【練習(xí)五十九】
以下的句子都有冠詞用法的錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)改正這些錯(cuò)誤：
1. The Girls are often good in learning languages.
2. The dogs always chase the cats.
3. Do you have the time?
4. I have not had a water for two hours.
5. There is no life without the pain.
6. The love is the most important thing in one's life.
7. He has the wisdom.
8. I am losing the patience.
9. This is not time to cry.
10. Pain due to losing a loved one is hard to endure.
11. Joy being a father is really great.
12. Being honest is virtue.
13. Speaking the truth is good policy.
14. Can you feel sadness of his?
15. We need the air to live.
16. I do not drink the coffee. I drink the tea.
17. We Chinese eat the rice every day.
18. Water in this area is very clean.
19. There was fire in the next street last night.
20. Fire last night killed three kids.
21. Coffee which you are drinking is from South America.
22. Mary is from the Canada.
23. The China is a large country.
24. Republic of China was Founded in 1911.
25. Where is the England?
26. Is the Russian in Europe.
27. The President Lincoln is a great person.
28. The King George was a mad king.
29. Yellow River is a long river.
30. Have you been to Gobi Desert?
31. Manila Bay is very beautiful.
32. It is hard to cross Atlantic Ocean by a small boat.
33. Can you swim across English Channel?
34. United States of America is a large country.
35. United Nations and Red Cross often work together.
36. When did Ottoman Empire end?
37. British Empire was large before.
38. Catholic Church is one of the oldest organizations in the world.
39. This cup was made in Ming Dynasty.
40. Renaissance is a very important era for mankind.
41. We should not go back to Dark Ages.
42. Wangs did not invite me to their house.
43. I do not like Kennedys.
44. Chinese pay great attention to education.
45. I do not like the physics.
46. Are you interested in the chemistry?
47. Did you have the lunch?
48. Let us have the dinner together.
49. I always have a breakfast with my family.
50. I had big dinner last night.
51. Dinner my mother cooked for me was delicious.
52. I go to the church every Sunday.
53. He does not like to go to the school.
54. Did you see beautiful church in the next street?
55. The English is so hard for me.
56. Do you speak the English?
57. Do you play the tennis?
58. The swimming is good for you.
59. I like the walking in the woods.
60. I practice the baseball every week.
【練習(xí)六十】
在以下的空白處加入冠詞，如不需要冠詞，就讓它空白：
1. boys usually do not like to sit still for long.
2. I love to have cup of coffee.
3. There is love between us.
4. Can you feel love from you mother?
5. joy for having a new baby is really great.
6. Do you have time for a walk?
7. We can not live without love.
8. I have not drunk wine for a long time.
9. Do you have wisdom to distinguish bad persons from good persons?
10. This is good dinner.
11. I did not have dinner.
12. joy being mother is great.
13. Running is good practice.
14. sadness due to the death of his mother really hurts him.
15. We need water to live.
16. We can not live without air.
17. I do not drink coffee.
18. fire with occurred last night destroyed my house.
19. coffee which you are drinking is very light.
20. Republic of China is in Asia.
21. Where is Russia?
22. Is France in Africa?
23. President Kennedy was liked by most American before be died.
24. Amazon River is a long one.
25. Have you ever been to Tokyo?
26. Have you ever been to Tokyo Bay?
27. There are more than one hundred countries in United Nations.
28. This is Ming Dynasty porcalain.
29. Wangs invited us to a dinner party.
30. I do not like mathematics.
31. spring is a pleasant season.
32. I had pleasant evening with my friends.
33. breakfast which I had this morning was too light for me.
34. It is not easy to study English.
35. I did play basketball yesterday.
36. swimming is a good exercise.
37. There should be chicken in every pot.
38. It is good idea to eat lightly.
【練習(xí)六十一】
將以下的句子譯成成英文：
1. 狗會(huì)叫（bark）。
2. 貓會(huì)抓老鼠。
3. 有時(shí)候（sometimes），痛苦是好的。
4. 我不喝茶。
5. 感覺(jué)到被愛(ài)是很重要的。
6. 說(shuō)實(shí)話令人快樂(lè)。
7. 我們需要愛(ài)。
8. 他是一個(gè)中國(guó)人。
9. 中國(guó)人喜歡喝茶。
10. 昨夜，城里有一場(chǎng)火。
11. 約翰來(lái)自美國(guó)。
12. 法國(guó)在哪里？
13. 我喜歡林肯總統(tǒng)。
14. 黃河不是黃的。
15. 紅十字會(huì)已經(jīng)有一百年了（one hundred years old）。
16. 明朝是一個(gè)重要的朝代。
17. 你喜愛(ài)數(shù)學(xué)嗎？
18. 我今天早上沒(méi)有吃早飯。
19. 我已吃過(guò)午飯。
20. 我昨天沒(méi)有去教堂。
21. 我今年秋天要上大學(xué)。
22. 游泳使我強(qiáng)壯。
第十三章 形容詞的比較級(jí)
如果我們要翻譯〝他比較老〞，我們不能說(shuō)
＊ He is more old.
而一定要說(shuō)
He is older.
為什么呢？這是因?yàn)橛⑽睦锩娴男稳菰~有所謂的比較級(jí)規(guī)則。在下一節(jié)，我們講一些最基本的規(guī)則。
13§1 最基本的規(guī)則
首先，我們要說(shuō)明英文形容詞有三個(gè)等級(jí)：原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和級(jí)，最基本的規(guī)則是根據(jù)音節(jié)的多少來(lái)分的。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，單音節(jié)的形容詞在字后面加er，就變成了比較級(jí)，加est就變成了級(jí)，而雙音節(jié)，或雙音節(jié)以上的形容詞，比較級(jí)是在字前面加more，級(jí)則是在字前面加most，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，old, smart, strong, weak, high, low等等都是單音節(jié)的形容詞，他們的變化如下：
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
old older oldest
smart smarter smartest
strong stronger strongest
weak weaker weakest
high higher highest
low lower lowest
以上的形容詞，都是單音節(jié)的，以下的例子都有關(guān)雙音節(jié)的形容詞：
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
difficult more difficult most difficult
delicious more delicious most delicious
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
correct more correct most correct
stupid more stupid most stupid
significant more significant most significant
有一個(gè)規(guī)則必須注意，我們不能將more和er混在一齊用，以下的例子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊ He is more older than I.
＊ He is more taller than his brother.
正確的句子是：
He is older than I.
He is taller than his brother.
【練習(xí)六十二】
寫(xiě)出以下形容詞的比較級(jí)：
1. small
2. slow
3. intelligent
4. expensive
5. tall
6. short
7. important
8. cheap
9. famous
10. cold
11. fast
12. careful
13. colorful
14. long
15. dark
16. bright
13§2 特殊的比較級(jí)規(guī)則
在上一節(jié)，我們說(shuō)明了最基本的規(guī)則，那就是單音節(jié)形容詞加er或est，雙音節(jié)的形容詞前面加more或most。但以下就是這些基本規(guī)則的例外。
(1) 單音節(jié)形容詞的字是e，就直接加r或st：
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
large larger largest
late later latest
nice nicer nicest
wise wiser wisest
(2) 形容詞的字尾是y，而前一個(gè)子母是一個(gè)子音，則除掉y，加上ier，或iest：
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
lucky luckier luckiest
happy happier happiest
pretty prettier prettiest
dry drier driest
easy easier easiest
(3) 單音節(jié)形容詞的字尾是子音，前一音是一個(gè)元音，則字尾必須重復(fù)一次，再加er或est：
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
fat fatter fattest
hot hotter hottest
wet wetter wettest
big bigger biggest
(4) 完全不規(guī)則的變化：
英文中，有幾個(gè)特殊的字，他們的比較級(jí)完全沒(méi)有規(guī)則，以下是一些例子，讀者必須記?。?BR> 原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
good
well better best
bad worse worst
many
much more most
【練習(xí)六十三】
寫(xiě)下以下形容詞的比較級(jí)：
1. cute
2. wide
3. early
4. happy
5. heavy
6. thin
7. easy
8. hot
9. wise
10. large
11. good
12. bad
13. many
13§3 比較形的用法
大多數(shù)比較級(jí)句子里會(huì)有than，以下是一些例子：
I am older than he.
His English is better than mine.
San Francisco is more beautiful than New York.
His car is cheaper than your car.
He is the most diligent student in his class.
I like apples more than oranges.
He has more money than his brother.
He is stronger than his brother.
必須注意的是以下的句子是錯(cuò)的：
＊ I am older than him.
＊ She is smarter than me.
為什么錯(cuò)了呢？因?yàn)樵瓉?lái)句子應(yīng)該是：
I am older than he (is).
She is more smart than I (am).
習(xí)慣上的is和am都省略掉的，由以上的解釋可以看出，than后面的句詞應(yīng)該是主詞，而非受詞。
以下的錯(cuò)誤，也請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意：
＊ My head is larger than your.
正確的句子是：
My head is larger than your head.
或者 My head is larger than yours.
請(qǐng)看以下幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的句子：
＊ My house is larger than your.
＊ The temperature of this city is higher than San Francisco.
＊ The height of Himalayas is greater than Mt. Fuji.
＊ My bicycle is older than his.
正確的句子應(yīng)該是：
My house is larger than your house.
或者 My house is larger than yours.
The temperature of this city is higher than the temperature of San Francisco.
或者 The Temperature of this city is higher than that of San Francisco.
The height of Himalayas is greater than the height of Mt. Fuji.
或者 The height of Himalayas is greater than that of Mt. Fuji.
請(qǐng)注意以下的例子，句子中沒(méi)有than，但仍有比較級(jí)：
Among all the teachers who have taught me, he is the best.
This is the best movie I have ever seen.
This food is the worst one which I have ever eaten.
John is the stronger one.
Do we have a better choice?
Mary is the more diligent one.
He is the older of the two.
He is one of the best movie actors.
This area is one of the hottest areas in the world.
He is one of the fastest swimmers of America.
This is a book which I like most.
【練習(xí)六十四】
改錯(cuò)：
1. ＊He is more old than I.
2. ＊She is younger than me.
3. ＊This university is more larger than that university.
4. ＊He is more older than my brother.
5. ＊His house is older than my.
6. ＊The size of this city is larger than San Francisco.
7. ＊She is taller than him.
8. ＊The height of this boy is greater than his brother.
9. ＊He is the most good student in my class.
10. ＊He is the more bad one.
【練習(xí)六十五】
將下列句子譯成英文句子：
1. 你比他強(qiáng)壯。
2. 他的英文比我的好。
3. 他比他的弟弟更富有。
4. 他是世界上最富有的人。
5. 這支筆比你的貴得多。
6. 喜馬拉雅山是世界上的山。
7. 亞馬孫河是世界上最長(zhǎng)的河。
8. 他比他的爸爸高。
9. 他是班上的學(xué)生。
10. 在我遇到的人中，他是的。
【練習(xí)六十六】
填充：
1. He is （old）than John.
2. This problem is one of the （difficult）problems that I have ever seen.
3. This is one of the （good）movies that I have ever seen.
4. Do we have a （good）choice?
5. This place is （hot）than San Francisco.
6. He is （famous）than his sister.
7. She is getting （bad）now.
8. He is feeling （well）now.
9. He has （much）money than his father.
10. Mary is one of （beautiful）student in her class.
11. He is （happy）than before.
12. Peter is getting （thin）.
13. This summer is （hot）than last summer.
14. You have a （bright）future now.
15. He has （many）students than I.
16. I feel much （well）now.
17. Ｈe is （careful）than you.
18. Time is （important）than money.
第十四章 總復(fù)習(xí)的例子
在這一章，我們將給很多簡(jiǎn)短的文章，每一段文章的后面，我們都會(huì)有詳細(xì)的解釋，相信這些解釋將有助于讀者對(duì)于文法的了解。
（１）
Dear Mother:
I arrived at the Taipei Train Station around one o'clock in the afternoon yesterday. My friend, Mr. Chen, greeted me in the station. We took a taxi to go directly to the university and checked into the dormitory. The dormitory is a very old one. I will live with three other boys and I met two of them already. Both of them are from Taichung and they are both quite friendly.
We went to the dormitory cafeteria for dinner. The food is not that good. Dear Mother, I miss you and especially the food you cooked for me.
Your son
這封信很簡(jiǎn)單，所敘述的事情不是用簡(jiǎn)單的現(xiàn)在式，就是簡(jiǎn)單的過(guò)去式，當(dāng)然也有一次用了未來(lái)式。
絕大多數(shù)的句子都用了簡(jiǎn)單的過(guò)去式，因?yàn)檫@些句子都是敘述過(guò)去所發(fā)生的事，用現(xiàn)在式的有以下幾句：
The dormitory is a very old one.
Both of them are from Taichung.
The food is not that good.
I miss you and the food you cooked for me.
為什么這幾句話要用現(xiàn)在式呢？道理很簡(jiǎn)單，這幾句話描寫(xiě)的是一些狀態(tài)，而并非過(guò)去發(fā)生的事。
〝The dormitory is a very old one.〞
〝Both of them are from Taichung.〞
〝The food is not that good.〞
〝I miss you and the food you cooked for me.〞
等四個(gè)句子都是目前存在的事實(shí)，所以要用現(xiàn)在式。
現(xiàn)在我們不妨看一下冠詞的情形，我們可以看到很多地方都用了the，如：
the Taipei Train Station
the afternoon
the station
the university
the dormitory cafetervia
the dormitory
the food
the food you cooked for me
各位讀者一定可以注意到在the后面的名詞都有所指，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，the university指那所作者要去念的大學(xué)，他的媽媽知道他所說(shuō)的是那一所大學(xué)。The dormitory指那間他已搬進(jìn)去住的宿舍。凡是有所指的名詞前面，原則上都應(yīng)該加the。
哪里用了〝a〞呢？注意，我們用了兩次
a taxi
a very old one
讀者應(yīng)該不難看出為什么這里我們不能用the，而一定要用a。
（２）
Mary: "Hello, this is Mary. Who is calling?"
John: "Hi, this is John. How are you?"
Mary: "I am doing fine. In fact, I am studying for the final examination now."
John: "Oh, I am sorry. When will the exam be over?"
Mary: "This Friday."
John: "Then, can we have dinner Friday evening?"
Mary: "OK, where are we going to eat?"
John: "How about the Chinese restaurant called Four Seasons?"
Mary: "That is all right with me. When do we meet?"
John: "How about six o'clock?"
Mary: "That's it. See you Friday evening at 6 o'clock at the Four Seasons."
這一篇短文主要的目的在于介紹所謂現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式。
Who is calling.
I am doing fine.
I am studying for the final examination now.
都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式，事實(shí)上，也必須用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式。
（３）
I have been interested in music ever since I was a small child. When I was seven years old, my mother gave me a violin as a birthday present. I have been taking violin lessons ever since.
I am so much interested in music that I finally decided to go to music school. This was a hard decision for me. I consulted with my parents. Both of them encouraged me to go ahead.
Yesterday, I was accepted by one of the best music schools in Taiwan. I am really happy about this.
這一段話中，我們開(kāi)始用現(xiàn)在完成式，比方說(shuō)第一句話就是
I have been interested in music ever since I was a small child.
為什么要用現(xiàn)在完成式呢？道理很簡(jiǎn)單，這句話里面有有〝ever since〞這個(gè)詞，凡是有了這個(gè)詞句，我們就一定要用現(xiàn)在完成式了。
另外一句用了現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式的句子是：
I have been taking violin lessons ever since.
讀者不妨去看看第四章，就知道為什么這里要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式了。凡是〝自從〞某某日開(kāi)始，而就一直在做的事情，就應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式，或者現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式。
這一段文章里面，我們還用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣。
I was accepted by one of the best music schools in Taiwan.
各位讀者不妨注意，這被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的用法是很正當(dāng)而且適宜的，如用主動(dòng)這句話變成了
One of the best music schools accepted me.
這樣反而并不太能表達(dá)原意。
（４）
Before I got into college, I had been to the United States and lived there for one year. This is why I could speak English better than average students.
As I studied as a college student, Hitler was secretly preparing for the Second World War. The war erupted finally when I was a senior. I was forced to quit school and was drafted into the army. I luckily survived the war and came back to resume my studying after the war was over. Since I had gone to the war, I was more mature than most of the other students.
Even now, I can still remember my days as a college student as well as a soldier.
這篇文章介紹了如何使用過(guò)去完成式，第一句話就用了過(guò)去完成式，因?yàn)橛袃杉?，一件是〝進(jìn)大學(xué)〞，另一件是〝去過(guò)美國(guó)〞，由于在進(jìn)大學(xué)以前去美國(guó)，所以〝去美國(guó)〞就用了過(guò)去完成式。
請(qǐng)注意第二段的第一句：
As I studied as a college student, Hitler was secretly preparing for the Second World War.
這一次，我們用了過(guò)去進(jìn)行式，因?yàn)橛袃杉拢斣趯W(xué)校念書(shū)〞是一件事，〝*在準(zhǔn)備發(fā)動(dòng)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)〞是另一件事，其中有一件可以用過(guò)去完成式。
同理，在第二段話的最后一句話中，〝曾經(jīng)去打過(guò)仗〞用了過(guò)去完成式。
這段文章中，有一句話用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，讀者不妨看這句話〝I was forced to quit school.〞，其實(shí)我們?cè)谶@種情形之下，我們必須用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，當(dāng)然也可以用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，不過(guò)那并不太自然。
也請(qǐng)讀者注意這段文章的最后一句話仍一定要用現(xiàn)在式。
（５）
I have been interested in reading novels for a long time. Among all of the novels that I have read, I like detective novels the most. Among all detective novels, I especially like those written by Agatha Christe.
Last year, I started reading another kind of novels, namely science fictions. I found out that some science fiction writers are quite philosophical. Unfortunately, there are not too many of them.
I always have a dream that one day I will be good in writing novels. Do you think that my dreams may come true?
這段文章中，我們介紹了動(dòng)名詞的用法，第一句話的reading就是動(dòng)名詞，除此以外，我們還有兩處用了動(dòng)名詞：started reading和good in writing。
讀者也應(yīng)該了解為什么第一句話要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式，在第二句話里面，當(dāng)我們形容novels，我們也用了現(xiàn)在完成式。
請(qǐng)讀者注意第一段的最后一句話，those written by Agatha Christe。在這里，written是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞用作了形容詞，形容novels，我們也可以說(shuō)those which were written by Agatha Christe.
順便講一下，Agatha Christe是一位非常的偵探小說(shuō)作者。
也請(qǐng)大家注意，我們只能說(shuō)interested in reading，而不能說(shuō)interesting in reading。
（６）
Tomorrow, there will be a dancing party in our university. Since we are freshmen and most of us have never been to a large dancing party, we are naturally very much excited. I must say that I am not that excited. Although dancing is interesting, I often think that the music is too loud. Besides, as a bystander, I often find the way that the young people dance these days is so funny. When they dance, they often remind me of monkeys.
Well, I must admit that playing basketball is more interesting to me. But, unfortunately, I cannot play basketball tomorrow because the courts will be used for the dancing party.
這一段話主要的目的是介紹現(xiàn)分詞和過(guò)去分詞用成形容詞的做法。第一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞是dancing，dancing 在這里形容party。
我們?cè)谶@里看到有些時(shí)候，我們應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞，有時(shí)要用過(guò)去分詞。請(qǐng)看以下的句子：
We are naturally very much excited.
在這里，我們一定要用excited，絕對(duì)不能用
＊We are naturally very exciting.
下一句
Although dancing is interesting,
在這里，我們必須用interesting，而不能用interested。也就是說(shuō)，我們不能說(shuō)
＊Although dancing is interested.
（７）
We probably all believe that we should love others and forgive those who do bad things to us. Unfortunately it is often hard for us to practice what we believe in. For example, if someone really hurts us badly, we just do not know what we should do. Should we take some kind of action to hurt the person who hurt us, or should we forgive him?
The truth is that we may still seek justice. It is right if we want a criminal to go to jail for his crime. Yet, we should never have hatred in our hearts.
這篇文章的目的在介紹〝子句〞的用法，請(qǐng)注意這篇文章內(nèi)的很多子句，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)
that we should love others and forgive those who do bad things.
就是一個(gè)子句，這個(gè)子句是believe的受詞，有趣的是，這個(gè)子句內(nèi)部又有一個(gè)子句，那就是
who do bad things to do.
這個(gè)子句是形容those的。
以下是這一段文章的全部子句：
that we should love others and forgive those
who do bad things to us
what we believe in
what we should do
that we may still seek justice
以下的句子都有冠詞用法的錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)改正這些錯(cuò)誤：
1. The Girls are often good in learning languages.
2. The dogs always chase the cats.
3. Do you have the time?
4. I have not had a water for two hours.
5. There is no life without the pain.
6. The love is the most important thing in one's life.
7. He has the wisdom.
8. I am losing the patience.
9. This is not time to cry.
10. Pain due to losing a loved one is hard to endure.
11. Joy being a father is really great.
12. Being honest is virtue.
13. Speaking the truth is good policy.
14. Can you feel sadness of his?
15. We need the air to live.
16. I do not drink the coffee. I drink the tea.
17. We Chinese eat the rice every day.
18. Water in this area is very clean.
19. There was fire in the next street last night.
20. Fire last night killed three kids.
21. Coffee which you are drinking is from South America.
22. Mary is from the Canada.
23. The China is a large country.
24. Republic of China was Founded in 1911.
25. Where is the England?
26. Is the Russian in Europe.
27. The President Lincoln is a great person.
28. The King George was a mad king.
29. Yellow River is a long river.
30. Have you been to Gobi Desert?
31. Manila Bay is very beautiful.
32. It is hard to cross Atlantic Ocean by a small boat.
33. Can you swim across English Channel?
34. United States of America is a large country.
35. United Nations and Red Cross often work together.
36. When did Ottoman Empire end?
37. British Empire was large before.
38. Catholic Church is one of the oldest organizations in the world.
39. This cup was made in Ming Dynasty.
40. Renaissance is a very important era for mankind.
41. We should not go back to Dark Ages.
42. Wangs did not invite me to their house.
43. I do not like Kennedys.
44. Chinese pay great attention to education.
45. I do not like the physics.
46. Are you interested in the chemistry?
47. Did you have the lunch?
48. Let us have the dinner together.
49. I always have a breakfast with my family.
50. I had big dinner last night.
51. Dinner my mother cooked for me was delicious.
52. I go to the church every Sunday.
53. He does not like to go to the school.
54. Did you see beautiful church in the next street?
55. The English is so hard for me.
56. Do you speak the English?
57. Do you play the tennis?
58. The swimming is good for you.
59. I like the walking in the woods.
60. I practice the baseball every week.
【練習(xí)六十】
在以下的空白處加入冠詞，如不需要冠詞，就讓它空白：
1. boys usually do not like to sit still for long.
2. I love to have cup of coffee.
3. There is love between us.
4. Can you feel love from you mother?
5. joy for having a new baby is really great.
6. Do you have time for a walk?
7. We can not live without love.
8. I have not drunk wine for a long time.
9. Do you have wisdom to distinguish bad persons from good persons?
10. This is good dinner.
11. I did not have dinner.
12. joy being mother is great.
13. Running is good practice.
14. sadness due to the death of his mother really hurts him.
15. We need water to live.
16. We can not live without air.
17. I do not drink coffee.
18. fire with occurred last night destroyed my house.
19. coffee which you are drinking is very light.
20. Republic of China is in Asia.
21. Where is Russia?
22. Is France in Africa?
23. President Kennedy was liked by most American before be died.
24. Amazon River is a long one.
25. Have you ever been to Tokyo?
26. Have you ever been to Tokyo Bay?
27. There are more than one hundred countries in United Nations.
28. This is Ming Dynasty porcalain.
29. Wangs invited us to a dinner party.
30. I do not like mathematics.
31. spring is a pleasant season.
32. I had pleasant evening with my friends.
33. breakfast which I had this morning was too light for me.
34. It is not easy to study English.
35. I did play basketball yesterday.
36. swimming is a good exercise.
37. There should be chicken in every pot.
38. It is good idea to eat lightly.
【練習(xí)六十一】
將以下的句子譯成成英文：
1. 狗會(huì)叫（bark）。
2. 貓會(huì)抓老鼠。
3. 有時(shí)候（sometimes），痛苦是好的。
4. 我不喝茶。
5. 感覺(jué)到被愛(ài)是很重要的。
6. 說(shuō)實(shí)話令人快樂(lè)。
7. 我們需要愛(ài)。
8. 他是一個(gè)中國(guó)人。
9. 中國(guó)人喜歡喝茶。
10. 昨夜，城里有一場(chǎng)火。
11. 約翰來(lái)自美國(guó)。
12. 法國(guó)在哪里？
13. 我喜歡林肯總統(tǒng)。
14. 黃河不是黃的。
15. 紅十字會(huì)已經(jīng)有一百年了（one hundred years old）。
16. 明朝是一個(gè)重要的朝代。
17. 你喜愛(ài)數(shù)學(xué)嗎？
18. 我今天早上沒(méi)有吃早飯。
19. 我已吃過(guò)午飯。
20. 我昨天沒(méi)有去教堂。
21. 我今年秋天要上大學(xué)。
22. 游泳使我強(qiáng)壯。
第十三章 形容詞的比較級(jí)
如果我們要翻譯〝他比較老〞，我們不能說(shuō)
＊ He is more old.
而一定要說(shuō)
He is older.
為什么呢？這是因?yàn)橛⑽睦锩娴男稳菰~有所謂的比較級(jí)規(guī)則。在下一節(jié)，我們講一些最基本的規(guī)則。
13§1 最基本的規(guī)則
首先，我們要說(shuō)明英文形容詞有三個(gè)等級(jí)：原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和級(jí)，最基本的規(guī)則是根據(jù)音節(jié)的多少來(lái)分的。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，單音節(jié)的形容詞在字后面加er，就變成了比較級(jí)，加est就變成了級(jí)，而雙音節(jié)，或雙音節(jié)以上的形容詞，比較級(jí)是在字前面加more，級(jí)則是在字前面加most，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，old, smart, strong, weak, high, low等等都是單音節(jié)的形容詞，他們的變化如下：
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
old older oldest
smart smarter smartest
strong stronger strongest
weak weaker weakest
high higher highest
low lower lowest
以上的形容詞，都是單音節(jié)的，以下的例子都有關(guān)雙音節(jié)的形容詞：
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
difficult more difficult most difficult
delicious more delicious most delicious
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
correct more correct most correct
stupid more stupid most stupid
significant more significant most significant
有一個(gè)規(guī)則必須注意，我們不能將more和er混在一齊用，以下的例子都是錯(cuò)的：
＊ He is more older than I.
＊ He is more taller than his brother.
正確的句子是：
He is older than I.
He is taller than his brother.
【練習(xí)六十二】
寫(xiě)出以下形容詞的比較級(jí)：
1. small
2. slow
3. intelligent
4. expensive
5. tall
6. short
7. important
8. cheap
9. famous
10. cold
11. fast
12. careful
13. colorful
14. long
15. dark
16. bright
13§2 特殊的比較級(jí)規(guī)則
在上一節(jié)，我們說(shuō)明了最基本的規(guī)則，那就是單音節(jié)形容詞加er或est，雙音節(jié)的形容詞前面加more或most。但以下就是這些基本規(guī)則的例外。
(1) 單音節(jié)形容詞的字是e，就直接加r或st：
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
large larger largest
late later latest
nice nicer nicest
wise wiser wisest
(2) 形容詞的字尾是y，而前一個(gè)子母是一個(gè)子音，則除掉y，加上ier，或iest：
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
lucky luckier luckiest
happy happier happiest
pretty prettier prettiest
dry drier driest
easy easier easiest
(3) 單音節(jié)形容詞的字尾是子音，前一音是一個(gè)元音，則字尾必須重復(fù)一次，再加er或est：
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
fat fatter fattest
hot hotter hottest
wet wetter wettest
big bigger biggest
(4) 完全不規(guī)則的變化：
英文中，有幾個(gè)特殊的字，他們的比較級(jí)完全沒(méi)有規(guī)則，以下是一些例子，讀者必須記?。?BR> 原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 級(jí)
good
well better best
bad worse worst
many
much more most
【練習(xí)六十三】
寫(xiě)下以下形容詞的比較級(jí)：
1. cute
2. wide
3. early
4. happy
5. heavy
6. thin
7. easy
8. hot
9. wise
10. large
11. good
12. bad
13. many
13§3 比較形的用法
大多數(shù)比較級(jí)句子里會(huì)有than，以下是一些例子：
I am older than he.
His English is better than mine.
San Francisco is more beautiful than New York.
His car is cheaper than your car.
He is the most diligent student in his class.
I like apples more than oranges.
He has more money than his brother.
He is stronger than his brother.
必須注意的是以下的句子是錯(cuò)的：
＊ I am older than him.
＊ She is smarter than me.
為什么錯(cuò)了呢？因?yàn)樵瓉?lái)句子應(yīng)該是：
I am older than he (is).
She is more smart than I (am).
習(xí)慣上的is和am都省略掉的，由以上的解釋可以看出，than后面的句詞應(yīng)該是主詞，而非受詞。
以下的錯(cuò)誤，也請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e注意：
＊ My head is larger than your.
正確的句子是：
My head is larger than your head.
或者 My head is larger than yours.
請(qǐng)看以下幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的句子：
＊ My house is larger than your.
＊ The temperature of this city is higher than San Francisco.
＊ The height of Himalayas is greater than Mt. Fuji.
＊ My bicycle is older than his.
正確的句子應(yīng)該是：
My house is larger than your house.
或者 My house is larger than yours.
The temperature of this city is higher than the temperature of San Francisco.
或者 The Temperature of this city is higher than that of San Francisco.
The height of Himalayas is greater than the height of Mt. Fuji.
或者 The height of Himalayas is greater than that of Mt. Fuji.
請(qǐng)注意以下的例子，句子中沒(méi)有than，但仍有比較級(jí)：
Among all the teachers who have taught me, he is the best.
This is the best movie I have ever seen.
This food is the worst one which I have ever eaten.
John is the stronger one.
Do we have a better choice?
Mary is the more diligent one.
He is the older of the two.
He is one of the best movie actors.
This area is one of the hottest areas in the world.
He is one of the fastest swimmers of America.
This is a book which I like most.
【練習(xí)六十四】
改錯(cuò)：
1. ＊He is more old than I.
2. ＊She is younger than me.
3. ＊This university is more larger than that university.
4. ＊He is more older than my brother.
5. ＊His house is older than my.
6. ＊The size of this city is larger than San Francisco.
7. ＊She is taller than him.
8. ＊The height of this boy is greater than his brother.
9. ＊He is the most good student in my class.
10. ＊He is the more bad one.
【練習(xí)六十五】
將下列句子譯成英文句子：
1. 你比他強(qiáng)壯。
2. 他的英文比我的好。
3. 他比他的弟弟更富有。
4. 他是世界上最富有的人。
5. 這支筆比你的貴得多。
6. 喜馬拉雅山是世界上的山。
7. 亞馬孫河是世界上最長(zhǎng)的河。
8. 他比他的爸爸高。
9. 他是班上的學(xué)生。
10. 在我遇到的人中，他是的。
【練習(xí)六十六】
填充：
1. He is （old）than John.
2. This problem is one of the （difficult）problems that I have ever seen.
3. This is one of the （good）movies that I have ever seen.
4. Do we have a （good）choice?
5. This place is （hot）than San Francisco.
6. He is （famous）than his sister.
7. She is getting （bad）now.
8. He is feeling （well）now.
9. He has （much）money than his father.
10. Mary is one of （beautiful）student in her class.
11. He is （happy）than before.
12. Peter is getting （thin）.
13. This summer is （hot）than last summer.
14. You have a （bright）future now.
15. He has （many）students than I.
16. I feel much （well）now.
17. Ｈe is （careful）than you.
18. Time is （important）than money.
第十四章 總復(fù)習(xí)的例子
在這一章，我們將給很多簡(jiǎn)短的文章，每一段文章的后面，我們都會(huì)有詳細(xì)的解釋，相信這些解釋將有助于讀者對(duì)于文法的了解。
（１）
Dear Mother:
I arrived at the Taipei Train Station around one o'clock in the afternoon yesterday. My friend, Mr. Chen, greeted me in the station. We took a taxi to go directly to the university and checked into the dormitory. The dormitory is a very old one. I will live with three other boys and I met two of them already. Both of them are from Taichung and they are both quite friendly.
We went to the dormitory cafeteria for dinner. The food is not that good. Dear Mother, I miss you and especially the food you cooked for me.
Your son
這封信很簡(jiǎn)單，所敘述的事情不是用簡(jiǎn)單的現(xiàn)在式，就是簡(jiǎn)單的過(guò)去式，當(dāng)然也有一次用了未來(lái)式。
絕大多數(shù)的句子都用了簡(jiǎn)單的過(guò)去式，因?yàn)檫@些句子都是敘述過(guò)去所發(fā)生的事，用現(xiàn)在式的有以下幾句：
The dormitory is a very old one.
Both of them are from Taichung.
The food is not that good.
I miss you and the food you cooked for me.
為什么這幾句話要用現(xiàn)在式呢？道理很簡(jiǎn)單，這幾句話描寫(xiě)的是一些狀態(tài)，而并非過(guò)去發(fā)生的事。
〝The dormitory is a very old one.〞
〝Both of them are from Taichung.〞
〝The food is not that good.〞
〝I miss you and the food you cooked for me.〞
等四個(gè)句子都是目前存在的事實(shí)，所以要用現(xiàn)在式。
現(xiàn)在我們不妨看一下冠詞的情形，我們可以看到很多地方都用了the，如：
the Taipei Train Station
the afternoon
the station
the university
the dormitory cafetervia
the dormitory
the food
the food you cooked for me
各位讀者一定可以注意到在the后面的名詞都有所指，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，the university指那所作者要去念的大學(xué)，他的媽媽知道他所說(shuō)的是那一所大學(xué)。The dormitory指那間他已搬進(jìn)去住的宿舍。凡是有所指的名詞前面，原則上都應(yīng)該加the。
哪里用了〝a〞呢？注意，我們用了兩次
a taxi
a very old one
讀者應(yīng)該不難看出為什么這里我們不能用the，而一定要用a。
（２）
Mary: "Hello, this is Mary. Who is calling?"
John: "Hi, this is John. How are you?"
Mary: "I am doing fine. In fact, I am studying for the final examination now."
John: "Oh, I am sorry. When will the exam be over?"
Mary: "This Friday."
John: "Then, can we have dinner Friday evening?"
Mary: "OK, where are we going to eat?"
John: "How about the Chinese restaurant called Four Seasons?"
Mary: "That is all right with me. When do we meet?"
John: "How about six o'clock?"
Mary: "That's it. See you Friday evening at 6 o'clock at the Four Seasons."
這一篇短文主要的目的在于介紹所謂現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式。
Who is calling.
I am doing fine.
I am studying for the final examination now.
都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式，事實(shí)上，也必須用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式。
（３）
I have been interested in music ever since I was a small child. When I was seven years old, my mother gave me a violin as a birthday present. I have been taking violin lessons ever since.
I am so much interested in music that I finally decided to go to music school. This was a hard decision for me. I consulted with my parents. Both of them encouraged me to go ahead.
Yesterday, I was accepted by one of the best music schools in Taiwan. I am really happy about this.
這一段話中，我們開(kāi)始用現(xiàn)在完成式，比方說(shuō)第一句話就是
I have been interested in music ever since I was a small child.
為什么要用現(xiàn)在完成式呢？道理很簡(jiǎn)單，這句話里面有有〝ever since〞這個(gè)詞，凡是有了這個(gè)詞句，我們就一定要用現(xiàn)在完成式了。
另外一句用了現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式的句子是：
I have been taking violin lessons ever since.
讀者不妨去看看第四章，就知道為什么這里要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式了。凡是〝自從〞某某日開(kāi)始，而就一直在做的事情，就應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成式，或者現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式。
這一段文章里面，我們還用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣。
I was accepted by one of the best music schools in Taiwan.
各位讀者不妨注意，這被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣的用法是很正當(dāng)而且適宜的，如用主動(dòng)這句話變成了
One of the best music schools accepted me.
這樣反而并不太能表達(dá)原意。
（４）
Before I got into college, I had been to the United States and lived there for one year. This is why I could speak English better than average students.
As I studied as a college student, Hitler was secretly preparing for the Second World War. The war erupted finally when I was a senior. I was forced to quit school and was drafted into the army. I luckily survived the war and came back to resume my studying after the war was over. Since I had gone to the war, I was more mature than most of the other students.
Even now, I can still remember my days as a college student as well as a soldier.
這篇文章介紹了如何使用過(guò)去完成式，第一句話就用了過(guò)去完成式，因?yàn)橛袃杉?，一件是〝進(jìn)大學(xué)〞，另一件是〝去過(guò)美國(guó)〞，由于在進(jìn)大學(xué)以前去美國(guó)，所以〝去美國(guó)〞就用了過(guò)去完成式。
請(qǐng)注意第二段的第一句：
As I studied as a college student, Hitler was secretly preparing for the Second World War.
這一次，我們用了過(guò)去進(jìn)行式，因?yàn)橛袃杉拢斣趯W(xué)校念書(shū)〞是一件事，〝*在準(zhǔn)備發(fā)動(dòng)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)〞是另一件事，其中有一件可以用過(guò)去完成式。
同理，在第二段話的最后一句話中，〝曾經(jīng)去打過(guò)仗〞用了過(guò)去完成式。
這段文章中，有一句話用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，讀者不妨看這句話〝I was forced to quit school.〞，其實(shí)我們?cè)谶@種情形之下，我們必須用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，當(dāng)然也可以用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)氣，不過(guò)那并不太自然。
也請(qǐng)讀者注意這段文章的最后一句話仍一定要用現(xiàn)在式。
（５）
I have been interested in reading novels for a long time. Among all of the novels that I have read, I like detective novels the most. Among all detective novels, I especially like those written by Agatha Christe.
Last year, I started reading another kind of novels, namely science fictions. I found out that some science fiction writers are quite philosophical. Unfortunately, there are not too many of them.
I always have a dream that one day I will be good in writing novels. Do you think that my dreams may come true?
這段文章中，我們介紹了動(dòng)名詞的用法，第一句話的reading就是動(dòng)名詞，除此以外，我們還有兩處用了動(dòng)名詞：started reading和good in writing。
讀者也應(yīng)該了解為什么第一句話要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行式，在第二句話里面，當(dāng)我們形容novels，我們也用了現(xiàn)在完成式。
請(qǐng)讀者注意第一段的最后一句話，those written by Agatha Christe。在這里，written是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞用作了形容詞，形容novels，我們也可以說(shuō)those which were written by Agatha Christe.
順便講一下，Agatha Christe是一位非常的偵探小說(shuō)作者。
也請(qǐng)大家注意，我們只能說(shuō)interested in reading，而不能說(shuō)interesting in reading。
（６）
Tomorrow, there will be a dancing party in our university. Since we are freshmen and most of us have never been to a large dancing party, we are naturally very much excited. I must say that I am not that excited. Although dancing is interesting, I often think that the music is too loud. Besides, as a bystander, I often find the way that the young people dance these days is so funny. When they dance, they often remind me of monkeys.
Well, I must admit that playing basketball is more interesting to me. But, unfortunately, I cannot play basketball tomorrow because the courts will be used for the dancing party.
這一段話主要的目的是介紹現(xiàn)分詞和過(guò)去分詞用成形容詞的做法。第一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞是dancing，dancing 在這里形容party。
我們?cè)谶@里看到有些時(shí)候，我們應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞，有時(shí)要用過(guò)去分詞。請(qǐng)看以下的句子：
We are naturally very much excited.
在這里，我們一定要用excited，絕對(duì)不能用
＊We are naturally very exciting.
下一句
Although dancing is interesting,
在這里，我們必須用interesting，而不能用interested。也就是說(shuō)，我們不能說(shuō)
＊Although dancing is interested.
（７）
We probably all believe that we should love others and forgive those who do bad things to us. Unfortunately it is often hard for us to practice what we believe in. For example, if someone really hurts us badly, we just do not know what we should do. Should we take some kind of action to hurt the person who hurt us, or should we forgive him?
The truth is that we may still seek justice. It is right if we want a criminal to go to jail for his crime. Yet, we should never have hatred in our hearts.
這篇文章的目的在介紹〝子句〞的用法，請(qǐng)注意這篇文章內(nèi)的很多子句，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)
that we should love others and forgive those who do bad things.
就是一個(gè)子句，這個(gè)子句是believe的受詞，有趣的是，這個(gè)子句內(nèi)部又有一個(gè)子句，那就是
who do bad things to do.
這個(gè)子句是形容those的。
以下是這一段文章的全部子句：
that we should love others and forgive those
who do bad things to us
what we believe in
what we should do
that we may still seek justice