5. 動詞
1） 表示動作中狀態(tài)的詞叫做動詞。
2） 根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動詞可分為四類，分別是：實(shí)義動詞、系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞。
說明：有些情況下，有些動詞是兼類詞。例如：
We are having a meeting. 我們正在開會。（have是實(shí)義動詞。）
He has gone to New York. 他已去紐約。（have是助動詞。）
3） 動詞根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語，可分為兩類，分別是：及物動詞、不及物動詞，英語縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。
說明：同一動詞有時(shí)可用作及物動詞，有時(shí)可用作不及物動詞。例如：
She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物動詞。）
She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物動詞。）
4） 動詞根據(jù)是否受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制，可分兩類，分別是：限定動詞、非限定動詞例如：
She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing受主語she的限制，故用第三人稱單數(shù)形式sings。）
She wants to learn English well. 她想學(xué)好英語。（to learn不受主語she的限制，沒有詞形變化，是非限定動詞。）
說明：英語中共有三種非限定動詞，分別是：動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞。
5） 根據(jù)動詞的組成形式，可分為三類，分別是：單字詞、短語動詞、動詞短語例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英語里有許多短語動詞和動詞短語。（contains是單字動詞。）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 學(xué)生們學(xué)會查字典。（look up是短語動詞。）
The young ought to take care of the old. 年輕人應(yīng)照料老人。（take care of是動詞短語。）
6） 動詞有五種形態(tài)，分別是：原形、第三人稱單數(shù)形式、過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞。
5.1 系動詞
系動詞亦稱聯(lián)系動詞（Link Verb），作為系動詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語（亦稱補(bǔ)語），構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。說明：有些系動詞又是實(shí)義動詞，該動詞表達(dá)實(shí)義時(shí)，有詞義，可單獨(dú)作謂語。例如：
He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系動詞，后跟補(bǔ)足語，說明主語情況。）
He fell off the ladder. 他從梯子上摔下來。fell是實(shí)義動詞，單獨(dú)作謂語。
1）狀態(tài)系動詞
用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞。例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。（is與補(bǔ)足語一起說明主語的身份。）
2）持續(xù)系動詞
用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會時(shí)總保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。
3）表像系動詞
用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：
He looks tired. 他看起來很累。
He seems （to be） very sad. 他看起來很傷心。
4）感官系動詞
感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來很香?！?BR> 5）變化系動詞
這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長時(shí)間就富了。
6）終止系動詞
表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意。例如：
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查證實(shí)很難。
His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）
5.2 助動詞
1）協(xié)助主要動詞構(gòu)成謂語動詞的詞叫助動詞。被協(xié)助的動詞稱作主要動詞。助動詞自身沒有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用。例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語。
（doesn't是助動詞，無詞義；like是主要動詞，有詞義）
2） 助動詞協(xié)助主要動詞完成以下功用，可以用來：
a. 表示時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚。
b. 表示語態(tài)。例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。
c. 構(gòu)成疑問句。例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎？
Did you study English before you came here? 你來這兒之前學(xué)過英語嗎？
d. 與否定副詞not合用，構(gòu)成否定句。例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強(qiáng)語氣。例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助動詞有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。
5.3 助動詞be的用法
1） be +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語現(xiàn)在越來越重要。
2） be + 過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語。
3） be + 動詞不定式，可表示下列內(nèi)容：
a. 表示最近、未來的計(jì)劃或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我們要教新生。
說明： 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 對此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。
c. 征求意見。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復(fù)他？
Who is to go there? 誰該去那兒呢？
d. 表示相約、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。
5.4 助動詞have的用法
1）have +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未為止，他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在學(xué)英語，已達(dá)十年之久。
3）have +been +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成式被動語態(tài)。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中國教英語已經(jīng)多年。
5.5 助動詞do 的用法
1）構(gòu)成一般疑問句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學(xué)英語測試嗎？
Did you study German? 你們學(xué)過德語嗎？
2）do + not 構(gòu)成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想學(xué)習(xí)。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
過去，好多學(xué)生不知道英語的重要性。
3） 構(gòu)成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。
說明： 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在動詞原形前，加強(qiáng)該動詞的語氣。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定來參加我的生日宴會。
I did go there. 我確實(shí)去那兒了。
I do miss you. 我確實(shí)想你。
5）用于倒裝句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽說過這樣的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 進(jìn)了大學(xué)以后，我們才認(rèn)識到英語的重要性。
說明： 引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6）用作代動詞。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜歡。（do用作代動詞，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何開車，對吧？
5.6 助動詞shall和will的用法
shall和will作為助動詞可以與動詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)。例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
說明：在過去的語法中，語法學(xué)家說shall用于第一人稱，will 只用于第二、第三人稱。現(xiàn)在，尤其是在口語中，will常用于第一人稱，但shall只用于第一人稱，如用于第二、第三人稱，就失去助動詞的意義，已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動詞，試比較:
He shall come. 他必須來。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要來。（will只與動詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)。）
5.7 助動詞should, would的用法
1）should無詞義，只是shall的過去形式，與動詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，只用于第一人稱。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天給他打電話，問他我下周干什么。
比較："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么？"我問道。
可以說，shall變成間接引語時(shí)，變成了should。
2） would也無詞義，是will的過去形式，與動詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，用于第二、第三人稱。例如：
He said he would come. 他說他要來。
比較："I will go," he said. 他說："我要去那兒。"變成間接引語，就成了He said he would come。原來的will變成would，go變成了come.。
5.8 短語動詞
動詞加小品構(gòu)成的起動詞作用的短語叫短語動詞。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音機(jī)關(guān)上。（turn off是短語動詞）
短語動詞的構(gòu)成基本有下列幾種：
1）動詞+副詞，如：black out；
2）動詞+介詞，如：look into；
3）動詞+副詞+介詞，如：look forward to。構(gòu)成短語動詞的副詞和介詞都統(tǒng)稱為小品詞。
5.9 非謂語動詞
在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式:不定式，動名詞，和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）。
1）不定式
時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)
主動
被動
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
2）動名詞
時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)
主動
被動
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
3）分詞
時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)
主動
被動
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 動名詞， not + 現(xiàn)在分詞
5.10 助動詞練習(xí)
1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don’t/had b. didn’t/have c. didn’t/had d. don’t/have
5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come
6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can’t all d. all they can’t
10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”
a. mustn’t attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn’t have attended
11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?”
“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”
a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate
14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering
15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16.______ to see a film with us today?
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18.“Time is running out,______?”
a. hadn’t we better got start b. hadn’t we better get start
b. hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started
19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come
22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”
a. must b. could c. should d. might
25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take c. needn’t take d. mustn’t take
26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
b. must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. needed not to hurry b. needn’t have hurried
b. need not to have hurried d. didn’t need to hurry
29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight?
a. will b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. do
30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
31.He ______ hardly say anything more, since you know about it.
a. don’t need to b. needn’t c. needs d. need
32.You ______ the look on his face when he won the prize.
a. would have seen b. should have seen c. must see d. can be seeing
33.Some people think the stock market will crash, but ______.
a. I wonder if it happens b. I doubt if it will happen
c. I am afraid it wouldn’t happen d. I doubt if it does happen
34.“Whatever has happened to George?” “I don’t know. He ______ lost.”
a. can have got b. may have got c. might get d. could get
35.He has no idea what the book is about. He ______read the book.
a. couldn’t b. couldn’t have c. mightn’t have d. shouldn’t have
36.New studies show that two of Saturn’s rings ______ longer than the 4.5 billion years since the birth of the Solar System.
a. could have lasted b. should have lasted c. would have lasted d. must be lasting
37.Take the telescope with you in case you ______ it in your expedition.
a. will need b. would need c. should need d. could need
38.Need he come at once? Yes, he ______.
a. must b. must not c. need d. may
39.Please answer the phone. It ______ be by your father. If it is, would you tell that I want to see him?
a. will b. should c. would d. could
40.We’ll never give in whatever they ______ say or do.
a. may b. will c. shall d. should
41.With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night.
a. mustn’t go b. wouldn’t go c. oughtn’t go d. shouldn’t have gone
42.Everyone ______ the cake because there wasn’t even a small piece left.
a. must like b. must have liked c. must have been liking d. had liked
43.I wish to recollect where I met her, ______?
a. would I b. may I c. may not I d. can I
44.I ______ think he will ______ dare the risk.
a. not/ .. b. do/not c. ../not d. don’t/..
45.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it ______ be active.
a. may not b. must c. might d. is not
46.You ______ your seats today if you want to go to the game.
a. had better to reserve b. had better reserve
c. had to better reserve d. had to reserve better
47.I ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
a. would rather not have b. would not rather had
b. rather would not have d. rather not would have
48.Many scientists ______ their own eyes and ears than the theories of the ancients.
a. would rather to believe b. would rather believe
c. rather would believe d. will rather believe
49.To travel from England to Scotland you ______ a passport.
a. haven’t got b. mustn’t have c. needn’t d. don’t need
50.One of the statements ______ to be untrue.
a. is turned out b. has turned out c. have been turned out d. have turned out
51.I don’t know whether it will rain or not, but if it ______ rain, I shall stay at home.
a. will b. did c. does d. shall
52.“You’d like some tea,______?”
a. wouldn’t you b. shouldn’t you c. hadn’t you d. didn’t you
53.“May we take the books out?”
a. No, you may not b. No, you can not c. No, you can’t d. Please don’t
54.“I would have come sooner, but I ______ that you were waiting.”
a. didn’t know b. hasn’t known c. hadn’t know d. haven’t known
55.If you don’t want to, you ______ to get there with us.
a. mustn’t b. can’t c. don’t have d. have not
56.I would go to visit them but I ______ think they are anxious to see me.
a. haven’t b. don’t c. doesn’t d. didn’t
57.Whatever you can do,______.
a. I can do so as well b. I can do this as well
b. I can do it as well d. I can do as well
58._____- I realized the consequences I would never have contemplated getting involved.
a. Had b. Have c. Having d. Has
59.“Perhaps she is working for John.” “Yes, she ______ for him.”
a. need have been working b. may be working
b. ought have been working d. ought be working
60.“I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn’t open the door.” “She ______ the bell.”
a. may not be hearing b. may not have heard
b. must not have heard d. must not be hearing
61. “He was smoking.” “Then he ______ .”
a. ought to have been not smoking b. ought to have not been smoking
b. ought not to have been smoking d. ought to not have been smoking
62.You ______ out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.
a. oughtn’t have gone b. shouldn’t have gone c. mustn’t have gone d. can’t have gone
63.“Paul was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry.”
“He _____ a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed.”
a. shouldn’t have been riding b. couldn’t have been riding
c. oughtn’t have been riding d. can’t have been riding
64.I am listening. But you ______.
a. need be listening b. should be listening c. need have been listening d. ought be listening
65.He ______ with us last night.
a. would have liked to go b. should like to be going
b. should be liked to go d. would like to go
66.I ______ his face when he opened the letter.
a. should like you to see b. would have liked you to be seen
b. should like you to have seen d. would like you to see
67.You say you ______ do it, but I say you ______ do it.
a. ought not/could b. will not/shall c. could not/need d. shall not/ought
68.We ______ put the meeting off for a week.
a. can as well b. will as well c. shall as well d. may as well
69.______ wind your watch every day?
a. Do you need b. Must you have to c. Have you to d. Do you have to
70.______ give him a chance to try?
a. Oughtn’t to we b. Oughtn’t we to c. Ought to we not d. Oughtn’t we
71.“Did you blame him for his mistakes?” “______”
a. I’d rather not do b. I’d not rather do c. I’d better not do d. I’d rather not doing
72.You had better ______ your hair cut.
a. had b. have c. to get d. to have
73.My sister didn’t go to the party last night because she ______ the baby for her friend until 9:30.
a. must have looked after b. would have to look after
b. had to look after d. should have looked after
74.Mary is very late, she ______.
a. may miss her train b. may have missed her train
c. must miss her train d. could miss her train
75.No matter what you may say, he ______ to his own views.
a. would always stick b. will always stick c. should always stick d. must always stick to
76.It’s wonderful that you ______ have achieved so much in these years.
a. may b. can c. should d. would
77.The students asked whether he ______ take the books out of the reading-room.
a. could b. might c. should d. would
78.He ______ still be thinking about the question you raised.
a. may b. might c. must d. should
79.I’d be glad if you______ give me an account of the fact.
a. shall b. should c. would d. may
80.He ______ accomplish the task in time.
a. did b. has c. is d. do
1） 表示動作中狀態(tài)的詞叫做動詞。
2） 根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動詞可分為四類，分別是：實(shí)義動詞、系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞。
說明：有些情況下，有些動詞是兼類詞。例如：
We are having a meeting. 我們正在開會。（have是實(shí)義動詞。）
He has gone to New York. 他已去紐約。（have是助動詞。）
3） 動詞根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語，可分為兩類，分別是：及物動詞、不及物動詞，英語縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。
說明：同一動詞有時(shí)可用作及物動詞，有時(shí)可用作不及物動詞。例如：
She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物動詞。）
She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物動詞。）
4） 動詞根據(jù)是否受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制，可分兩類，分別是：限定動詞、非限定動詞例如：
She sings very well. 她唱得很好。（sing受主語she的限制，故用第三人稱單數(shù)形式sings。）
She wants to learn English well. 她想學(xué)好英語。（to learn不受主語she的限制，沒有詞形變化，是非限定動詞。）
說明：英語中共有三種非限定動詞，分別是：動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞。
5） 根據(jù)動詞的組成形式，可分為三類，分別是：單字詞、短語動詞、動詞短語例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英語里有許多短語動詞和動詞短語。（contains是單字動詞。）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 學(xué)生們學(xué)會查字典。（look up是短語動詞。）
The young ought to take care of the old. 年輕人應(yīng)照料老人。（take care of是動詞短語。）
6） 動詞有五種形態(tài)，分別是：原形、第三人稱單數(shù)形式、過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞。
5.1 系動詞
系動詞亦稱聯(lián)系動詞（Link Verb），作為系動詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語（亦稱補(bǔ)語），構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。說明：有些系動詞又是實(shí)義動詞，該動詞表達(dá)實(shí)義時(shí)，有詞義，可單獨(dú)作謂語。例如：
He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。（fell是系動詞，后跟補(bǔ)足語，說明主語情況。）
He fell off the ladder. 他從梯子上摔下來。fell是實(shí)義動詞，單獨(dú)作謂語。
1）狀態(tài)系動詞
用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞。例如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。（is與補(bǔ)足語一起說明主語的身份。）
2）持續(xù)系動詞
用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會時(shí)總保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。
3）表像系動詞
用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。例如：
He looks tired. 他看起來很累。
He seems （to be） very sad. 他看起來很傷心。
4）感官系動詞
感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet. 這朵花聞起來很香?！?BR> 5）變化系動詞
這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長時(shí)間就富了。
6）終止系動詞
表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意。例如：
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查證實(shí)很難。
His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turn out表終止性結(jié)果）
5.2 助動詞
1）協(xié)助主要動詞構(gòu)成謂語動詞的詞叫助動詞。被協(xié)助的動詞稱作主要動詞。助動詞自身沒有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用。例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語。
（doesn't是助動詞，無詞義；like是主要動詞，有詞義）
2） 助動詞協(xié)助主要動詞完成以下功用，可以用來：
a. 表示時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已結(jié)婚。
b. 表示語態(tài)。例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。
c. 構(gòu)成疑問句。例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎？
Did you study English before you came here? 你來這兒之前學(xué)過英語嗎？
d. 與否定副詞not合用，構(gòu)成否定句。例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強(qiáng)語氣。例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助動詞有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。
5.3 助動詞be的用法
1） be +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語現(xiàn)在越來越重要。
2） be + 過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語。
3） be + 動詞不定式，可表示下列內(nèi)容：
a. 表示最近、未來的計(jì)劃或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我們要教新生。
說明： 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 對此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。
c. 征求意見。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復(fù)他？
Who is to go there? 誰該去那兒呢？
d. 表示相約、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門口集合。
5.4 助動詞have的用法
1）have +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未為止，他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。
2）have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在學(xué)英語，已達(dá)十年之久。
3）have +been +過去分詞，構(gòu)成完成式被動語態(tài)。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中國教英語已經(jīng)多年。
5.5 助動詞do 的用法
1）構(gòu)成一般疑問句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學(xué)英語測試嗎？
Did you study German? 你們學(xué)過德語嗎？
2）do + not 構(gòu)成否定句。例如：
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想學(xué)習(xí)。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
過去，好多學(xué)生不知道英語的重要性。
3） 構(gòu)成否定祈使句。例如：
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。
說明： 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
4）放在動詞原形前，加強(qiáng)該動詞的語氣。例如：
Do come to my birthday party. 一定來參加我的生日宴會。
I did go there. 我確實(shí)去那兒了。
I do miss you. 我確實(shí)想你。
5）用于倒裝句。例如：
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽說過這樣的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 進(jìn)了大學(xué)以后，我們才認(rèn)識到英語的重要性。
說明： 引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6）用作代動詞。例如：
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎？
---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜歡。（do用作代動詞，代替like Beijing.）
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何開車，對吧？
5.6 助動詞shall和will的用法
shall和will作為助動詞可以與動詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)。例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
說明：在過去的語法中，語法學(xué)家說shall用于第一人稱，will 只用于第二、第三人稱。現(xiàn)在，尤其是在口語中，will常用于第一人稱，但shall只用于第一人稱，如用于第二、第三人稱，就失去助動詞的意義，已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動詞，試比較:
He shall come. 他必須來。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come. 他要來。（will只與動詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)。）
5.7 助動詞should, would的用法
1）should無詞義，只是shall的過去形式，與動詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，只用于第一人稱。例如：
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天給他打電話，問他我下周干什么。
比較："What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么？"我問道。
可以說，shall變成間接引語時(shí)，變成了should。
2） would也無詞義，是will的過去形式，與動詞原形構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，用于第二、第三人稱。例如：
He said he would come. 他說他要來。
比較："I will go," he said. 他說："我要去那兒。"變成間接引語，就成了He said he would come。原來的will變成would，go變成了come.。
5.8 短語動詞
動詞加小品構(gòu)成的起動詞作用的短語叫短語動詞。例如：
Turn off the radio. 把收音機(jī)關(guān)上。（turn off是短語動詞）
短語動詞的構(gòu)成基本有下列幾種：
1）動詞+副詞，如：black out；
2）動詞+介詞，如：look into；
3）動詞+副詞+介詞，如：look forward to。構(gòu)成短語動詞的副詞和介詞都統(tǒng)稱為小品詞。
5.9 非謂語動詞
在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式:不定式，動名詞，和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）。
1）不定式
時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)
主動
被動
一般式
to do
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
2）動名詞
時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)
主動
被動
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
3）分詞
時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)
主動
被動
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 動名詞， not + 現(xiàn)在分詞
5.10 助動詞練習(xí)
1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has
2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
a. will rise b. shall rise b. should rise would rise
3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made
4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
a. don’t/had b. didn’t/have c. didn’t/had d. don’t/have
5.______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come d. Do/will have come
6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running
7.No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked
8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May
9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they can’t all d. all they can’t
10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He ______ it.”
a. mustn’t attend b. cannot have attended
c. would have not attended d. needn’t have attended
11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don’t you?”
“No, officer. I ______. This car can’t do more than 80.”
a. didn’t need to be b. may not have been c. couldn’t have been d. needn’t have been
12.he was a good runner so he ______ escape from the police.
a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to
13.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
a. are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. won’t co-operate d. didn’t co-operate
14.I hoped ______ my letter.
a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering
15.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather
16.______ to see a film with us today?
a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked
17.I’m sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply ______ what I did.
a. must do b. had to do c. ought to have done d. have to do
18.“Time is running out,______?”
a. hadn’t we better got start b. hadn’t we better get start
b. hadn’t we better get started d. hadn’t we better not started
19.No one ______ that to his face.
a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say
20.The students in the classroom ______ not to make so much noise.
a. need b. ought c. must d. dare
21.You ______ last week if you were really serious about your work.
a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come
22.The elephants ought ______ hours ago by the keepers.
a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have been fed
23.“I wonder why they’re late.” “They ______ the train.”
a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss
24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.”
“He ______ have been an outstanding student.”
a. must b. could c. should d. might
25.You ______ the examination again since you had already passed it.
a. needn’t have taken b. didn’t need to take c. needn’t take d. mustn’t take
26.He is really incompetent! The letter ______ yesterday.
a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing
b. must have finished typing c. should have been finished typing
27.The boy told his father that he would rather ______ an astronaut.
a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became
28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we ______.
a. needed not to hurry b. needn’t have hurried
b. need not to have hurried d. didn’t need to hurry
29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend,_____ you like to have dinner with us tonight?
a. will b. won’t c. wouldn’t d. do
30.He was afraid what he had done ______ a disastrous effect on his career.
a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be
31.He ______ hardly say anything more, since you know about it.
a. don’t need to b. needn’t c. needs d. need
32.You ______ the look on his face when he won the prize.
a. would have seen b. should have seen c. must see d. can be seeing
33.Some people think the stock market will crash, but ______.
a. I wonder if it happens b. I doubt if it will happen
c. I am afraid it wouldn’t happen d. I doubt if it does happen
34.“Whatever has happened to George?” “I don’t know. He ______ lost.”
a. can have got b. may have got c. might get d. could get
35.He has no idea what the book is about. He ______read the book.
a. couldn’t b. couldn’t have c. mightn’t have d. shouldn’t have
36.New studies show that two of Saturn’s rings ______ longer than the 4.5 billion years since the birth of the Solar System.
a. could have lasted b. should have lasted c. would have lasted d. must be lasting
37.Take the telescope with you in case you ______ it in your expedition.
a. will need b. would need c. should need d. could need
38.Need he come at once? Yes, he ______.
a. must b. must not c. need d. may
39.Please answer the phone. It ______ be by your father. If it is, would you tell that I want to see him?
a. will b. should c. would d. could
40.We’ll never give in whatever they ______ say or do.
a. may b. will c. shall d. should
41.With all this work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night.
a. mustn’t go b. wouldn’t go c. oughtn’t go d. shouldn’t have gone
42.Everyone ______ the cake because there wasn’t even a small piece left.
a. must like b. must have liked c. must have been liking d. had liked
43.I wish to recollect where I met her, ______?
a. would I b. may I c. may not I d. can I
44.I ______ think he will ______ dare the risk.
a. not/ .. b. do/not c. ../not d. don’t/..
45.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it ______ be active.
a. may not b. must c. might d. is not
46.You ______ your seats today if you want to go to the game.
a. had better to reserve b. had better reserve
c. had to better reserve d. had to reserve better
47.I ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
a. would rather not have b. would not rather had
b. rather would not have d. rather not would have
48.Many scientists ______ their own eyes and ears than the theories of the ancients.
a. would rather to believe b. would rather believe
c. rather would believe d. will rather believe
49.To travel from England to Scotland you ______ a passport.
a. haven’t got b. mustn’t have c. needn’t d. don’t need
50.One of the statements ______ to be untrue.
a. is turned out b. has turned out c. have been turned out d. have turned out
51.I don’t know whether it will rain or not, but if it ______ rain, I shall stay at home.
a. will b. did c. does d. shall
52.“You’d like some tea,______?”
a. wouldn’t you b. shouldn’t you c. hadn’t you d. didn’t you
53.“May we take the books out?”
a. No, you may not b. No, you can not c. No, you can’t d. Please don’t
54.“I would have come sooner, but I ______ that you were waiting.”
a. didn’t know b. hasn’t known c. hadn’t know d. haven’t known
55.If you don’t want to, you ______ to get there with us.
a. mustn’t b. can’t c. don’t have d. have not
56.I would go to visit them but I ______ think they are anxious to see me.
a. haven’t b. don’t c. doesn’t d. didn’t
57.Whatever you can do,______.
a. I can do so as well b. I can do this as well
b. I can do it as well d. I can do as well
58._____- I realized the consequences I would never have contemplated getting involved.
a. Had b. Have c. Having d. Has
59.“Perhaps she is working for John.” “Yes, she ______ for him.”
a. need have been working b. may be working
b. ought have been working d. ought be working
60.“I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn’t open the door.” “She ______ the bell.”
a. may not be hearing b. may not have heard
b. must not have heard d. must not be hearing
61. “He was smoking.” “Then he ______ .”
a. ought to have been not smoking b. ought to have not been smoking
b. ought not to have been smoking d. ought to not have been smoking
62.You ______ out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold.
a. oughtn’t have gone b. shouldn’t have gone c. mustn’t have gone d. can’t have gone
63.“Paul was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry.”
“He _____ a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed.”
a. shouldn’t have been riding b. couldn’t have been riding
c. oughtn’t have been riding d. can’t have been riding
64.I am listening. But you ______.
a. need be listening b. should be listening c. need have been listening d. ought be listening
65.He ______ with us last night.
a. would have liked to go b. should like to be going
b. should be liked to go d. would like to go
66.I ______ his face when he opened the letter.
a. should like you to see b. would have liked you to be seen
b. should like you to have seen d. would like you to see
67.You say you ______ do it, but I say you ______ do it.
a. ought not/could b. will not/shall c. could not/need d. shall not/ought
68.We ______ put the meeting off for a week.
a. can as well b. will as well c. shall as well d. may as well
69.______ wind your watch every day?
a. Do you need b. Must you have to c. Have you to d. Do you have to
70.______ give him a chance to try?
a. Oughtn’t to we b. Oughtn’t we to c. Ought to we not d. Oughtn’t we
71.“Did you blame him for his mistakes?” “______”
a. I’d rather not do b. I’d not rather do c. I’d better not do d. I’d rather not doing
72.You had better ______ your hair cut.
a. had b. have c. to get d. to have
73.My sister didn’t go to the party last night because she ______ the baby for her friend until 9:30.
a. must have looked after b. would have to look after
b. had to look after d. should have looked after
74.Mary is very late, she ______.
a. may miss her train b. may have missed her train
c. must miss her train d. could miss her train
75.No matter what you may say, he ______ to his own views.
a. would always stick b. will always stick c. should always stick d. must always stick to
76.It’s wonderful that you ______ have achieved so much in these years.
a. may b. can c. should d. would
77.The students asked whether he ______ take the books out of the reading-room.
a. could b. might c. should d. would
78.He ______ still be thinking about the question you raised.
a. may b. might c. must d. should
79.I’d be glad if you______ give me an account of the fact.
a. shall b. should c. would d. may
80.He ______ accomplish the task in time.
a. did b. has c. is d. do