ARGUMENT 模板
1．開頭
·In this argument the author comes to the conclusion that ．．．
·To justify the claim, the author points out that．．．
·The author also cites that ．．．．
·Close scrutiny of this argument reveals that it is unconvincing in several aspects．
2．中間三段過渡詞
·First and foremost, ．．．
·In addition, ．．．
·Finally, ．．．
3．結(jié)尾
·In sum, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading．
·To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to substantiate that ．．．a(chǎn)nd that ．．．．
·Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of this argument until the author can provide more information about （why．．．a(chǎn)nd whether．．．）．
4．survey
·The survey must be showed to be reliable before I can accept any conclusion the author reaches based upon it．
·However, the arguer fails to prove that the responses are accurate or that the respondents are statistically significant in number．
·Additionally, whether the sample is representative enough to reflect the overall attitudes in terms of ．．．deserves to doubt．
·Without evidence of the survey's reliability, it is impossible to draw any firm conclusion about ．．．based on the survey．
5．false analogy
·Even assuming that (別的)．．．a(chǎn)re/is attributed to the implementation of ．．．, the author commits a false analogy in assuming that by the same means AAA will achieve the same result as BBB dose．
·The arguer fails to consider possible differences between AAA and BBB, which might help to bring about a different result for AAA．
·In fact, it is entirely possible that ．．．
·Perhaps ．．． Or perhaps ．．．
·Without accounting for these and other possible dissimilarities any analogy between the two ．．．is premature and the arguer can not assume that ．．．would bring about the same result in XX as ．．．did．
6．他因
·The argument unfairly claims that AAA is the result of BBB-rather than some other phenomenon．
·The arguer ignores a host of other possible reasons for AAA．
·Perhaps CCC． Or perhaps DDD．
·In short, without ruling out all other possible explanations for AAA, the author cannot convince me that by xBBB ．．． -let alone ．．．
·或者 Since the article fails to account for this alternative explanation for AAA, the article's author cannot make any sound inference (recommendations to ．．．) based on AAA．
7．Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
·The author commits a fallacy of "Post (Cum) hoc, ergo propter hoc" in assuming that BBB is the very cause of AAA．
·Although BBB occurred before (at the same time with) AAA, the only evidence is insufficient to prove a causal relationship．
·In order to establish a general causal relationship between BBB and AAA, other factors that might lead to AAA should be considered and eliminated．
·For example, CCC or DDD．
·The author's failure to investigate or even take into account other possible reasons for AAA renders the conclusion based upon it highly suspect．
8．解決途徑
·Even if that … may to some extent help to solve the problems, there is still another problem with the argument that the author unfairly assumes that ．．．is the only means of achieving the desired result．
·The article's author overlooks other possible means of ensuring that ．．．-such as ．．．, ．．．, and so forth．
·Without weighing the proposal against and ruling out alternative means of achieving the same goal, the author cannot convince me that ．．．is needed．
9．局部結(jié)論用于整體
·The argument assumes that the AAA reflects (are representative of) the
general trend upon which the argument relies．
·Yet the author fails to give any evidence to justify this assumption．
·Perhaps ．．． Or perhaps ．．．
·In short, lacking evidence that AAA are typical in terms of ．．．the author cannot convince me that ．．．
10．整體規(guī)律用于個體或局部
·The nationwide study showing clear trends among two-income families toward dining out and eating healthily does not necessarily apply specifically to Bay City．
·It is quite possible that Bay City’s two-income families do not follow these general trends．
·For that matter, in Bay City the trend might be just the opposite．
·Thus, the nationwide trends that the argument cites Uamount to scant evidence U that Bay City residents in particular would frequent a new seafood restaurant in their city．
11．盈利問題
·Even if Bay City families flock to the new seafood restaurant, the restaurant would not necessarily be profitable as a result．
·Profitability is a function of both revenue and expense．
·Thus, it is entirely possible that the restaurant’s costs of obtainting high-quality, healthful seafood, or of promoting the new restaurant, might render it unprofitable despite its popularity．
·In short, without more information about supply, demand, production costs and revenue, it is impossible to determine whether the company can earn a profit from …
12．認為一切永恒不變
·The author's inference rests on the poor assumption that during ．．．the ．．．has remained unchanged．
·However, the arguer shows no evidence to support this assumption．
·It is entirely possible that ．．．or that ．．．
·Indeed, the fact that ．．．might actually portend failure for ．．．，which might need to ．．．
13．非此即彼
·The argument suffers from “either-or” reasoning．
·Based on the fact that Monroe town residents are opposed to Brown’s proposed tax cut, the author unfairly concludes that they must be in favor of Green’s proposal．
·However, the author overlooks the possibility that Monroe town residents are not in favor of either proposal．
14．對比實驗問題
?、僖碪初態(tài)U不確定
②要么實驗過程有U其他干擾因素
15．其他
·攻擊后果
·調(diào)查信息不完整
·缺乏比較的錯誤
·自相矛盾