1. 名詞
名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞，專有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類：
1）個(gè)體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。
2）集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。
3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。
4）抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示：
名詞
專有名詞
不可數(shù)名詞
普通名詞
物質(zhì)名詞
抽象名詞
集體名詞
可數(shù)名詞
個(gè)體名詞
返回名詞目錄
1.1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
情況
構(gòu)成方法
讀音
例詞
一般情況
加 -s
清輔音后讀/s/
map-maps
濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/
bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾
加 -es
讀 /iz/
bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾
加 -s
讀 /iz/
license-licenses
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾
變y 為i再加es
讀 /z/
baby---babies
返回名詞目錄
1.2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
1） 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2） 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes?！?BR> 3） 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
1.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
1） child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。
2） 單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。
4） 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。
b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。
c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。
d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書。
5） 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses （眼鏡） trousers, clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚?！?BR>
1.4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示
1）物質(zhì)名詞
a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。
比較：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 （不可數(shù)）
These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 （可數(shù)）
b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：
This factory produces steel.?。ú豢蓴?shù)）
We need various steels.?。蓴?shù)）
c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。
Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來兩杯茶。
2） 抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)。例如：
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化
物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一則建議。
5. 定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)
名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。
1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。例如：
sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室
talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系
2） man, woman, gentleman等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3） 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時(shí)，s保留。例如：
goods train （貨車） arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)
customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan. 一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃
1.6 不同國籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)
國籍
總稱（謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
中國人
the Chinese
a Chinese
two Chinese
瑞士人
the Swiss
a Swiss
two Swiss
澳大利亞人
the Australians
an Australian
two Australians
俄國人
the Russians
a Russian
two Russians
意大利人
the Italians
an Italian
two Italians
希臘人
the Greek
a Greek
two Greeks
法國人
the French
a Frenchman
two Frenchmen
日本人
the Japanese
a Japanese
two Japanese
美國人
the Americans
an American
two Americans
印度人
the Indians
an Indian
two Indians
加拿大人
the Canadians
a Canadian
two Canadians
德國人
the Germans
a Germans
two Germans
英國人
the English
an Englishman
two Englishmen
瑞典人
the Swedish
a Swede
two Swedes
1.7 名詞的格
英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：
1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。
2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭。
3） 凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。
5） 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（兩間） John and Mary's room（一間）
6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語，'s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or two's absence
1.8 練習(xí)
1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
a． little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages
2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes
3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation
4.Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil
5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.
a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many
6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.
a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense
7.The room was small and contained far too ______.
a.much new furniture c. much new furnitures
b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures
8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
a. rooms number b. room number c. room’s numbers d. room numbers
9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
a great many…many c. much…a great deal
b. a great deal of…much d. many…a great many
10.She didn’t know _____ he had been given.
a. how many information c. how many informations
b. the number of information d. how much information
11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm
b. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm
12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors c. woman doctors
b. women doctor d. woman doctor
13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
a. growns-ups c. growns-up
b. grown-up d. grown-ups
14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
a. stander-by c. standers-by
b. stander-bys d. standers-bys
15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-war
b.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war
16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels
17.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
a. elder sister b. elder sister’s c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress
18.All the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher
b.mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers
19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
a. some property c. properties
b. some properties d. property
20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.
a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are
21.He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.
a. have b. have been c. is d. are
22.After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.
a. father-in-law’s c. father’s-in-law
b. father-in-law d. father’s-in-law’s
23.He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.
a. many Jack friends c. many Jack’s friend
b. Jack’s many friends d. many friends of Jack’s
24.I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.
a.barber b. barbers c. barber’s d. barbers’
25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______.
a. Peter and Helen’s c. Peter and Helen
b. Peter and Helens d. Peter’s and Helen’s
26.______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun’s energy.
a. The earth’s surface c. The surface of earth
b. The surface earth d. The earth surface
27.Numerous materials are available to ______.
a. today of designers c. today’s of designers
b. today’s designers d. today designers
28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don’t you know he is an old friend of ______?
a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brother’s d. my brother’s friend
29.______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.
a. This John’s old friend c. That’s Jahn’s old friend
b. This old friend of John d. This old friend of John’s
30.______ is too much for a little boy to carry.
a.A bike’s weight c. The weight of a bike
b.The weights of a bike d. Bile’s weight
31.Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.
a. little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of
32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.
a. only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats
33.______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
a. A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail
34.The Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.
a. a new equipment c. new equipments
b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments
35.The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.
a. little improvement c. many improvements
b. a little improvement d. few improvements
36.Today’s modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.
a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little
37.No country can afford to neglect ______.
a. an education b. educations c. education d. the education
38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.
a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight
39.______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys’ and apes’.
a. The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogs
b. The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent
40.All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.
a. business student b. business’s students c. business students d. business’s student
41.______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
a. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes call
b. Three-minute call d. A three-minute call
42.The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.
a. public’s chief concern c. chief public concern
b. public chief concern d. chief concern of public’s
43.______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
a. Chinese were b. The Chinese was c. Chinese was d. The Chinese were
44.______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.
a. Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons
45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.
a. were b. have been c. was d. has been
46.Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.
a. is b. are c. be d. been
47.One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.
a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrow’s food
b. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrow’s food
48.Scott is an orphan but he received ______.
a. very good education c. a very good education
b. very good educations d. many good educations
49.After several day’s hardworking, we have made ______ on the design.
a. much improvement c. many improvement
b. several improvements d. some improvement
50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.
a. shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoes’s shop d. shoe’s
51.Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.
a. large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount
52.He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.
a. research b. a research c. researches d. the researches
53.Recently, he has lost all his ______.
a. wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at card
b. wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards
54.The country’s wealth comes chiefly from its many ______.
a. herd of cattle b. heard of cattles c. herds of cattle d. herds of cattles
55.In Britain the ______ are all painted red.
a. letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letters’s box
56.Ten years had passed. I found she had ______.
a. a little white hair c. a few white hair
b. some white hair d. much white hair
57.All his ______ far from satisfaction
a. conduct is b. conduct are c. conducts is d. conducts will be
58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.
a. a few damages b. few damages c. little damage d. a little damage
59.He was ______ what to do.
a. at his wit end b. at his wits end c. at his wit’s end d. at his wits’s end
60.Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me?
a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts
61.Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.
a. datum b. datums c. data d. datas
62.On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______.
a. how-are-yous c. how-are-you’s
b. of how-are-you’s d. of how are you
63.Albert said he met the girl ______
a. at his uncle’s Smith room c. at his uncle Smith’s room
b. at Smith’s his uncle’s room d. at the room of his uncle’s Smith’s
64.It is four months since I last saw Keats ______.
a. at Mrt Smith’s ,the book seller c. at my aunt’s, a book seller
b. at my aunt’s, Mrs Palmer’s d. at Mrs Palmer’s, the book seller’s
65.This room is ______.
a. the editor’s-in-chief’s office c. the editor-in-chief’s office
b. the editor-in-chief office d. the editor’s-in-chief office
66.My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______.
a. a teacher college c. a teacher’s college
b. a teachers’s college d. a college of a teacher’s
67.The policemen put the criminal ______.
a. in a iron b. into a iron c. in irons d. into a pair of iron
68.Our teacher gave me ______.
a. an advice b. the advice c. many advice d. much advice
69.My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.
a. a b. two c. a couple of d. a pair of
70.My house is within ______ from the railway station.
a. a stone’s throw b. a throw of a stone c. stone’s throw d. the stone’s throw
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返回介詞練習(xí)答案
附：介詞練習(xí)
1. She is such an irritating woman, I don’t know how you can ______ her.
a. put up b. stand up to c. stand with d. put up with
2. To get my traveler’s check I had to ______ a special check to the bank for the total amount.
a. make for b. make out c. make off d. make up
3. Little boys are easily ______.
a. taken in b. taken away c. taken out d. taken over
4. The company is going to hand ______ the free samples tomorrow.
a. up b. out c. on d. down
5. It was purely ______ chance that the mistake was discovered.
a. in b. for c. by d. from
6. The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.
a. by accident b. on occasion c. on average d. at random
7. I left for the office earlier than usual this morning ______ traffic jam.
a. in case of b. in line with c. for the sake of d. at the risk of
8. Some areas, _______ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated.
a. but for b. in spite of c. due to d. with regard to
9. Visitors are asked to comply ______ the regulations.
a. at b. in c. with d. on
10. He ______ so much work that he couldn’t really do it efficiently.
a. put on b. took on c. brought on d. turned on
11. In order to save time, I ______ my shopping to once a week.
a. cut off b. cut out c. cut up d. cut down
12. The idea has ______ that science cannot be wrong.
a. piled up b. picked up c. grown up d. put up
13. he did everything he could to prevent if from ______ into fighting.
a. breaking off b. breaking up c. breaking out d. breaking of
14. The construction of the new building will cost ______ 1,000,000 dollars, and it’s not easy to get so much money.
a. at last b. at most c. at least d. at large
15. The thief ran away as fast as he could ______ the policeman.
a. in sight b. within the sight of c. within sight d. at the sight of
16. For too long, European can makers have fought to ______ old ways and old privileges.
a. hang on to b. have access to c. refer to d. see to
17. Whoever ______ a full night’s sleep will be more than rewarded in heightened productivity, creativity and focus.
a. invests at b. invests in c. invests by d. invests with
18. Prior ______ his departure, he wrote a letter to his mother.
a. of b. from c. to d. in
19. The company is very famous ______ the high quality of its products.
a. in b. for c. by d. with
20. Once he was given a chance to improve his position in the firm, he seized it ______ both hands and is now on his way to the top.
a. on b. at c. in d. with
21. These misfortunes almost deprived him ______ his future career.
a. with b. of c. from d. beyond
22. I don’t ______ the expense; I want the party to be a real success.
a. care for b. care about c. be in care of d. take care of
23. We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets ______.
a. about b. on c. up d. in
24. The car pulled ______ beside me and the driver asked me to way to the Great Wall.
a. down b. off c. up d. out
25. After the war, many warships were laid ______ as they were not needed any longer.
a. up b. aside c. down d. over
26. When the rebellion died ______ things quickly returned to normal.
a. out b. away c. down d. through
27. I’ll pick you ______ at your college gate and take you straight to the station.
a. on b. off c. out d. up
28. Will you please see ______ our luggage when I am away?
a. to b. in c. with d. for
29. ______ they reached the small village before dusk.
a. Towards the end b. By the end c. In the end d. At the end
30. Mary has left the book on the table ______ purpose so that you can read it.
a. with b. on c. in d. out of
31. That noise is getting louder because the engineers are ______ the engine to see if the plane is ready to fly.
a. doing with b. running up c. turning in d. trying for
32. The government is looking ______ new methods of raising money without increasing taxes.
a. down on b. upon c. out for d. around
33. Man is superior to the animals ______ he sues language to convey his thoughts.
a. and that b. in that c. so that d. in order that
34. Not long ago, a person who I know every well was ______ an accident.
a. related to b. included in c. involved in d. subject to
35. I ______ to him for the error.
a. excused b. pardoned c. forgave d. apologized
36. Though we have no interests ______ common, we are good friends.
a. on b. in c. for d. at
37. The purse has returned to the original owner ______.
a. in a long time b. in a long run c. in no time d. at no time
38. We can’t hope to catch up with that car ______ us.
a. in advance of b. in the front of c. at the frontier of d. ahead of
39. Some animals will modify their behavior to ______ their environment.
a. adapt to b. adopt to c. suit to d. conform to
40. Don't ______ going abroad this summer, we may not have enough money.
a. count on b. come on c. attend upon d. frown upon
41. Don’t suspect your daughter ______ dishonesty.
a. of b. for c. with d. to
42. At the head of the valley we turned right and ______ the summit.
a. set up b. took up c. made for d. went for
43. Her type of women can ______ life much more easily.
a. cope with b. take advantage of c. take care of d. look after
44. The manager accused one of the hotel servants ______ stealing the money.
a. for b. with c. of d. about
45. It is difficult to _____ the implication between the lines.
a. get to b. get into c. get over d. get at
46. While living there, she ______ the local accent.
a. picked on b. picked at c. picked up d. picked out
47. We adopted the new method _____ raising our efficiency.
a. in the event of b. on account of c. with a view of d. with regard to
48. ______ the light of what you have told me, I will say that it is he who came here yesterday.
a. By b. In c. Of d. Under
49. They will place China in the front ranks of countries of the world ______ the output of major industrial products.
a. in support of b. in connection with c. in terms of d. by means of
50. When they had finished playing, the children were made to ______ all the toys they had taken out.
a. put off b. put away c. put up d. put out
51. He failed to supply the facts relevant ______ the case in question.
a. for b. with c. of d. to
52. In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are viewed _______ a threat to domestic industries.
a. like b. as c. with d. for
53. When Jack was eighteen he ______ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.
a. took up b. took for c. took to d. took on
54. While in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded ______ the nurse Florence Nightingale.
a. in line with b. in favor of c. in place d. in honor of
55. A poor man has to ______ many thing which a rich man regards as almost necessaries in life.
a. go through b. go without c. go over d. go about
56. Digital computers are practical ______ their high speed of operation.
a. instead of b. because of c. regardless of d. in spite of
57. _____ the many hours of study that he devoted to the subject, he still found the subject matter difficult.
a. After b. Due to c. Despite d. As for
58. The early part of the concert ______ comparatively satisfactorily.
a. went after b. went down c. went off d. went up
59. Mary is _______ her face ready for the party.
a. clearing up b. holding up c. keeping up d. making up
60. _______ a prolonged spell of fine weather, they were able to complete the film within the month.
a. As to b. Thanks to c. In relation to d. With respect to
61. One day people will be able to go to the moon _____ holiday.
a. on b. during c. for d. in
62. How did it come _____ that you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?
a. about b. after c. with d. to
63. Whatever the rule is, you may be sure he will keep _____ it.
a. on b. in c. off d. to
64. In one firm alone over three hundred people were laid _____ during the last month.
a. in b. out c. on d. off
65. The safety of shops ______ sea depends much on the warnings given by lighthouses.
a. in b. across c. on d. at
66. The mass of an object is multiplied by the speed of light squared, _____ other words , the speed of light is multiplied by itself.
a. by b. for c. in d. with
67. The new system encourages companies to compete with each other ______ equal terms.
a. on b. in c. with d. for
68. You should stick _____ the point in debate.
a. to b. at c. in d. for
69. Tom has been sad recently, for his plan to go to college _____ at the last moment.
a. fell out b. fell behind c. fell in d. fell through
70. David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.
a. go in for b. go into c. go through d. go after
71. The police haven’t caught the murder alive yet, but they are convinced that the really important facts of the case will soon ________ .
a. come into force b. come into contact c. come into light d. come down to earth
72. The teacher expects us to do all the exercises, to study the spelling list and to get our paper ______ time.
a. in b. on c. at d. by
73. Having been told bad weather was on the way, the climbers decided to ______ their attempt on Mount Tai until the following week.
a. give up b. deny to c. put off d. refuse to
74. Bill did not hear the telephone because he was completely ______ his reading.
a. absorbed for b. absorbed by c. absorbed on d. absorbed in
75. Unwanted tickets can be given ______ at the theatre office window up to half an hour before the performance.
a. in b. out c. off d. over
76. Science was ______ regarded as a part of philosophy.
a. at time b. at all time c. at a time d. at one time
77. The newly designed machines are high ______ quality.
a. on b. in c. for d. with
78. Some quite artistic, yet inexpensive fabrics are now being _____ from British mills.
a. turned over b. turned out c. turned up d. turned off
79. The mother scolded the boy ______ not cleaning up his room.
a. to b. with c. at d. for
80. ______ my car is being made ready for a long journey.
a. In the moment b. For the moment c. At the moment d. By the moment
81. I’m bad ______ remembering faces.
a. at b. in c. with d. on
82. Oil drilling in that area has now stopped because the company has ______ money.
a. come out of b. come off c. run out of d. run down
83. The doctor was always ______ the poor and the sick, often giving them free medical services.
a. reminded of b. absorbed in c. tended by d. concerned about
84. The company will send a representative to ______ their business in that region.
a. attend to b. attempt at c. associate with d. approve of
85. Milk is ______ memories of home and mother so people away from home drink more milk.
a. bound to b. kept to c. referred to d. tied to
86. Despite the traffic lights ahead, the car continued ______ full speed.
a. with b. in on d. at
87. Something strange seems to be _____ me since I have been taking this drug.
a. running into b. coming across c. happening to d. falling on
88. The shopkeeper was ______ inside his own shop, and all the day’s money was stolen.
a. held over b. held up c. held out d. held off
89. Earth-like planets are extremely common in the Universe, ______ the latest computer simulation of the formation of the Solar System.
a. according to b. in addition to c. in regard to d. thanks to
90. In Brazil, spending on science and technology ______ just 0.6 percent of gross national product.
a. makes for b. makes up for c. accounts for d. stands for
91. ______, wherever he lives, a man belongs to some society.
a. For short b. In short c. Of short d. On short
92. A man who could ______ such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strength.
a. bear upon b. insist on c. stand up to d. persist in
93. Is his action consistent ______ his principles?
a. with b. in c. of d. by
94. He is by far the best player ______ the team.
a. for b. on c. in d. to
95. A foreign firm has bought more than half of the shares in his company and ______.
a. got over it b. overtaken it c. taken it over d. overcome it
96. After a heated bargaining they agreed ______ the price for the car.
a. to b. with c. on d. in
97. _______ all the difficulties and discomforts, they went on working at the design.
a. Because of b. In proportion with c. As a result of d. In spite of
98. all questions left ______ by history must be settled one by one.
a. alone b. off c. out d. over
99. It is just three o’clock p.m. The plane just _____ five minutes ago.
a. took off b. took up c. took out d. took in
100. The government warned the people living in the forest to be ______ fire.
a. with regard to b. on guard c. on guard against d. in regard to
101. During sleep blood pressure is normally ______ its lowest.
a. in b. for c. at d. by
102. The parents and the children will have to leave the country ______ good.
a. with c. over c. on d. for
103. Neither their parents nor their friends have approved ______ their marriage yet.
a. for b. of c. to d. with
104. Classroom testing, if well done, most certainly ______ a stimulus to study and real learning.
a. acts for b. acts on c. acts as d. acts to
105. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded every detail.
a. in b. at c. for d. on
106. The French pianist who had been praised very highly ______ to be a great disappointment.
a. turned up b. turned in c. turned out d. turned down
107. In the advanced course students must take performance tests ______ monthly intervals.
a. in b. over c. at d. between
108. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ______.
a. out of work b. out of reach c. out of practice d. out of stock
109. In the United States professors have many other duties ______ teaching, such as administrative or research work.
a. besides b. except c. but d. with
110. he attempted ______ to set up a company of his own.
a. with vain b. on vain c. in vain d. of vain
111. On hearing the news that her father died, she ______ tears.
a. burst out b. burst in c. burst into d. burst forth
112. She was annoyed at his comment, thinking that he visitor _____ her.
a. looked down b. looked highly of c. looked low at d. looked down upon
113. ______ comparison to my boyhood, my undergraduate years in Oklahoma were paradise.
a. In b. With c. By d. For
114. The United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any ______ its own.
a. on b. for c. of d. to
115. The accounts have always been handled ______ the banks policies.
a. in accordance with c. in connection with
c. in contrast with d. in line with
116. His inability to learn foreign languages was an obstacle ______ his career.
a. of b. to c. for d. as
117. The purpose of the official inquiry is to ______ the true facts leading to the loss of the ship at sea.
a. come at b. come for c. come into d. come over
118. Business picked up in the stores during December, but ______ again after Christmas.
a. dropped off b. dropped out c. dropped over d. dropped on
119. Many words associated with life in the West are Spanish ______ origin.
a. on b. in c. at d. from
120. The custom of visiting friends, relatives and neighbors on New Year’s Day is one the Old World traditions that has ______ a new form in the United States.
a. taken up b. taken on c. taken over d. taken off
121. Some workers fear the loss of social identity that can ______ not having a job.
a. result in b. result from c. bring up d. bring on
122. Most of the leading food shops have promised to ______ prices until after the new year.
a. keep off b. keep down c. keep out d. keep back
123. ______ classical music, which follows formal European traditions, jazz is a spontaneous and free form.
a. In comparison with b. In connection with c. In contrast to d. In regard to
124. Alice ______ when a crowd from a train rushed through the gate.
a. looked after b. looked in c. looked over d. looked up
125. The news of important events is broadcast often _______ over television.
a. on the average b. on the contrary c. on the spot d. on the whole
名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞，專有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類：
1）個(gè)體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。
2）集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。
3）物質(zhì)名詞：表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。
4）抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。
個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示：
名詞
專有名詞
不可數(shù)名詞
普通名詞
物質(zhì)名詞
抽象名詞
集體名詞
可數(shù)名詞
個(gè)體名詞
返回名詞目錄
1.1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
情況
構(gòu)成方法
讀音
例詞
一般情況
加 -s
清輔音后讀/s/
map-maps
濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/
bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾
加 -es
讀 /iz/
bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等結(jié)尾
加 -s
讀 /iz/
license-licenses
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾
變y 為i再加es
讀 /z/
baby---babies
返回名詞目錄
1.2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
1） 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2） 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes?！?BR> 3） 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b兩種方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
1.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
1） child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一個(gè)詞加 man 或 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。
2） 單復(fù)同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民幣的元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。
4） 以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，一般是不可數(shù)名詞，為單數(shù)。
b. news 為不可數(shù)名詞。
c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。
d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。例如：
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書。
5） 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses （眼鏡） trousers, clothes等，若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair（對(duì)，雙）; suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚?！?BR>
1.4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示
1）物質(zhì)名詞
a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)為可數(shù)。
比較：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一種食物。 （不可數(shù)）
These cakes are sweet. 這些蛋糕很好吃。 （可數(shù)）
b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：
This factory produces steel.?。ú豢蓴?shù)）
We need various steels.?。蓴?shù)）
c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。
Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來兩杯茶。
2） 抽象名詞表示具體的事例時(shí)也可數(shù)。例如：
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化
物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一則建議。
5. 定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)
名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。
1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。例如：
sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室
talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系
2） man, woman, gentleman等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：
men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3） 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時(shí)，s保留。例如：
goods train （貨車） arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)
customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4） 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。例如：
two-dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan. 一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃
1.6 不同國籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)
國籍
總稱（謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
中國人
the Chinese
a Chinese
two Chinese
瑞士人
the Swiss
a Swiss
two Swiss
澳大利亞人
the Australians
an Australian
two Australians
俄國人
the Russians
a Russian
two Russians
意大利人
the Italians
an Italian
two Italians
希臘人
the Greek
a Greek
two Greeks
法國人
the French
a Frenchman
two Frenchmen
日本人
the Japanese
a Japanese
two Japanese
美國人
the Americans
an American
two Americans
印度人
the Indians
an Indian
two Indians
加拿大人
the Canadians
a Canadian
two Canadians
德國人
the Germans
a Germans
two Germans
英國人
the English
an Englishman
two Englishmen
瑞典人
the Swedish
a Swede
two Swedes
1.7 名詞的格
英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：
1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。
2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭。
3） 凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。
5） 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（兩間） John and Mary's room（一間）
6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語，'s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。例如：a month or two's absence
1.8 練習(xí)
1.He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_______.
a． little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages
2.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ during the war.
a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes
3.The students at colleges or universities are making ______ for the coming New Year.
a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation
4.Painting in _____ is one of their spare-time activities.
a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil
5.In the view of the foreign experts, there wasn’t ____ oil here.
a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many
6.The large houses are being painted, but ______.
a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense
7.The room was small and contained far too ______.
a.much new furniture c. much new furnitures
b.many new furniture d. many new furnitures
8.Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
a. rooms number b. room number c. room’s numbers d. room numbers
9.Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man can not do ______ by himself.
a great many…many c. much…a great deal
b. a great deal of…much d. many…a great many
10.She didn’t know _____ he had been given.
a. how many information c. how many informations
b. the number of information d. how much information
11.He invited all of his ______ to join his wedding party.
a. comrade-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm
b. comrades-in-arms d. comrade-in-arm
12.All the ______ in the hospital got a rise last month.
a. women doctors c. woman doctors
b. women doctor d. woman doctor
13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_____.
a. growns-ups c. growns-up
b. grown-up d. grown-ups
14.The police investigated those _____ about the accident.
a. stander-by c. standers-by
b. stander-bys d. standers-bys
15.The Nazi kept those ______ in their concentration camp.
a.prisoner-of-wars c. prisoners-of-war
b.prisoners-of-wars d. prisoner-of-war
16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _____ made by Linda lately.
a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels
17.Mary’s dress is similar in appearance to her ______.
a. elder sister b. elder sister’s c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress
18.All the people at the conference are ______.
a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher
b.mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers
19.Professor Mackay told us that ______ of lead are its softness and its resistance.
a. some property c. properties
b. some properties d. property
20.Physics _____ with matter and motion.
a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are
21.He has written several books, but his last works _____ well known among his friends.
a. have b. have been c. is d. are
22.After he checked up my ______ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days.
a. father-in-law’s c. father’s-in-law
b. father-in-law d. father’s-in-law’s
23.He told me _____ would come to his birthday party.
a. many Jack friends c. many Jack’s friend
b. Jack’s many friends d. many friends of Jack’s
24.I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.
a.barber b. barbers c. barber’s d. barbers’
25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at ______.
a. Peter and Helen’s c. Peter and Helen
b. Peter and Helens d. Peter’s and Helen’s
26.______ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the sun’s energy.
a. The earth’s surface c. The surface of earth
b. The surface earth d. The earth surface
27.Numerous materials are available to ______.
a. today of designers c. today’s of designers
b. today’s designers d. today designers
28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Don’t you know he is an old friend of ______?
a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brother’s d. my brother’s friend
29.______ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know.
a. This John’s old friend c. That’s Jahn’s old friend
b. This old friend of John d. This old friend of John’s
30.______ is too much for a little boy to carry.
a.A bike’s weight c. The weight of a bike
b.The weights of a bike d. Bile’s weight
31.Generally there are ______ television programs for children on Saturday.
a. little b. much c. a large number of d. a large amount of
32.When they got to the lecture-room, there were ______ left.
a. only few seats b. a very few seats c. only a few seats d. so a few seats
33.______ travels faster when the zip code is indicated on the envelope.
a. A little mail b. A piece of mail c. A mail d. A small mail
34.The Department purchased ______ to improve the working conditions there.
a. a new equipment c. new equipments
b. a new piece of equipment d. new pieces of equipments
35.The boy tried hard but there has been ______ in his work.
a. little improvement c. many improvements
b. a little improvement d. few improvements
36.Today’s modern TV cameras require ______ light as compared with the earlier models.
a. only a few b. only few c. only a little d. only little
37.No country can afford to neglect ______.
a. an education b. educations c. education d. the education
38.Please write the answers to the questions at the end of ______.
a. eighth chapter b. chapter eight c. eight chapter d. chapter the eight
39.______ is only surpassed by that of monkeys’ and apes’.
a. The intelligent dog c. The intelligence of dogs
b. The dogs whose intelligence d. The dogs being intelligent
40.All ______ must take the graduate Management Admission Test.
a. business student b. business’s students c. business students d. business’s student
41.______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
a. Three minutes call c. A three-minutes call
b. Three-minute call d. A three-minute call
42.The ______ about nuclear energy revolves around the waste problem.
a. public’s chief concern c. chief public concern
b. public chief concern d. chief concern of public’s
43.______ the first and largest ethnic group to work on the construction of the transcontinental railroad.
a. Chinese were b. The Chinese was c. Chinese was d. The Chinese were
44.______ can get a better view of the game than the participants.
a. Looker-on b. Lookers-on c. Looker-ons c. Lookers-ons
45.A group of spectators was dispersed by the police who ______ at the scene of the accidents within minutes.
a. were b. have been c. was d. has been
46.Our livestock ______ not as numerous as they used to be.
a. is b. are c. be d. been
47.One of the most surprising things is that ______ may come from petroleum.
a. much of tomorrow food c. many of tomorrow’s food
b. much of the food of tomorrow d. much of tomorrow’s food
48.Scott is an orphan but he received ______.
a. very good education c. a very good education
b. very good educations d. many good educations
49.After several day’s hardworking, we have made ______ on the design.
a. much improvement c. many improvement
b. several improvements d. some improvement
50.The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.
a. shoes shop b. shoe shop c. shoes’s shop d. shoe’s
51.Eggs, though nourishing, have ______ of fat content.
a. large number b. a large number c. a high amount d. the high amount
52.He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.
a. research b. a research c. researches d. the researches
53.Recently, he has lost all his ______.
a. wage and saving at card c. wages and saving at card
b. wages and savings at card d. wages and savings at cards
54.The country’s wealth comes chiefly from its many ______.
a. herd of cattle b. heard of cattles c. herds of cattle d. herds of cattles
55.In Britain the ______ are all painted red.
a. letter boxes b. letters box c. letters boxes d. letters’s box
56.Ten years had passed. I found she had ______.
a. a little white hair c. a few white hair
b. some white hair d. much white hair
57.All his ______ far from satisfaction
a. conduct is b. conduct are c. conducts is d. conducts will be
58.Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, ______ was done.
a. a few damages b. few damages c. little damage d. a little damage
59.He was ______ what to do.
a. at his wit end b. at his wits end c. at his wit’s end d. at his wits’s end
60.Would you like to have a cup of tea and ______ with me?
a two toasts b. two pieces of toast c. two piece of toasts d. tow pieces of toasts
61.Accurate ______ covering the fact are not obtainable.
a. datum b. datums c. data d. datas
62.On Monday morning some teachers exchanged a few ______.
a. how-are-yous c. how-are-you’s
b. of how-are-you’s d. of how are you
63.Albert said he met the girl ______
a. at his uncle’s Smith room c. at his uncle Smith’s room
b. at Smith’s his uncle’s room d. at the room of his uncle’s Smith’s
64.It is four months since I last saw Keats ______.
a. at Mrt Smith’s ,the book seller c. at my aunt’s, a book seller
b. at my aunt’s, Mrs Palmer’s d. at Mrs Palmer’s, the book seller’s
65.This room is ______.
a. the editor’s-in-chief’s office c. the editor-in-chief’s office
b. the editor-in-chief office d. the editor’s-in-chief office
66.My old classmate, Comrade Sun ,works at ______.
a. a teacher college c. a teacher’s college
b. a teachers’s college d. a college of a teacher’s
67.The policemen put the criminal ______.
a. in a iron b. into a iron c. in irons d. into a pair of iron
68.Our teacher gave me ______.
a. an advice b. the advice c. many advice d. much advice
69.My mother cut the cloth with ______ scissors.
a. a b. two c. a couple of d. a pair of
70.My house is within ______ from the railway station.
a. a stone’s throw b. a throw of a stone c. stone’s throw d. the stone’s throw
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1. She is such an irritating woman, I don’t know how you can ______ her.
a. put up b. stand up to c. stand with d. put up with
2. To get my traveler’s check I had to ______ a special check to the bank for the total amount.
a. make for b. make out c. make off d. make up
3. Little boys are easily ______.
a. taken in b. taken away c. taken out d. taken over
4. The company is going to hand ______ the free samples tomorrow.
a. up b. out c. on d. down
5. It was purely ______ chance that the mistake was discovered.
a. in b. for c. by d. from
6. The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.
a. by accident b. on occasion c. on average d. at random
7. I left for the office earlier than usual this morning ______ traffic jam.
a. in case of b. in line with c. for the sake of d. at the risk of
8. Some areas, _______ their severe weather conditions, are hardly populated.
a. but for b. in spite of c. due to d. with regard to
9. Visitors are asked to comply ______ the regulations.
a. at b. in c. with d. on
10. He ______ so much work that he couldn’t really do it efficiently.
a. put on b. took on c. brought on d. turned on
11. In order to save time, I ______ my shopping to once a week.
a. cut off b. cut out c. cut up d. cut down
12. The idea has ______ that science cannot be wrong.
a. piled up b. picked up c. grown up d. put up
13. he did everything he could to prevent if from ______ into fighting.
a. breaking off b. breaking up c. breaking out d. breaking of
14. The construction of the new building will cost ______ 1,000,000 dollars, and it’s not easy to get so much money.
a. at last b. at most c. at least d. at large
15. The thief ran away as fast as he could ______ the policeman.
a. in sight b. within the sight of c. within sight d. at the sight of
16. For too long, European can makers have fought to ______ old ways and old privileges.
a. hang on to b. have access to c. refer to d. see to
17. Whoever ______ a full night’s sleep will be more than rewarded in heightened productivity, creativity and focus.
a. invests at b. invests in c. invests by d. invests with
18. Prior ______ his departure, he wrote a letter to his mother.
a. of b. from c. to d. in
19. The company is very famous ______ the high quality of its products.
a. in b. for c. by d. with
20. Once he was given a chance to improve his position in the firm, he seized it ______ both hands and is now on his way to the top.
a. on b. at c. in d. with
21. These misfortunes almost deprived him ______ his future career.
a. with b. of c. from d. beyond
22. I don’t ______ the expense; I want the party to be a real success.
a. care for b. care about c. be in care of d. take care of
23. We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets ______.
a. about b. on c. up d. in
24. The car pulled ______ beside me and the driver asked me to way to the Great Wall.
a. down b. off c. up d. out
25. After the war, many warships were laid ______ as they were not needed any longer.
a. up b. aside c. down d. over
26. When the rebellion died ______ things quickly returned to normal.
a. out b. away c. down d. through
27. I’ll pick you ______ at your college gate and take you straight to the station.
a. on b. off c. out d. up
28. Will you please see ______ our luggage when I am away?
a. to b. in c. with d. for
29. ______ they reached the small village before dusk.
a. Towards the end b. By the end c. In the end d. At the end
30. Mary has left the book on the table ______ purpose so that you can read it.
a. with b. on c. in d. out of
31. That noise is getting louder because the engineers are ______ the engine to see if the plane is ready to fly.
a. doing with b. running up c. turning in d. trying for
32. The government is looking ______ new methods of raising money without increasing taxes.
a. down on b. upon c. out for d. around
33. Man is superior to the animals ______ he sues language to convey his thoughts.
a. and that b. in that c. so that d. in order that
34. Not long ago, a person who I know every well was ______ an accident.
a. related to b. included in c. involved in d. subject to
35. I ______ to him for the error.
a. excused b. pardoned c. forgave d. apologized
36. Though we have no interests ______ common, we are good friends.
a. on b. in c. for d. at
37. The purse has returned to the original owner ______.
a. in a long time b. in a long run c. in no time d. at no time
38. We can’t hope to catch up with that car ______ us.
a. in advance of b. in the front of c. at the frontier of d. ahead of
39. Some animals will modify their behavior to ______ their environment.
a. adapt to b. adopt to c. suit to d. conform to
40. Don't ______ going abroad this summer, we may not have enough money.
a. count on b. come on c. attend upon d. frown upon
41. Don’t suspect your daughter ______ dishonesty.
a. of b. for c. with d. to
42. At the head of the valley we turned right and ______ the summit.
a. set up b. took up c. made for d. went for
43. Her type of women can ______ life much more easily.
a. cope with b. take advantage of c. take care of d. look after
44. The manager accused one of the hotel servants ______ stealing the money.
a. for b. with c. of d. about
45. It is difficult to _____ the implication between the lines.
a. get to b. get into c. get over d. get at
46. While living there, she ______ the local accent.
a. picked on b. picked at c. picked up d. picked out
47. We adopted the new method _____ raising our efficiency.
a. in the event of b. on account of c. with a view of d. with regard to
48. ______ the light of what you have told me, I will say that it is he who came here yesterday.
a. By b. In c. Of d. Under
49. They will place China in the front ranks of countries of the world ______ the output of major industrial products.
a. in support of b. in connection with c. in terms of d. by means of
50. When they had finished playing, the children were made to ______ all the toys they had taken out.
a. put off b. put away c. put up d. put out
51. He failed to supply the facts relevant ______ the case in question.
a. for b. with c. of d. to
52. In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are viewed _______ a threat to domestic industries.
a. like b. as c. with d. for
53. When Jack was eighteen he ______ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.
a. took up b. took for c. took to d. took on
54. While in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded ______ the nurse Florence Nightingale.
a. in line with b. in favor of c. in place d. in honor of
55. A poor man has to ______ many thing which a rich man regards as almost necessaries in life.
a. go through b. go without c. go over d. go about
56. Digital computers are practical ______ their high speed of operation.
a. instead of b. because of c. regardless of d. in spite of
57. _____ the many hours of study that he devoted to the subject, he still found the subject matter difficult.
a. After b. Due to c. Despite d. As for
58. The early part of the concert ______ comparatively satisfactorily.
a. went after b. went down c. went off d. went up
59. Mary is _______ her face ready for the party.
a. clearing up b. holding up c. keeping up d. making up
60. _______ a prolonged spell of fine weather, they were able to complete the film within the month.
a. As to b. Thanks to c. In relation to d. With respect to
61. One day people will be able to go to the moon _____ holiday.
a. on b. during c. for d. in
62. How did it come _____ that you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?
a. about b. after c. with d. to
63. Whatever the rule is, you may be sure he will keep _____ it.
a. on b. in c. off d. to
64. In one firm alone over three hundred people were laid _____ during the last month.
a. in b. out c. on d. off
65. The safety of shops ______ sea depends much on the warnings given by lighthouses.
a. in b. across c. on d. at
66. The mass of an object is multiplied by the speed of light squared, _____ other words , the speed of light is multiplied by itself.
a. by b. for c. in d. with
67. The new system encourages companies to compete with each other ______ equal terms.
a. on b. in c. with d. for
68. You should stick _____ the point in debate.
a. to b. at c. in d. for
69. Tom has been sad recently, for his plan to go to college _____ at the last moment.
a. fell out b. fell behind c. fell in d. fell through
70. David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.
a. go in for b. go into c. go through d. go after
71. The police haven’t caught the murder alive yet, but they are convinced that the really important facts of the case will soon ________ .
a. come into force b. come into contact c. come into light d. come down to earth
72. The teacher expects us to do all the exercises, to study the spelling list and to get our paper ______ time.
a. in b. on c. at d. by
73. Having been told bad weather was on the way, the climbers decided to ______ their attempt on Mount Tai until the following week.
a. give up b. deny to c. put off d. refuse to
74. Bill did not hear the telephone because he was completely ______ his reading.
a. absorbed for b. absorbed by c. absorbed on d. absorbed in
75. Unwanted tickets can be given ______ at the theatre office window up to half an hour before the performance.
a. in b. out c. off d. over
76. Science was ______ regarded as a part of philosophy.
a. at time b. at all time c. at a time d. at one time
77. The newly designed machines are high ______ quality.
a. on b. in c. for d. with
78. Some quite artistic, yet inexpensive fabrics are now being _____ from British mills.
a. turned over b. turned out c. turned up d. turned off
79. The mother scolded the boy ______ not cleaning up his room.
a. to b. with c. at d. for
80. ______ my car is being made ready for a long journey.
a. In the moment b. For the moment c. At the moment d. By the moment
81. I’m bad ______ remembering faces.
a. at b. in c. with d. on
82. Oil drilling in that area has now stopped because the company has ______ money.
a. come out of b. come off c. run out of d. run down
83. The doctor was always ______ the poor and the sick, often giving them free medical services.
a. reminded of b. absorbed in c. tended by d. concerned about
84. The company will send a representative to ______ their business in that region.
a. attend to b. attempt at c. associate with d. approve of
85. Milk is ______ memories of home and mother so people away from home drink more milk.
a. bound to b. kept to c. referred to d. tied to
86. Despite the traffic lights ahead, the car continued ______ full speed.
a. with b. in on d. at
87. Something strange seems to be _____ me since I have been taking this drug.
a. running into b. coming across c. happening to d. falling on
88. The shopkeeper was ______ inside his own shop, and all the day’s money was stolen.
a. held over b. held up c. held out d. held off
89. Earth-like planets are extremely common in the Universe, ______ the latest computer simulation of the formation of the Solar System.
a. according to b. in addition to c. in regard to d. thanks to
90. In Brazil, spending on science and technology ______ just 0.6 percent of gross national product.
a. makes for b. makes up for c. accounts for d. stands for
91. ______, wherever he lives, a man belongs to some society.
a. For short b. In short c. Of short d. On short
92. A man who could ______ such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strength.
a. bear upon b. insist on c. stand up to d. persist in
93. Is his action consistent ______ his principles?
a. with b. in c. of d. by
94. He is by far the best player ______ the team.
a. for b. on c. in d. to
95. A foreign firm has bought more than half of the shares in his company and ______.
a. got over it b. overtaken it c. taken it over d. overcome it
96. After a heated bargaining they agreed ______ the price for the car.
a. to b. with c. on d. in
97. _______ all the difficulties and discomforts, they went on working at the design.
a. Because of b. In proportion with c. As a result of d. In spite of
98. all questions left ______ by history must be settled one by one.
a. alone b. off c. out d. over
99. It is just three o’clock p.m. The plane just _____ five minutes ago.
a. took off b. took up c. took out d. took in
100. The government warned the people living in the forest to be ______ fire.
a. with regard to b. on guard c. on guard against d. in regard to
101. During sleep blood pressure is normally ______ its lowest.
a. in b. for c. at d. by
102. The parents and the children will have to leave the country ______ good.
a. with c. over c. on d. for
103. Neither their parents nor their friends have approved ______ their marriage yet.
a. for b. of c. to d. with
104. Classroom testing, if well done, most certainly ______ a stimulus to study and real learning.
a. acts for b. acts on c. acts as d. acts to
105. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded every detail.
a. in b. at c. for d. on
106. The French pianist who had been praised very highly ______ to be a great disappointment.
a. turned up b. turned in c. turned out d. turned down
107. In the advanced course students must take performance tests ______ monthly intervals.
a. in b. over c. at d. between
108. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are ______.
a. out of work b. out of reach c. out of practice d. out of stock
109. In the United States professors have many other duties ______ teaching, such as administrative or research work.
a. besides b. except c. but d. with
110. he attempted ______ to set up a company of his own.
a. with vain b. on vain c. in vain d. of vain
111. On hearing the news that her father died, she ______ tears.
a. burst out b. burst in c. burst into d. burst forth
112. She was annoyed at his comment, thinking that he visitor _____ her.
a. looked down b. looked highly of c. looked low at d. looked down upon
113. ______ comparison to my boyhood, my undergraduate years in Oklahoma were paradise.
a. In b. With c. By d. For
114. The United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any ______ its own.
a. on b. for c. of d. to
115. The accounts have always been handled ______ the banks policies.
a. in accordance with c. in connection with
c. in contrast with d. in line with
116. His inability to learn foreign languages was an obstacle ______ his career.
a. of b. to c. for d. as
117. The purpose of the official inquiry is to ______ the true facts leading to the loss of the ship at sea.
a. come at b. come for c. come into d. come over
118. Business picked up in the stores during December, but ______ again after Christmas.
a. dropped off b. dropped out c. dropped over d. dropped on
119. Many words associated with life in the West are Spanish ______ origin.
a. on b. in c. at d. from
120. The custom of visiting friends, relatives and neighbors on New Year’s Day is one the Old World traditions that has ______ a new form in the United States.
a. taken up b. taken on c. taken over d. taken off
121. Some workers fear the loss of social identity that can ______ not having a job.
a. result in b. result from c. bring up d. bring on
122. Most of the leading food shops have promised to ______ prices until after the new year.
a. keep off b. keep down c. keep out d. keep back
123. ______ classical music, which follows formal European traditions, jazz is a spontaneous and free form.
a. In comparison with b. In connection with c. In contrast to d. In regard to
124. Alice ______ when a crowd from a train rushed through the gate.
a. looked after b. looked in c. looked over d. looked up
125. The news of important events is broadcast often _______ over television.
a. on the average b. on the contrary c. on the spot d. on the whole