調(diào)來得更為"矛盾"：杜波伊斯提出的的、深思熟慮的理想是，民族的自覺可以和人類大同共存；法儂則對理想的國際主義進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)調(diào)，而這一理想的國際主義同樣也能兼容民族身份與角色。
94. In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs' to Raisin in the Sun? 在以下哪一個選項(xiàng)中，文章的作者加強(qiáng)了她對類似這樣的對于做出的反應(yīng)的批判呢？
95. Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker，these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. 作為二十世紀(jì)早期"進(jìn)步派"史學(xué)家（如Beard和Becker）等人某些觀點(diǎn)的繼承者，這些近期的史學(xué)家所提出的觀點(diǎn)值得我們予以評價。
96. Despite these vague categories，one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. 盡管存在這些模糊范疇，但我們不應(yīng)該斷然聲稱，在各個易于辨認(rèn)出的階層之間所存在的敵對態(tài)度就無法被合理地觀察到。
97. Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it. 然而，有些史學(xué)家強(qiáng)調(diào)在殖民者之間曾出現(xiàn)過一種普遍的一致意見。這些史學(xué)家如果不認(rèn)識到各種矛盾的存在，就無法充分地理解這種一致意見，而所有那些矛盾只有在被克服或壓制之后才有可能獲得那種一致意見。 It 指代：general consensus
98. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War？ 從文章中可以推斷出來，作者有可能同意以下哪一個關(guān)于在美國革命戰(zhàn)爭中的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)各階層及其對叛黨和保王黨的支持的陳述？
99. She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness. 她希望拋棄傳統(tǒng)的方法和像芭蕾舞這樣已經(jīng)確立的舞蹈語言，而希望探索人類表現(xiàn)力的內(nèi)在源泉。
100. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. 盡管有可能從實(shí)際制造的商品和服務(wù)中可推知制造商和服務(wù)業(yè)認(rèn)為他們的顧客所需要的是什么，但只有對由實(shí)際顧客撰寫的相關(guān)的個人文件進(jìn)行一番研究，方能提供一幅精確的圖畫，藉以說明"什么樣的人"需要什么樣的東西。