In the past year, I have seen The Titanic three times.
對讀者而言，重要的是〝現(xiàn)在完成式〞和〝過去式〞不同究竟在那里？重要的不同在于，一旦在句子中講一件過去發(fā)生的事，而且指定特定的時間，就一定要用〝過去式〞，而不能用〝現(xiàn)在完成式〞。比方說，〝我曾經(jīng)看過「鐵達(dá)尼號」〞，可以用現(xiàn)在完成式，因為這句話沒有指明任何特定的時間，假如說，〝我昨天晚上去看「鐵達(dá)尼號」〞，就一定用過去式，讀者不妨看看以下的比較：
（a）I went to America last year.
I have been to America.
（b）I saw The Titanic last year.
I have seen The Titanic twice.
（c）I finished my homework late last night.
I have finally finished my homework.
（d）I studied English when I was a small child.
I have studied English since I was a child.
（e）I went to church yesterday.
I have never been to church.
以下的句子是錯的，請?zhí)貏e注意：
＊（1）I have seen the movie last year.
＊（2）I have never been to America last year.
＊（3）He has never finished his work last night.
現(xiàn)在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用，以下都是這類的例子：
（1）I have already had dinner.
（2）Since this summer began, we have already had two storms.
（3）It has not rained for a long time.
（4）I have never talked to this man before.
（5）I have never met your father.
（6）Have you ever been to America?
（7）He has already won three awards.
（8）I have stayed here since June.
Never 和 ever 也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般說來， never 有否定的意思，ever則只有在問句中才會出現(xiàn)。
【練習(xí)十一】
將以下句子譯成英文，全部用現(xiàn)在完成式：
1.自從1980年，我就每天早上游泳。
2.我已收到了你的信。
3.我從未去過美國。
4.從他是一個小孩開始，他就是一個基督徒（Christian）。
5.我見過你的祖父。
6.你的弟弟一直住在這里。
7.他學(xué)鋼琴已經(jīng)很久了。
8.我已寫了三封信給他，他都沒有回。
9.過去三年我都在開這部車。
10.自從1975年以來，他一直是一位老師。
11.他教英文很久了。
12.我曾經(jīng)看過亂世佳人（Gone with the Wind）。
13.我已吃過飯了。
14.今年我去過海灘三次。
15.我終其一生都愛你的。
【練習(xí)十二】
將以下句子譯成英文，有的用過去式，有的用現(xiàn)在完成式
1.昨天我去看〝亂世佳人〞（Gone with the Wind）。
2.我從未看過〝亂世佳人〞。
3.去年，我住在美國。
4.自從1985年，我就一直住在美國。
5.他從未去過英國。
6.他已經(jīng)完成了報告。
7.我昨天晚上完成了報告。
8.昨夜，我見到了你的父親。
9.我已經(jīng)見過你的父親好幾次了。
10.我終生都住在臺中。
【練習(xí)十三】
填充
1. I （become） a Christian when I was a child.
2. I （be） a Christian all my life.
3. He （live） here since 1939.
4. Stop eating now. You （eat） too much.
5. It （rain） last night.
6. John is a writer. He （written） thirteen novels.
7. Last night, I （see） your father for the first time in my life.
8. I （talk） to my father last night.
9. Since 1961, I （be） a teacher. Before that, I （be） a student.
10. I （read） many novels written by Charles Dickens.
4§2現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式（Present Perfect Progressive Tense）
在上一節(jié)，我們知道，如果有一個行動，從過去發(fā)生后，就一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成式。舉例來說，以下的例子都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式：
（1） 自從1974年，我就在學(xué)校學(xué)英文。
Since 1974, I have studied English at school.
（2） 自從我大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后，我就在這里工作。
Since I graduated from college, I have worked here.
以第一句話為例，假如我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)我一直在練習(xí)游泳，而且沒有間斷，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式（present perfect progressive tense）。所謂現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式，形式如下：
verb to have + been + present participle
verb to have 是為了完成式，been 和 present participle 都是為了進(jìn)行式。
以下是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式的例子：
I have been studying English since 1974.
I have been working here since I graduated from college.
I have been living here since I was a child.
He has been acting like a fool lately.（他近一直在做傻事）
They have been dancing since seven o’clock.
It has been snowing since yesterday.
I have been taking music lessons since last year.
He has been drinking heavily since last year.（他去年起，就一直在酗酒）
【練習(xí)十四】
將以下的句子譯成英文，全部用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式：
1. 自從我們是小孩子起，我們就一直努力工作。
2. 從去年起，他就在念英文。
3. 從昨天起，就一直在下雨。
4. 從五時起，他就在做功課（do homework）。
5. 從三歲起，我就一直住在臺中。
4§3 過去完成進(jìn)行式（Past Perfect Progressive Tense）
過去完成式的形式如下：
had + past participle
過去完成式是不能單獨(dú)用的。我們用的時候，必須有另一個事件。也就是說，假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B，兩件事都發(fā)生在過去，但 A 發(fā)生在 B 以前，A 應(yīng)該用過去完成式，B 則用過去式。以下是幾個例子：
（1） 他到臺灣以前，曾學(xué)過中文。
He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
（2） 他念大學(xué)以前，曾前工作過。
He had worked before he decided to go to college.
（3） 我寫這篇有關(guān)愛爾蘭的小說以前，曾去過愛爾蘭。
I had been to Ireland before I wrote this book about Ireland's people.
（4） 我在上大學(xué)以前，已經(jīng)學(xué)過微積分。
I had studied calculus before I got into college.
（5） 周一以前，已經(jīng)下過雪了。
It had already snowed before Monday.
如果我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)較早發(fā)生事件的連續(xù)性，我們可以用過去完成進(jìn)行式。占去完成進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had 。以下是一些過去完成進(jìn)行式的例子：
1. I had been watching TV before you called me.
2. I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went to college.
3. He had been studying before he went to class.
4. He had been driving all day before he went to sleep.
【練習(xí)十五】
將以下中文句子譯成英文，每一句都要用過去式和過去完成式：
1.我十四歲以前，就曾見過你的母親。
2.我1974年以前，曾去過美國。
3.六年前，他曾念過圣經(jīng)（the Bible）。
4.我念大學(xué)以前，曾經(jīng)是個工程師（engineer）。
5.你來以前，我曾打電話給你。
6.在我昨天晚上吃飯以前，曾和李先生見過面。
7.在他辭職（resign）以前，他是個好校長（president）。
8.在他去世（die），他是個好醫(yī)生。
9.在他到教堂以前，他一直在練習(xí)唱歌。
10.在今天早上八時以前，天一直在下雨。
【練習(xí)十六】
將以下的中文句子譯成英文，選適宜的時態(tài)。
1.他昨天去看你的時候，你在唱歌。
2.他從前是個好孩子。
3.他們都喜歡打籃球。
4.我們正在看電視。
5.你在臺灣住了很久了。
6.我已經(jīng)看完了這本書。
7.他們一直都住在這里。
8.我來以前，曾去過教堂。
9.他喜歡看日出。
10.他喜歡游泳。
11.他自從六歲起，就一直在學(xué)鋼琴（piano）。
12.他過去是個強(qiáng)壯的孩子。
13.在他生病以前，他曾是個非常健康（healthy）的人。
14.當(dāng)火車進(jìn)站時，人們在跳舞。
15.在戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)（break out）以前，他曾是個音樂家（musician）。
16.我曾見過你。
17.我去年見過你。
18.我已經(jīng)將信寫好了。
19.自從1974年以來，我就是一個軍人（soldier）。
20.我讀了很多英文書。
【練習(xí)十七】
將正確的動詞填入以下各句的空白：（有的地方可能有多種答案）
1. He (love) his country.
2. He (love) his country, but now he does not.
3. I (be) a teacher since 1975.
4. I (be) a teacher before I went to college.
5. I (read) Shakespeare ever since I was a little girl.
6. When I went to see her yesterday, she (watch) TV.
7. I (see) your father before I saw you.
8. He (read) many detective stories.
9. He (go) to church every Sunday.
10. It (be) a cold day yesterday.
11. It (rain) for the last two days.
12. I (eat) too much. I am full now.
13. You (be) a nurse before the war broke out.
14. I (have) never (see) you in my life.
15. He (be) a teacher since 1980.
16. It (be) good to eat vegetables every day.
17. It (be) so nice to meet you last night.
18. She (be) such a nice girl before she died.
19. Peter (go) to America many times.
20. He (work) hard since last year. He (hope) to succeed in the college entrance examination this time.
第五章 未來式
5§1 未來式的基本規(guī)則
如果我們在句子中，有需要提到未來的事情，就可以使用未來式，舉例來說，以下的句子都用未來式。
I will go to America tomorrow.
He will dance tonight.
Peter will finish his work next month.
如果不用〝will〞，我們可以用〝verb to be +going to+ verb〞，如果我們?nèi)绱俗?，以上的三個句子就變成了以下的句子
I am going to go to America tomorrow.
He is going to dance tonight.
Peter is going to finish his work next month.
以下是一些未來式的例子：
1. I will call you tonight.
I am going to call you tonight.
2. He will graduate next June.
He is going to graduate next June.
3. Mr. Lee will teach us English soon.
Mr. Lee is going to teach us English soon.
4. He will help you.
He is going to help you.
5. The war will break out soon.
The war is going to break out soon.
6. It will rain tonight.
It is going to rain tonight.
有一個規(guī)則必須注意，就是will是一個助動詞，現(xiàn)在式第三人稱單數(shù)的主詞，仍不用在will后面加s。
不僅如此，will后面的動詞必須用成原式，如果用verb to be +going to+ verb這里面的verb也必須用原式。
因為這里面的to式infinitive，infinitive里面永遠(yuǎn)要用原型動詞。
以下例子都是錯的
1.＊He wills go to school.
2.＊He will goes to school.
3.＊They will went to work tomorrow.
4.＊Tom is going to saw me tonight.
5.＊Peter is going to working next month.
未來式常和別的句子用在一起，以下是典型的例子
1. When you come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.
2. After I graduate, I am going to be a good doctor in Africa.
3. Before I leave tomorrow, I will finish my work.
4. After the war is over, every one will be happy.
5. I will go to a concert after my classes are over.
6. I will eat lunch as soon as I have time.
但千萬不可寫出以下錯誤的句子：
＊When you will come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.
＊After the war will be over, every one will be happy.
＊I will eat lunch as soon as I will have time.
【練習(xí)十八】
將以下的中文句子翻成英文句子，用will或to be going to：
1. 我明天要上教堂（go to church）。
2. 他下周一要和我見面。
3. 他明天要整理這個房間（clean this room）。
4. 我明天吃晚飯后要去臺北。
5. 我明天晚上回家以后，就打電話給你。
6. 我畢業(yè)以后會去念法律。
7. 明天你走以后，我要看電視.。
8. 明天我會去臺南。
9. 今天晚上我要寫一封信給你。
10. 今晚，我要等我的哥哥。
【練習(xí)十九】
填充：
1. I (be) in America next year, after I (graduate).
2. I (explain) this to you tonight after I (read) the report.
3. I (see) you tonight.
4. As soon as you (come) to see me, I (give) you my book.
5. When you (arrive) in New York tomorrow, Tom (be) in the airport to meet you.
6. I (go) to church after the rain stops.
7. I (watch) the new TV program after you (leave).
8. When you (get) here tomorrow, everyone (wait) for you.
9. I (get) a job as soon as I get out of college.
10. He________ (have) dinner very late tomorrow.
11. I________ (quit) my present job, after I________ (find) a better one.
5§2 未來式的變形
未來式可以和進(jìn)行式合起來用，以下是未來進(jìn)行式的例子
I will be watching TV tomorrow at eight.
He will be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the hospital.
I will be studying mathematics at home when you come.
Two days later, I will be driving a new car.
未來式可以和完成式合在一起用，而成為未來完成式，這種句子都是在于強(qiáng)調(diào)未來要完成的事。舉例來說，”我明天六點(diǎn)以前，我會完成這工作了”，就可以用未來完成式：
I will have finished this work by six o’clock tomorrow.
以下是一些未來完成式的例子
By the time he arrives at the station, the train will have left.
We will have had three meetings before six o’clock tonight.
He will have written six novels next summer.
【練習(xí)二十】
填充：（用未來進(jìn)行式或未來完成式）
1. I (watch) the baseball game tomorrow night.
2. He (finish) the report when you arrive at his home.
3. I (wash) my car tonight when my mother comes.
4. They (play) their violins when the clock strikes twelve.
5. He (complete) writing this program before ten o’clock tonight.
6. He (be) the president for three years next May.
7. I (wash) my car when you come tonight.
8. I (read) this report before six o’clock tomorrow evening.
9. Peter (dance) in the streets if Mr. Robertson is elected president.
10. I (drive) four hundred miles tomorrow.
【練習(xí)二十一】
將以下中文句子譯成英文
1. 彼得生于1965年，他從小就喜歡音樂，自從1975年起，他就一直在練習(xí)小提琴?，F(xiàn)在他是一個很好的小提琴家。
2. 我的哥哥明天會來看我，他來的時候，我會在家里看電視。我喜歡看有關(guān)醫(yī)院的節(jié)目。
3. 在我小的時候我常常喜歡打籃球，現(xiàn)在我不打籃球了，因為我曾有車禍（car accident）。
4. 我現(xiàn)在在打電話給我的母親，我的母親現(xiàn)在88歲，他在臺北已經(jīng)住了60年。
5. 在我去美國以前，我曾經(jīng)去過英國，當(dāng)我在英國的時候，我碰見了一個美麗的女孩子，他后來成為我的太太。
【練習(xí)二十二】
填充
1. I (watching) TV now. I (watch) TV every day.
2. He (have) a big dinner before we arrived last night. It (be) a good meal. He seldom (eat) so much.
3. He (work) on this novel for a very long time. By the time he (finish) it, he (written) six novels.
4. I (be) to America several times. I (go) to America again next year.
5. I (live) in Taipei when I was a child. When I was six years old, I (move) to Taiwan and (live) there ever since.
6. He (be) an honest person all his life. That is why so many people (like) him.
7. It (be) my birthday tomorrow. Yet I (have) a test the day after tomorrow. So I (study) in the library tomorrow night.
8. He (be) a strong kid when he was young. Now although he (be) seventy years old, he (be) still quite healthy.
9. I (have) this car for nine years. I (sell) it and (buy) a new one next year.
10. He (take) a bath every morning. Today, since he (get) up very late, he (go) to school directly without taking a bath.
第六章 否定句子(Negative Sentences)
6§1 否定句的基本規(guī)則
在任何語言，我們都有必要造出〝否定〞的句子，在中文，寫出否定句子并非難事，在英文，無論任何否定句子，都必須遵行一些規(guī)定，以下是否定句子的例子
肯定句子 否定句子
I like music. I don’t like music.
He loves swimming. He does not love swimming.
They have come to work. They have not come to work.
Mary went to see a movie yesterday. Mary did not go to see a movie yesterday.
John is a good boy. John is not a good boy.
I will go to New York tomorrow. I will not go to New York tomorrow.
He can sing. He can not sing.
You may go now. You may not go now.
He should sleep early. He should not sleep early.
It is raining now. It is not raining now.
It rains very often here. It does not rain very often here.
He has a lot of money. He does not have a lot of money.
It is exciting to see this game. It is not exciting to see this game.
He asked me three questions. He did not ask me three questions.
從以上的例子來看，我們可以歸納出以下的規(guī)則：
1.Verb to be 后面可以直接加not。例如：
He is not a good teacher.
Mary was not very happy when she was young.
They are not strong boys.
Peter is not coming.
John is not going to work.
2.助動詞后面可以直接加not。例如：
He has not written any letter.
They will not come.
He cannot swim.
They should not cry very often.
Tom had not eaten any thing before you came.
He may never eat cakes in the future.
John has not lived here.
3.一般句子的動詞必須加入do或他的變形。
He does not smoke.
He did not go.
I do not love sports.
You do not like to eat fish.
They do not swim very well.
We did not see that movie.
在英文中，我們可以用have to來代替must，以下是have to的例子：
He has to go to Chicago tomorrow.（他明天應(yīng)該去芝加哥）
They had to buy three tickets to go to the concert.（他們必須買三張票去聽音樂會）
I have to work very hard.（我必須努力工作）
含有have to的句子，如要改成否定句子，必須在have to前面加do或它的變形，請看以下的例子：
肯定句子 否定句子
He has to eat a lot of food. He does not have to eat a lot of food.
He had to leave. He did not have to leave.
I have to write that letter. I do not have to write that letter.
【練習(xí)二十三】
將以下的肯定句子改成否定句子：
1. I saw your brother last night.
2. I like apples.
3. She is a beautiful girl.
4. They can play violin very well.
5. Mr. Chang must answer the following questions.
6. He went to see his brother last night.
7. He could sing many songs.
8. He will buy this car.
9. It rained heavily last night.
10. I have lived here for three years.
11. He has to see his mother.
12. He had to stay here yesterday.
6§2 No, Never和Any的用法
要達(dá)成否定的意思,有時我們也可以用no和never這些字，no必須跟一個名詞，請看下面的例子：
1.I saw no students here.
2.There are no lakes in this country.
3.I have no money.
4.I had no choice.
5.He has no friends.
以上這些例子也可以用not來表示否定的意思，如果用not，則以上的句子應(yīng)該照下面的方式寫；
1.I did not see any student here.
2.We can not find any lake in this country.
3.I do not have any money.
4.I did not have any choice.
5.He does not have any friends.
除以上not之外，never也可以表達(dá)否定的意思，以下都是never的例子，請注意never常用在完成式的句子里：
I have never gone there.
He has never written any song.
They have never washed their clothes.
【練習(xí)二十四】
用no，not和never填空在以下的句子里:
1. I have money.
2. A selfish person does have any friends.
3. man is entirely alone.
4. one is living here. We can get into this house.
5. a single person loves me.
6. one loves me.
7. The person whom I saw did come.
8. I did go to work yesterday.
9. I had work to do yesterday.
10. I can find any one in this hall.
11. I have gone to America.
12. He has written to me.
對讀者而言，重要的是〝現(xiàn)在完成式〞和〝過去式〞不同究竟在那里？重要的不同在于，一旦在句子中講一件過去發(fā)生的事，而且指定特定的時間，就一定要用〝過去式〞，而不能用〝現(xiàn)在完成式〞。比方說，〝我曾經(jīng)看過「鐵達(dá)尼號」〞，可以用現(xiàn)在完成式，因為這句話沒有指明任何特定的時間，假如說，〝我昨天晚上去看「鐵達(dá)尼號」〞，就一定用過去式，讀者不妨看看以下的比較：
（a）I went to America last year.
I have been to America.
（b）I saw The Titanic last year.
I have seen The Titanic twice.
（c）I finished my homework late last night.
I have finally finished my homework.
（d）I studied English when I was a small child.
I have studied English since I was a child.
（e）I went to church yesterday.
I have never been to church.
以下的句子是錯的，請?zhí)貏e注意：
＊（1）I have seen the movie last year.
＊（2）I have never been to America last year.
＊（3）He has never finished his work last night.
現(xiàn)在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用，以下都是這類的例子：
（1）I have already had dinner.
（2）Since this summer began, we have already had two storms.
（3）It has not rained for a long time.
（4）I have never talked to this man before.
（5）I have never met your father.
（6）Have you ever been to America?
（7）He has already won three awards.
（8）I have stayed here since June.
Never 和 ever 也常是我們弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般說來， never 有否定的意思，ever則只有在問句中才會出現(xiàn)。
【練習(xí)十一】
將以下句子譯成英文，全部用現(xiàn)在完成式：
1.自從1980年，我就每天早上游泳。
2.我已收到了你的信。
3.我從未去過美國。
4.從他是一個小孩開始，他就是一個基督徒（Christian）。
5.我見過你的祖父。
6.你的弟弟一直住在這里。
7.他學(xué)鋼琴已經(jīng)很久了。
8.我已寫了三封信給他，他都沒有回。
9.過去三年我都在開這部車。
10.自從1975年以來，他一直是一位老師。
11.他教英文很久了。
12.我曾經(jīng)看過亂世佳人（Gone with the Wind）。
13.我已吃過飯了。
14.今年我去過海灘三次。
15.我終其一生都愛你的。
【練習(xí)十二】
將以下句子譯成英文，有的用過去式，有的用現(xiàn)在完成式
1.昨天我去看〝亂世佳人〞（Gone with the Wind）。
2.我從未看過〝亂世佳人〞。
3.去年，我住在美國。
4.自從1985年，我就一直住在美國。
5.他從未去過英國。
6.他已經(jīng)完成了報告。
7.我昨天晚上完成了報告。
8.昨夜，我見到了你的父親。
9.我已經(jīng)見過你的父親好幾次了。
10.我終生都住在臺中。
【練習(xí)十三】
填充
1. I （become） a Christian when I was a child.
2. I （be） a Christian all my life.
3. He （live） here since 1939.
4. Stop eating now. You （eat） too much.
5. It （rain） last night.
6. John is a writer. He （written） thirteen novels.
7. Last night, I （see） your father for the first time in my life.
8. I （talk） to my father last night.
9. Since 1961, I （be） a teacher. Before that, I （be） a student.
10. I （read） many novels written by Charles Dickens.
4§2現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式（Present Perfect Progressive Tense）
在上一節(jié)，我們知道，如果有一個行動，從過去發(fā)生后，就一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成式。舉例來說，以下的例子都應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式：
（1） 自從1974年，我就在學(xué)校學(xué)英文。
Since 1974, I have studied English at school.
（2） 自從我大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后，我就在這里工作。
Since I graduated from college, I have worked here.
以第一句話為例，假如我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)我一直在練習(xí)游泳，而且沒有間斷，我們可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式（present perfect progressive tense）。所謂現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式，形式如下：
verb to have + been + present participle
verb to have 是為了完成式，been 和 present participle 都是為了進(jìn)行式。
以下是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式的例子：
I have been studying English since 1974.
I have been working here since I graduated from college.
I have been living here since I was a child.
He has been acting like a fool lately.（他近一直在做傻事）
They have been dancing since seven o’clock.
It has been snowing since yesterday.
I have been taking music lessons since last year.
He has been drinking heavily since last year.（他去年起，就一直在酗酒）
【練習(xí)十四】
將以下的句子譯成英文，全部用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式：
1. 自從我們是小孩子起，我們就一直努力工作。
2. 從去年起，他就在念英文。
3. 從昨天起，就一直在下雨。
4. 從五時起，他就在做功課（do homework）。
5. 從三歲起，我就一直住在臺中。
4§3 過去完成進(jìn)行式（Past Perfect Progressive Tense）
過去完成式的形式如下：
had + past participle
過去完成式是不能單獨(dú)用的。我們用的時候，必須有另一個事件。也就是說，假如我們有兩件事 A 和 B，兩件事都發(fā)生在過去，但 A 發(fā)生在 B 以前，A 應(yīng)該用過去完成式，B 則用過去式。以下是幾個例子：
（1） 他到臺灣以前，曾學(xué)過中文。
He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
（2） 他念大學(xué)以前，曾前工作過。
He had worked before he decided to go to college.
（3） 我寫這篇有關(guān)愛爾蘭的小說以前，曾去過愛爾蘭。
I had been to Ireland before I wrote this book about Ireland's people.
（4） 我在上大學(xué)以前，已經(jīng)學(xué)過微積分。
I had studied calculus before I got into college.
（5） 周一以前，已經(jīng)下過雪了。
It had already snowed before Monday.
如果我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)較早發(fā)生事件的連續(xù)性，我們可以用過去完成進(jìn)行式。占去完成進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had 。以下是一些過去完成進(jìn)行式的例子：
1. I had been watching TV before you called me.
2. I had been working hard in a company for many years before I went to college.
3. He had been studying before he went to class.
4. He had been driving all day before he went to sleep.
【練習(xí)十五】
將以下中文句子譯成英文，每一句都要用過去式和過去完成式：
1.我十四歲以前，就曾見過你的母親。
2.我1974年以前，曾去過美國。
3.六年前，他曾念過圣經(jīng)（the Bible）。
4.我念大學(xué)以前，曾經(jīng)是個工程師（engineer）。
5.你來以前，我曾打電話給你。
6.在我昨天晚上吃飯以前，曾和李先生見過面。
7.在他辭職（resign）以前，他是個好校長（president）。
8.在他去世（die），他是個好醫(yī)生。
9.在他到教堂以前，他一直在練習(xí)唱歌。
10.在今天早上八時以前，天一直在下雨。
【練習(xí)十六】
將以下的中文句子譯成英文，選適宜的時態(tài)。
1.他昨天去看你的時候，你在唱歌。
2.他從前是個好孩子。
3.他們都喜歡打籃球。
4.我們正在看電視。
5.你在臺灣住了很久了。
6.我已經(jīng)看完了這本書。
7.他們一直都住在這里。
8.我來以前，曾去過教堂。
9.他喜歡看日出。
10.他喜歡游泳。
11.他自從六歲起，就一直在學(xué)鋼琴（piano）。
12.他過去是個強(qiáng)壯的孩子。
13.在他生病以前，他曾是個非常健康（healthy）的人。
14.當(dāng)火車進(jìn)站時，人們在跳舞。
15.在戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)（break out）以前，他曾是個音樂家（musician）。
16.我曾見過你。
17.我去年見過你。
18.我已經(jīng)將信寫好了。
19.自從1974年以來，我就是一個軍人（soldier）。
20.我讀了很多英文書。
【練習(xí)十七】
將正確的動詞填入以下各句的空白：（有的地方可能有多種答案）
1. He (love) his country.
2. He (love) his country, but now he does not.
3. I (be) a teacher since 1975.
4. I (be) a teacher before I went to college.
5. I (read) Shakespeare ever since I was a little girl.
6. When I went to see her yesterday, she (watch) TV.
7. I (see) your father before I saw you.
8. He (read) many detective stories.
9. He (go) to church every Sunday.
10. It (be) a cold day yesterday.
11. It (rain) for the last two days.
12. I (eat) too much. I am full now.
13. You (be) a nurse before the war broke out.
14. I (have) never (see) you in my life.
15. He (be) a teacher since 1980.
16. It (be) good to eat vegetables every day.
17. It (be) so nice to meet you last night.
18. She (be) such a nice girl before she died.
19. Peter (go) to America many times.
20. He (work) hard since last year. He (hope) to succeed in the college entrance examination this time.
第五章 未來式
5§1 未來式的基本規(guī)則
如果我們在句子中，有需要提到未來的事情，就可以使用未來式，舉例來說，以下的句子都用未來式。
I will go to America tomorrow.
He will dance tonight.
Peter will finish his work next month.
如果不用〝will〞，我們可以用〝verb to be +going to+ verb〞，如果我們?nèi)绱俗?，以上的三個句子就變成了以下的句子
I am going to go to America tomorrow.
He is going to dance tonight.
Peter is going to finish his work next month.
以下是一些未來式的例子：
1. I will call you tonight.
I am going to call you tonight.
2. He will graduate next June.
He is going to graduate next June.
3. Mr. Lee will teach us English soon.
Mr. Lee is going to teach us English soon.
4. He will help you.
He is going to help you.
5. The war will break out soon.
The war is going to break out soon.
6. It will rain tonight.
It is going to rain tonight.
有一個規(guī)則必須注意，就是will是一個助動詞，現(xiàn)在式第三人稱單數(shù)的主詞，仍不用在will后面加s。
不僅如此，will后面的動詞必須用成原式，如果用verb to be +going to+ verb這里面的verb也必須用原式。
因為這里面的to式infinitive，infinitive里面永遠(yuǎn)要用原型動詞。
以下例子都是錯的
1.＊He wills go to school.
2.＊He will goes to school.
3.＊They will went to work tomorrow.
4.＊Tom is going to saw me tonight.
5.＊Peter is going to working next month.
未來式常和別的句子用在一起，以下是典型的例子
1. When you come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.
2. After I graduate, I am going to be a good doctor in Africa.
3. Before I leave tomorrow, I will finish my work.
4. After the war is over, every one will be happy.
5. I will go to a concert after my classes are over.
6. I will eat lunch as soon as I have time.
但千萬不可寫出以下錯誤的句子：
＊When you will come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.
＊After the war will be over, every one will be happy.
＊I will eat lunch as soon as I will have time.
【練習(xí)十八】
將以下的中文句子翻成英文句子，用will或to be going to：
1. 我明天要上教堂（go to church）。
2. 他下周一要和我見面。
3. 他明天要整理這個房間（clean this room）。
4. 我明天吃晚飯后要去臺北。
5. 我明天晚上回家以后，就打電話給你。
6. 我畢業(yè)以后會去念法律。
7. 明天你走以后，我要看電視.。
8. 明天我會去臺南。
9. 今天晚上我要寫一封信給你。
10. 今晚，我要等我的哥哥。
【練習(xí)十九】
填充：
1. I (be) in America next year, after I (graduate).
2. I (explain) this to you tonight after I (read) the report.
3. I (see) you tonight.
4. As soon as you (come) to see me, I (give) you my book.
5. When you (arrive) in New York tomorrow, Tom (be) in the airport to meet you.
6. I (go) to church after the rain stops.
7. I (watch) the new TV program after you (leave).
8. When you (get) here tomorrow, everyone (wait) for you.
9. I (get) a job as soon as I get out of college.
10. He________ (have) dinner very late tomorrow.
11. I________ (quit) my present job, after I________ (find) a better one.
5§2 未來式的變形
未來式可以和進(jìn)行式合起來用，以下是未來進(jìn)行式的例子
I will be watching TV tomorrow at eight.
He will be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the hospital.
I will be studying mathematics at home when you come.
Two days later, I will be driving a new car.
未來式可以和完成式合在一起用，而成為未來完成式，這種句子都是在于強(qiáng)調(diào)未來要完成的事。舉例來說，”我明天六點(diǎn)以前，我會完成這工作了”，就可以用未來完成式：
I will have finished this work by six o’clock tomorrow.
以下是一些未來完成式的例子
By the time he arrives at the station, the train will have left.
We will have had three meetings before six o’clock tonight.
He will have written six novels next summer.
【練習(xí)二十】
填充：（用未來進(jìn)行式或未來完成式）
1. I (watch) the baseball game tomorrow night.
2. He (finish) the report when you arrive at his home.
3. I (wash) my car tonight when my mother comes.
4. They (play) their violins when the clock strikes twelve.
5. He (complete) writing this program before ten o’clock tonight.
6. He (be) the president for three years next May.
7. I (wash) my car when you come tonight.
8. I (read) this report before six o’clock tomorrow evening.
9. Peter (dance) in the streets if Mr. Robertson is elected president.
10. I (drive) four hundred miles tomorrow.
【練習(xí)二十一】
將以下中文句子譯成英文
1. 彼得生于1965年，他從小就喜歡音樂，自從1975年起，他就一直在練習(xí)小提琴?，F(xiàn)在他是一個很好的小提琴家。
2. 我的哥哥明天會來看我，他來的時候，我會在家里看電視。我喜歡看有關(guān)醫(yī)院的節(jié)目。
3. 在我小的時候我常常喜歡打籃球，現(xiàn)在我不打籃球了，因為我曾有車禍（car accident）。
4. 我現(xiàn)在在打電話給我的母親，我的母親現(xiàn)在88歲，他在臺北已經(jīng)住了60年。
5. 在我去美國以前，我曾經(jīng)去過英國，當(dāng)我在英國的時候，我碰見了一個美麗的女孩子，他后來成為我的太太。
【練習(xí)二十二】
填充
1. I (watching) TV now. I (watch) TV every day.
2. He (have) a big dinner before we arrived last night. It (be) a good meal. He seldom (eat) so much.
3. He (work) on this novel for a very long time. By the time he (finish) it, he (written) six novels.
4. I (be) to America several times. I (go) to America again next year.
5. I (live) in Taipei when I was a child. When I was six years old, I (move) to Taiwan and (live) there ever since.
6. He (be) an honest person all his life. That is why so many people (like) him.
7. It (be) my birthday tomorrow. Yet I (have) a test the day after tomorrow. So I (study) in the library tomorrow night.
8. He (be) a strong kid when he was young. Now although he (be) seventy years old, he (be) still quite healthy.
9. I (have) this car for nine years. I (sell) it and (buy) a new one next year.
10. He (take) a bath every morning. Today, since he (get) up very late, he (go) to school directly without taking a bath.
第六章 否定句子(Negative Sentences)
6§1 否定句的基本規(guī)則
在任何語言，我們都有必要造出〝否定〞的句子，在中文，寫出否定句子并非難事，在英文，無論任何否定句子，都必須遵行一些規(guī)定，以下是否定句子的例子
肯定句子 否定句子
I like music. I don’t like music.
He loves swimming. He does not love swimming.
They have come to work. They have not come to work.
Mary went to see a movie yesterday. Mary did not go to see a movie yesterday.
John is a good boy. John is not a good boy.
I will go to New York tomorrow. I will not go to New York tomorrow.
He can sing. He can not sing.
You may go now. You may not go now.
He should sleep early. He should not sleep early.
It is raining now. It is not raining now.
It rains very often here. It does not rain very often here.
He has a lot of money. He does not have a lot of money.
It is exciting to see this game. It is not exciting to see this game.
He asked me three questions. He did not ask me three questions.
從以上的例子來看，我們可以歸納出以下的規(guī)則：
1.Verb to be 后面可以直接加not。例如：
He is not a good teacher.
Mary was not very happy when she was young.
They are not strong boys.
Peter is not coming.
John is not going to work.
2.助動詞后面可以直接加not。例如：
He has not written any letter.
They will not come.
He cannot swim.
They should not cry very often.
Tom had not eaten any thing before you came.
He may never eat cakes in the future.
John has not lived here.
3.一般句子的動詞必須加入do或他的變形。
He does not smoke.
He did not go.
I do not love sports.
You do not like to eat fish.
They do not swim very well.
We did not see that movie.
在英文中，我們可以用have to來代替must，以下是have to的例子：
He has to go to Chicago tomorrow.（他明天應(yīng)該去芝加哥）
They had to buy three tickets to go to the concert.（他們必須買三張票去聽音樂會）
I have to work very hard.（我必須努力工作）
含有have to的句子，如要改成否定句子，必須在have to前面加do或它的變形，請看以下的例子：
肯定句子 否定句子
He has to eat a lot of food. He does not have to eat a lot of food.
He had to leave. He did not have to leave.
I have to write that letter. I do not have to write that letter.
【練習(xí)二十三】
將以下的肯定句子改成否定句子：
1. I saw your brother last night.
2. I like apples.
3. She is a beautiful girl.
4. They can play violin very well.
5. Mr. Chang must answer the following questions.
6. He went to see his brother last night.
7. He could sing many songs.
8. He will buy this car.
9. It rained heavily last night.
10. I have lived here for three years.
11. He has to see his mother.
12. He had to stay here yesterday.
6§2 No, Never和Any的用法
要達(dá)成否定的意思,有時我們也可以用no和never這些字，no必須跟一個名詞，請看下面的例子：
1.I saw no students here.
2.There are no lakes in this country.
3.I have no money.
4.I had no choice.
5.He has no friends.
以上這些例子也可以用not來表示否定的意思，如果用not，則以上的句子應(yīng)該照下面的方式寫；
1.I did not see any student here.
2.We can not find any lake in this country.
3.I do not have any money.
4.I did not have any choice.
5.He does not have any friends.
除以上not之外，never也可以表達(dá)否定的意思，以下都是never的例子，請注意never常用在完成式的句子里：
I have never gone there.
He has never written any song.
They have never washed their clothes.
【練習(xí)二十四】
用no，not和never填空在以下的句子里:
1. I have money.
2. A selfish person does have any friends.
3. man is entirely alone.
4. one is living here. We can get into this house.
5. a single person loves me.
6. one loves me.
7. The person whom I saw did come.
8. I did go to work yesterday.
9. I had work to do yesterday.
10. I can find any one in this hall.
11. I have gone to America.
12. He has written to me.