介詞

字號:

介詞
    一、介詞的定義
    介詞是一類虛詞,不能獨(dú)立作句子成分,必須與名詞或代詞等詞類一起構(gòu)成介詞短語,才可以充當(dāng)句子成分。介詞在句子中一般不重讀。
    二、介詞的種類
    l.簡單介詞
    例如:at,in,on,under,of,after,over,past等。
    2.復(fù)合介詞
    例如:into,onto,throughout,without,within, nearby等。
    3.短語介詞
    例如:in front of,because of,instead of, according to,out of等。
    三、介詞短語的用法
    1.在句子中作表語
    Between my school and the zoo is a stone bridge.
    在我的學(xué)校與動(dòng)物園之間是一座石橋。
    Mary and John are from Australia.
    瑪麗和約翰來自澳大利亞。
    Our school is in front of the factory.
    我們的學(xué)校就在那個(gè)工廠的前面。
    2.在句子中充當(dāng)后置定語
    The young man under the tree is my friend Li Ming.
    那個(gè)在樹下的年輕人是我的朋友李明。
    China is a country with a long history.
    中國是具有悠久歷史的國家。
    This is not the key to the door.
    這不是那扇門的鑰匙。
    3.在句子中作狀語
    My mother looks younger for her age.
    我媽媽顯得比實(shí)際年齡更年輕。
    Our library keeps open from eight o'clock in the morning to nine o'clock in the evening.
    我們圖書館從上午8:00到晚上9:00都開門。
    4.在句子中作賓語補(bǔ)足語
    We all think Li Mei as a good girl.
    我們都把李梅看作是一個(gè)好姑娘。
    She found herself in a strange room when she woke up.
    她醒來時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在一個(gè)陌生的房間里。
    5. 在句子中作介詞的賓語
    The policeman took the picture from under the book.
    警察從那本書的下面把照片取了出來。
    It's said that the secret is from inside the well.
    據(jù)說秘密來自這口井的里面。
    四、表示時(shí)間的介詞。
    l. at, on, in
    (1)at用于表示某一具體時(shí)刻或時(shí)間點(diǎn)。例如:
    at night 在夜晚
    at noon 在中午
    at midnight 在午夜
    at ten o' clock在十點(diǎn)鐘
    at Christmas在圣誕節(jié)
    at present在目前
    (2)on指“具體的某一天或某天的上午、下午、晚上”,在重大節(jié)日前也可用on。例如:
    on a cold day 在一個(gè)寒冷的日子
    on Sunday 在星期天
    on the morning of Oct.1st
    在十月一日的早晨
    on September l0th 在九月十號
    on Christmas Eve在圣誕前夜
    on Monday evening 在星期一晚上
    年、月、日表示法:無“日”添上“in”,有“日”就用“on”。
    (3)in表示周、月、季節(jié)、年或泛指上午、下午、晚上。例如:
    in a week 在一周內(nèi) in February 在二月
    in spring 在春季 in the day 在白天
    in 2004 在2004年
    泛指上午、下午、晚上時(shí),用in, 特指某一日的上午、下午、晚上時(shí),用on.
    in the evening 在晚上  on Sunday evening 在周日晚上
    注意
    英語中時(shí)間狀語不用介詞的情況很多,現(xiàn)歸納如下:
    ①在this, that, these等組成的詞組前不用介詞。如:
    We are in Grade Two this year.
    今年我們上二年級。
    Bob's wife told him that he had forgotten his wallet that morning.
    鮑勃的妻子告訴他,他那天早晨忘帶錢包了。
    Tom's trouble is very common to boys these days.
    湯姆的問題這些天在男孩們中間很常見。
    ②由next或last構(gòu)成的詞組前不用介詞。
    如:
    When did you go to bed last night?
    你昨晚幾點(diǎn)上床睡覺的?
    The next day she got up early and went to school without breakfast.
    第二天她起得很早,沒吃早飯 就去了學(xué)校。
    ③當(dāng)yesterday,tomorrow用作副詞或由它們構(gòu)成的短語前不用介詞。如:
    Can you be here at eight tomorrow morning?
    你明早八點(diǎn)能在這里嗎?
    Were you at home yesterday evening?
    你昨晚在家嗎?
    ④在含有a,one,every,some,all等詞的短語前不用介詞。如:
    One day the woman learned that Liszt himself Was in town.
    一天婦人聽說李斯特本人就在鎮(zhèn)上。
    I hope to go to the moon some day.
    我希望有一天去月球。
    2. before, after
    (1)before表示“在某時(shí)刻或某件事之前”。例如:
    He must be at home before 5:00 pm.
    下午五點(diǎn)之前他一定在家。
     Check your papers carefully before handing them in.
    在交卷之前,仔細(xì)檢查你的試卷。
    (2)after表示“在某時(shí)刻或某件事之后”。例如:
    After breakfast she hurried to school。
    早飯后,她匆忙上學(xué)去了。
    Call me at once after you get there.
    到那兒之后馬上給我打電話。
    She came here after me.
    她在我之后來這兒。
    3.by, until (till)
    (1)by表示“在……之前;到……為止”。例如:
    You must finish your job by six o'clock.
    你必須在六點(diǎn)之前完成這項(xiàng)工作。
    By the time he got here,the meeting had been over.
    他到這兒時(shí),會(huì)議已結(jié)束了。
    We had learned 5,000 words by the end of last year.
    到去年年底為止,我們已學(xué)了五千多單詞。
    (2)until(till)”表示“直到……才…….”。例如:
    She didn't go home until lunch time.
    直到午飯時(shí)間她才回家。
    We waited until 10 o'clock last night.
    昨晚我們一直等到十點(diǎn)鐘。
    注意:until 與瞬間動(dòng)詞(點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞)連用時(shí),必須用否定式;而與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用時(shí),用肯定式。
    My father didn’t buy me a bike until last week.
    我父親直到上星期才給我買了一輛自行車。(buy 是瞬間動(dòng)詞,所以用否定)
    You can keep this book till next month.
    這本書你可以借到下個(gè)月。(keep是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,用肯定式)
    4.from, since
    (1) from表示“從……時(shí)起”。一般都是用詞組from……to…, from用于現(xiàn)在時(shí),過去時(shí)和將來時(shí)。例如:
    from ten o'clock to twelve o'clock
    從十點(diǎn)到十二點(diǎn)
    from this year 從今年開始
    from Sunday 從星期天開始
    from day to night 從白天到黑夜
    The meeting will be held from eight to ten.
    這個(gè)會(huì)議將從8點(diǎn)開到10點(diǎn)。
    (2)since表示“自過去某一時(shí)刻或行為以來”。經(jīng)常用于含有完成時(shí)的句子里,后面跟過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn);since還可以用作副詞和連詞。例如:
    They came to Beijing in 1950 and have lived here since then.
    一九五O年他們來到北京,以后就一直住在這兒。
    He's worked on the farm since he left the army.
    (自從)他離開部隊(duì)以來,一直在農(nóng)場工作。
    5.for, during, through
    (1)for引導(dǎo)一段時(shí)間,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間由始至終,可譯為“(時(shí)間)長達(dá)……”,一般與有長度的時(shí)間短語連用,如for three weeks, for a long time 等,可用于現(xiàn)在(過去)完成時(shí)或過去時(shí)的句子里。例如:
    He studied English for three years.
    他學(xué)了三年英語。
    The French teacher has been in China for about a month.
    這位法國老師在中國已經(jīng)大約一個(gè)月了。
    (2)during意為“在……期間”,與一段時(shí)間的整體連用。如:during the spring, during last year, during l980等,也可以和表示延續(xù)性事件的名詞連用,如during my childhood. during our stay, during his visit等,一般不用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子里。例如:
    During the winter we play football.
    冬季我們踢足球。
    Many comrades went to see him during his illness.
    在他生病期間許多同志去看望了他。
    (3)through表示“從……開始到……結(jié)束(全過程)”例如:
    It is very hot through the whole summer this year.
    今年整個(gè)夏季都很熱。
    6.in, within
    (1)in表示“過……之后”,多用于將來時(shí)(一般將來時(shí)和過去將來時(shí))例如:
    in ten minutes 十分鐘之后  
    in two weeks 兩周之后
    The delegation will arrive in three days.
    代表團(tuán)將于三天后到達(dá)。
    They said they would return home in a week.
    他們說他們一周后回家。
    (2)within意為“在……以內(nèi)”,指在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)。例如:
    I don't think he will go away within three days.
    我想他在三天之內(nèi)不會(huì)離開。
    within還可以表示距離,意為“不遠(yuǎn)于”,“在……(距離)之內(nèi)”。例如:
    The bus stop is within fifty meters of the station.
    公共汽車站離火車站不到50米遠(yuǎn)。
    五、表示場所與方向的介詞
    1. at, in, on
    at在某地點(diǎn),表示“相對于說話者來說較近或較狹窄的地方”;
    in在某地,表示“相對較大或較寬敞的地方”;
    on“在……之上(有接觸面)”。例如:
    at the table 在桌旁
    at college 上大學(xué)
    at school 上學(xué)
    at home 在家
    in a hospital 在醫(yī)院里
    in a hotel 在賓館里
    in China 在中國
    in the world 在世界上
    on the desk 在桌子上
    on the wall 在墻上
    on the ground 在地上
    2. under, over, above, below
    (1) above意思是“在….上方”,但不一定是正上方, 指一個(gè)物體比另一個(gè)物體所處的位置高,通常兩個(gè)物體相互不接觸。其反義詞是below。例如:
    I raise my right hand above my head.
    我把右手高舉過頭。
    There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.
    水面下有許多各式各樣的魚。
    above也可表示“超過”,“……以上”,一般和數(shù)詞連用。例如:
    It weighs above five tons.
    這東西有五噸多重。
    (2)over表示“在……正上方(反義詞是under)”,即垂直的上方。例如:
    There was a table with an electric light over it.
    有一張桌子,桌子上方懸掛著一盞電燈。
    The ceiling over us was about three meters high.
    我們頭上的天花板約有三米高。
    Under the chair there is a cat sleeping.
    椅子下有一只貓?jiān)谒X。
    3. near, nearby, by
    near表示“離……近”,與beside,nearby 相近,by表示“比near更近的地方,在……旁邊”。例如:
    in the near future 在不久的將來
    near the river 在河邊
    the farm nearby 附近的農(nóng)場
    the lake nearby 附近的湖泊
    by the lake 在湖邊
    by the window 在窗戶邊
    4.in front of, in the front of, behind
    in front of 表示“在……的前面”,即處在某個(gè)人或某個(gè)地方范圍外的前邊。at(或in)the front of表示“在……的前部”,即還處在某個(gè)地方的范圍之內(nèi)。試比較:
    The girl is standing in front of the bus.
    這個(gè)女孩站在公共汽車前面。(在車外)
    The girl is standing at/in the front of the bus.
    這個(gè)女孩站在公共汽車的前部。(在車內(nèi))
    注意:“in front of”和“before”都含有“在……之前”的意思,但當(dāng)表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),用“in front of”而不用“before”。例如:
    in front of the gate 而不用 before the gate
    另外,表示馬路、河流、房屋等對面的東西時(shí),不能用in front of,而用opposite。
    試譯:我們學(xué)校對面有一家商店。
    誤:There is a shop in front of our school.
    正:There is a shop opposite our school.
    5. in, into, out of
    in意為“在……內(nèi)”,是表示靜態(tài)的介詞。
    into意為“進(jìn)……里”,是表示動(dòng)態(tài)的復(fù)合介詞。
    out of “從…..里出來”,與into互為反義詞,表示有一定的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向。
    例如:
    She is walking in the room. 她正在房間里踱來踱去。
    She walked into the room.她走進(jìn)了房間。
    He took the card out of his pocket and showed it to the guard.
    他把證件從兜里拿出來給衛(wèi)兵出示了一下。
    在put, throw, break, lay, fall等動(dòng)詞之后,既可以用in,也可以用into,這時(shí)in也表示動(dòng)態(tài),常含有into的意思。例如:
    He put all the books in/into the bag.
    他把所有的書都放進(jìn)書包里。
    in可以用作副詞,into則不能。例如: Come in 進(jìn)來!
    6. across, through,along
    兩者都有“穿過”的意思,但在用法上有所不同。
    across指橫過,橫跨,強(qiáng)調(diào)從表面“穿過”;
    而through指通過,貫穿,著重指從一個(gè)立體的空間穿過。例如:
    Go across the bridge.走過橋去。
    The students walked through the gate with Uncle Wang.
    學(xué)生們同王大伯一起穿過大門。
    along指順著,沿著。
    I was walking along the river when it began to rain.
    我正沿著河邊散步,突然下起雨來。
    7.to,towards,for, from
    to表示“到達(dá)目的地”,而 towards 指方向,朝向,表示“向……進(jìn)發(fā)(不表示到達(dá)之意)”。例如:
    He went to Shanghai by air last night.
    他昨天晚上乘飛機(jī)去了上海。
    Be sure to come to school on time.
    一定準(zhǔn)時(shí)到校。
    I hear they are going towards the Great Wall.
    我聽說他們正向長城進(jìn)發(fā)。
    for表示“向……”,表示目的地。
     for 表示目的時(shí),一般與固定動(dòng)詞搭配。
    leave for 動(dòng)身去…… start for….. 出發(fā)去……
    I’ll leave for America next week.
    下周我將動(dòng)身去美國。
    from表示“從……地點(diǎn)起”
     It’s about ten minutes’ walk from here to the cinema.
    從這到電*大約需步行十分鐘。
     How far is it from our school to the hospital?
    從我們學(xué)校到醫(yī)院有多遠(yuǎn)?
    六、其他介詞
    介詞除了表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方向外,還可以表示原因、手段、工具等意義。
    1.表示材料與手段的介詞with, by和in
    (1)with表示用什么工具,所用的東西都是具體的。如:
    Please cut the apple with the small knife.
    請用這把小刀切開蘋果。
    We write with our hands. 我們用手寫字。
    (2)by指“靠……手段”,“用……方法”,
    “憑借……動(dòng)作”,所表示的方法、手段、途徑比較抽象,后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞,也可和bus, train, plane, bike等詞連用,表示交通或通訊手段。如:
    We learn to swim by swimming.
    我們通過游泳學(xué)習(xí)游泳。
    He always comes by bus.
    他一向坐公共汽車來。
    You must learn every word by heart.
    你必須把每個(gè)單詞都記住。
    注意:
    by bus=on a bus by bike= on a bike
    by plane=on a plane by train=on a train
    by car=in a car by ship=on a ship
    by后跟交通工具名詞時(shí),不加任何冠詞。
    (3)in表示“所用的材料以及所用的語言、聲音、衣飾等”。例如:
    They are talking in English.
    他們正在用英語交談。
    I like to draw the picture in red ink.
    我喜歡用紅墨水畫畫。
    The girl is usually in white.
    這個(gè)姑娘通常穿著白色的衣服。
    You mustn't fill in the form in pencil.
    不允許你用鉛筆填表。
    2. of, from
    (1)of表示“屬于……的”,表示數(shù)量或種類。例如:
    Li Min is one friend of my brother's.
    李民是我哥哥的一個(gè)朋友。
    Here is a cup of tea for you.
    給你一杯茶。
    This is a picture of our classroom.
    這是我們教室的圖畫。
    (2)from表示“是哪里人”,以及“時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的起始點(diǎn)”。例如:
    Mistakes come from carelessness.
    錯(cuò)誤源于粗心。
    The manager from Japan is strict with us.
    這位日本經(jīng)理對我們要求很嚴(yán)格。
    He worked hard from morning to evening.
    他從早到晚拼命工作。
    3. against, about
    (1)against既有緊靠、倚靠的意思,也有反對 (反義詞是for)的意思。例如:
    He stood. leaning against the wall,unable to speak.
    他靠墻站著,說不出話來。
    She sat with her back against the door.
    她背靠著門坐著。
    I'm for peace and against war.
    我贊成和平,反對戰(zhàn)爭。
    His action was against the law.
    他的行為是違法的。
    Are you for it or against it?
    你是贊成還是反對?
    She sold her hair against her will.
    她很不情愿地將頭發(fā)賣了。
    (2)about主要有以下四種含義。
    ①作“關(guān)于”講。
    He talked about his family.
    他談了有關(guān)他家族的事。
    I know nothing about music.
    我對音樂一無所知。
    This is a book about American history.
    這是一本關(guān)于美國歷史的書。
    ②作“在……各處;到處;在……附近”講。
    She walked about the town with her mother.她跟她媽在鎮(zhèn)上到處走。
    There is a crowd of people about him.
    一群人圍著他。
    Do you happen to have an umbrella about you?你身邊碰巧帶有雨傘嗎?
    ③作“大約;左右”講。
    It happened about ten years ago.
    這事是大約十年前發(fā)生的。
    Come about five p.m.下午五點(diǎn)左右來。
    ④用于某些習(xí)語中。
    ——When shall we meet again?
    我們什么時(shí)候再碰頭?
    ——How about Friday? 星期五怎么樣?
    What(How)about going there by bike?
    騎車去怎樣?