代詞
代詞是代替名詞的詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、自身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種。
一、人稱代詞是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我們"、"你們"、"他們"的詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數(shù)和格的變化，見下表：
數(shù)
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
格
主格
賓格
主格
賓格
第一人稱
I
me
we
us
第二人稱
you
you
you
you
第三人稱
he
him
they
them
she
her
they
them
it
it
they
them
例如：He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。
It's me. 是我。
二、 物主代詞是表示所有關(guān)系的代詞，也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種，其人物和數(shù)的變化見下表。
數(shù)
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
人稱
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
形容詞性物主代詞
my
your
his/her/its
our
your
their
名詞性物主代詞
mine
yours
his/hers/its
ours
yours
theirs
例如： I like his car. 我喜歡他的小汽車。
Our school is here，and theirs is there. 我們的學(xué)校在這兒，他們的在那兒。
三、 指示代詞表示"那個"、"這個"、"這些"、"那些"等指示概念的代詞。指示代詞有this，that，these，those等。例如：
That is a good idea. 那是個好主意。
四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我們自己"、"你們自己"和"他們自己"等的代詞，叫做自身代詞，也稱為"反身代詞"。例如：
She was talking to herself. 她自言自語。
五、 表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫相互代詞，有each other 和one another兩組，但在運(yùn)用中，這兩組詞沒什么大的區(qū)別。例如：
They love each other. 他們彼此相愛。
六、 不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。常見的不定代詞有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代詞，如anybody， something，no one。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞，在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語，但none和由some，any，no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞只能作主語、賓語或表語；every和no只能作定語。例如：
--- Do you have a car? --你有一輛小汽車嗎？
--- Yes，I have one. --是的，我有一輛。
--- I don't know any of them. 他們，我一個也不認(rèn)識。
七、 疑問代詞有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句。疑問代詞都可用作連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句）例如：
Tell me who he is. 告訴我他是誰。
八、 關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。它們在定語從句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語等；另一方面它們又代表主句中為定語從句所修飾的那個名詞或代詞（先行詞）。例如：
He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那個人。
3.1 人稱代詞的用法
1）人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補(bǔ)語。例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home. 約翰等了一會兒，最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗，還真是她。
說明：在復(fù)合句中，如果主句和從句主語相同，代詞主語要用在從句中，名詞主語用在主句中。例如：
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 約翰一到就直接去銀行了。
2）人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語，但在口語中也能作主語補(bǔ)語，第一人稱在省略句中，還可以作主語。例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他們在一起，至少我認(rèn)為是她。（her做賓語，them做介詞賓語，her做主語補(bǔ)語）
a. -- Who broke the vase? --誰打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me. --我。（me做主語補(bǔ)語= It's me.）
說明：在上面兩例句中，her和me分別作主語補(bǔ)語?，F(xiàn)代英語中多用賓格，在正式文體中這里應(yīng)為she和I。
3.2 人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換
1） 賓格代替主格
a.在簡短對話中，當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨使用或在not 后，多用賓語。
---- I like English. --我喜歡英語。
---- Me too. --我也喜歡。
---- Have more wine? --再來點酒喝嗎?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中，常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語的謂語保留，則主語只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2） 主格代替賓格
a. 在介詞but，except 后，有時可用主格代替賓格。
b. 在電話用語中常用主格?！ ?BR> ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和瑪麗通話。
---- This is she. --我就是瑪麗。
注意：在動詞be 或to be 后的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。
I thought it was she. 我以為是她?！ 。ㄖ鞲?---主格）
I thought it to be her. （賓格----賓格）
I was taken to be she. 我被當(dāng)成了她。 （主格----主格）
They took me to be her. 他們把我當(dāng)成了她。 （賓格----賓格）
3.3 代詞的指代問題
1）不定代詞 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式場合使用時，可用he, his, him代替。例如：
Nobody came, did he? 誰也沒來，是嗎?
2）動物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替，有時也用he, she，帶有親切的感情色彩。例如：
Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。
3）指代車或國家，船舶的名詞，含感情色彩時常用she。
3.4 并列人稱代詞的排列順序
1） 單數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語時，其順序為：第二人稱－> 第三人稱 －> 第一人稱，即you－> he/she; it -> I。例如：
You, he and I should return on time.
2） 復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞作主語時，其順序為：第一人稱 －> 第二人稱 －> 第三人稱，即we?。?you－>they。
注意： 在下列情況中，第一人稱放在前面。
a. 在承認(rèn)錯誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時，
It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和約翰惹她生氣了。
b. 在長輩對晚輩，長官對下屬說話時，如長官為第一人稱，如：
I and you try to finish it. 我和你去弄好它。
c. 并列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時。
d. 當(dāng)其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時。
3.5 物主代詞
1）物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用。例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
約翰割破了手指，顯而易見，他桌子上有個破玻璃杯。
物主代詞有形容詞性（my, your等）和名詞性（mine, yours等）兩種，形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞的--'s屬格結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Jack's cap 意為The cap is Jack's。
His cap 意為The cap is his。
2） 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能
a. 作主語。例如：
May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎？你的比我的好用。
b. 作賓語。例如：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我深愛我的祖國就像你深愛你的祖國一樣。
c. 作介詞賓語。例如：
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你應(yīng)當(dāng)按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話，而不能按你自己的去解釋。
d. 作主語補(bǔ)語。例如：
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命屬于你，屬于你，屬于你。
3.6 雙重所有格
物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置，修飾一個名詞，而必須用雙重所有格。公式為：a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。例如：a friend of mine, each brother of his.
返回代詞目錄
7 .反身代詞
1） 列表
數(shù)
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
人稱
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
人稱代詞
I
you
he/she/it
we
you
they
反身代詞
myself
yourself
yourself/herself/himself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
另外：one的反身代詞為oneself
2）做賓語
a. 有些動詞需有反身代詞，如absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。例如：
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 請你隨便吃點魚。
b. 用于及物動詞+賓語+介詞，如take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth等。例如：
I could not dress（myself）up at that time. 那個時候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些動詞后不跟反身代詞，如：get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。例如：
Please sit down. 請坐。
3） 用作表語，如結(jié)構(gòu)be oneself。例如：
I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
4） 用作同位語
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
5） 在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下，but, except, for 等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如：No one but myself（me）is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。
（錯） Myself drove the car.
（對） I myself drove the car. 我自己開車。
b. 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語中，第二個主語可用反身代詞，特別是myself 作主語。例如：
Charles and myself saw it. 查爾斯和我看見了這件事。
3.8 相互代詞
1）相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個詞組。他們表示句中動詞所敘述的動作或感覺在涉及的各個對象之間是相互存在的。例如：
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
顯而易見，不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。
2）相互代詞的句法功能：
a. 作動詞賓語；
People should love one another. 人們應(yīng)當(dāng)彼此相愛。
b. 可作介詞賓語；
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對唱。
說明：傳統(tǒng)語法認(rèn)為，相互關(guān)系存在于兩個人或物之間用each other， 存在于兩個以上人和物之間用one another。現(xiàn)代英語中，兩組詞交替使用的實例也很多。例如：
He put all the books beside each other/one another. 他把所有書并列擺放起來。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other. 這些小團(tuán)體通常是相互獨立的。
c. 相互代詞可加-'s構(gòu)成所有格。例如：
The students borrowed each other's notes. 學(xué)生們互借筆記。
3.9 指示代詞
1） 指示代詞分單數(shù)（this / that）和復(fù)數(shù)（these / those）兩種形式，既可作限定詞又可做代詞。例如：
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
限定詞
This girl is Mary.
Those men are my teachers.
代詞
This is Mary.
Those are my teachers.
2） 指示代詞的句法功能；
a. 作主語。例如：
This is the way to do it. 這事兒就該這樣做。
b. 作賓語。例如：
I like this better than that. 我喜歡這個甚至那個。
c. 作主語補(bǔ)語。例如：
My point is this. 我的觀點就是如此。
d. 作介詞賓語。例如：
I don't say no to that. 我并未拒絕那個。
There is no fear of that. 那并不可怕。
說明1：指示代詞在作主語時可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分時只能指物，不能指人。例如：
（對）That is my teacher. 那是我的老師。（that作主語，指人）
（對）He is going to marry this girl. 他要和這個姑娘結(jié)婚。（this作限定詞）
（錯）He is going to marry this. （this作賓語時不能指人）
（對）I bought this. 我買這個。（this指物，可作賓語）
說明2：That和those可作定語從句的先行詞，但this和 these不能，同時，在作先行詞時，只有those可指人，試比較：
（對） He admired that which looked beautiful. 他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。
（對） He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
（錯） He admired that who danced well.?。╰hat作賓語時不能指人）
（對） He admired those who danced well. 他贊賞跳舞好的人。（those指人）
（對） He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。（those指物）
3.10 疑問代詞
1） 疑問代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用，用來構(gòu)成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾個：
指人： who, whom, whose
指物： what
既可指人又可指物： which
2） 疑問代詞在句中應(yīng)位于謂語動詞之前，沒有性和數(shù)的變化，除who之外也沒有格的變化。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。試比較：
疑問代詞：Whose are these books on the desk? 桌上的書是誰的？
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美國的領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張是朝哪個方向的？
限定詞：Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的書是誰的？
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國？
說明1：無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞，which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無限的，而which則指在一定的范圍內(nèi)。例如：
Which girls do you like best? 你喜歡哪幾個姑娘？
What girls do you like best? 你喜歡什么樣的姑娘？
說明2：Whom是who的賓格，在書面語中，它作動詞賓語或介詞賓語，在口語中作賓語時，可用who代替，但在介詞后只能用whom, 例如：
Who（m）did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了誰？（作動詞賓語）
Who（m） are you taking the book to? 你要把這書帶給誰？（作介詞賓語，置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校園里和誰講話了？（作介詞賓語，置介詞后，不能用who取代。）
說明3： 疑問代詞用于對介詞賓語提問時，過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首，現(xiàn)代英語中，疑問代詞在句首，介詞在句末。例如：
For what do most people live and work? 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（舊文體）
What are you looking for? 你在找什么？（現(xiàn)代英語）
說明4： 疑問代詞還可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。例如：
I can't make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed? 你能告訴我床上的藍(lán)襯衣是誰的嗎？
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你說的我大部分同意，但并不完全贊同。
11. 關(guān)系代詞
1） 關(guān)系代詞用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。它代表先行詞，同時在從句中作一定的句子成分。例如：
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。
該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl，又在從句中作介詞to的賓語。
2） 關(guān)系代詞有主格，賓格和屬格之分，并有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語從句中，that 可指人也可指物，見表：
指人
指物
指人或指物
主 格
who
which
that
賓 格
whom
that
that
屬 格
whose
of which/whose
of which/whose
例如：This is the pencil whose point is broken. 這就是那枝折了尖的鉛筆。（whose 指物，在限定性定語從句中作定語）
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回來取他丟下的書。（which指物，在限定性定語從句中作賓語，可以省略）
說明：非限定性定語從句中，不能用that作關(guān)系代詞。
3） 關(guān)系代詞which的先行詞可以是一個句子。例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他說在那兒看到了我，純屬謊言。
說明： 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略。另外，關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作表語時也可省略，例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 我過去懂拉丁語，現(xiàn)在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was. 他變化很大，已不是過去的他了。
3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor
1）不定代詞有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2）不定代詞的功能與用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代詞既可用作名詞，也可用作形容詞。every和no在句中只能作定語。例如：
I have no idea about it. 我不知該咋辦。
b. all 都，指三者以上。all 的主謂一致：all的單復(fù)數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例如：
All goes well. 一切進(jìn)展得很好。
all 通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如：不說 all the book，而說 the whole book。
但all可與表時間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如 all day，all night，all the year；但習(xí)慣上不說 all hour，all century。
all還可以與一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用，如 all China，all the city，all my life，all the way
3）both 都，指兩者。
a. both 與復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用，但 both… and…可與單數(shù)名詞連用。
b. both, all 都可作同位語，其位置在行為動詞前， be 動詞之后。如果助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面的實義動詞省去，則位于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞之前。例如：
Who can speak Japanese? 誰能講日本話？
We both（all）can. 我們都不會。
4）neither 兩者都不
a. neither作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
b. 作定語與單數(shù)名詞連用，但neither… nor 用作并列連詞，可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用。其謂語采用就近原則。
c. 可用于下列句型，避免重復(fù)。例如：
She can't sing，neither（can）he. 她不會唱歌，他也不會。
5）neither 與nor 的比較
a. 如前句是否定式從句，則主句用neither，而不用 nor。例如：
If you don't do it，neither should I. 如果你不干，我也不干。
b. 如后連續(xù)有幾個否定句式，則用nor，不用neither。例如：
He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate. 他不會唱歌，不會跳舞，也不會滑冰。
3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones
一、 none 無
1） none作主語，多與of 構(gòu)成短語 none of。 在答語中，none可單獨使用。例如：
Are there any pictures on the wall? 墻上有畫嗎？
None. 沒。
2） none作主語，謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)均可。但如做表語，則其單復(fù)數(shù)與表語一致。例如：
It is none of your business. 閑事莫管。
二、few 一些，少數(shù)
few 作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1） 可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。
2） 當(dāng)做"某一"解時，也可與單數(shù)名詞連用。（= a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day. 總有一天，你會為此后悔的。
A certain （some） person has seen you break the rule. 有些人不同意你的看法。
注意：
（1）在肯定疑問句中用some代替any。
（2）some用于其他句式中:
a.肯定疑問句中：說話人認(rèn)為對方的答案會是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時。
Would you like句式中，表委婉請求或建議。例如：
Would you like some coffee? 喝咖啡嗎？
b.在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時。例如：
If you need some help，let me know. 需要幫助，跟我說。
c.some位于主語部分。例如：
Some students haven't been there before. 有些學(xué)生沒去過那兒。
d.當(dāng)否定的是整體中的部分時，some可用于否定句。例如：
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years. 這些年我沒有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1） any 多用于否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。
當(dāng)句中含有任何的意思時，any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 這有三本小說，你可任讀一本。
五、one, 復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones
ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時無形容詞在前，則用some, any，而不用ones。例如：
Have you bought any rulers? 買尺了嗎？
Yes, I 've bought some. 買了，買了幾把。
3.14 one，that 和it
one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個，而it 與所指名詞為同一個。例如：
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.（不定）我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.（同類但不同個）你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.（ 同一物）我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
返回代詞目錄
3.15 one/another/the other
one… the other 只有兩個
some… the others 有三個以上
one… another，another…
some… others，others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1） 泛指另一個用another。
2） 一定范圍內(nèi)兩人（物），一個用one，另一個用the other。
3） 一定范圍內(nèi)三者，一個用one，另一個用one （another），第三個可用the other，a third。
4） 一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。
5） 泛指別的人或物時，用others當(dāng)在一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部時，也用others。
3.16 “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me. 他是幫我的學(xué)生之一。
第一句定語從句與the students 一致。
第二句定語從句與the one 一致。
3.17 anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each
1．a(chǎn)nyone 和 any one
anyone僅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。
2．no one 和none
a） none 后跟of短語，既可指人又可指物，而no one只單獨使用，只指人。
b） none 作主語，謂語動詞用單，復(fù)數(shù)均可，而no one作主語謂語動詞只能是單數(shù)。例如：
None of you could lift it. 你們中沒有人可舉起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now? --剛才有人打電話給我嗎?
---- No one. --沒有。
3．every 和each
1） every 強(qiáng)調(diào)全體的概念， each強(qiáng)調(diào)個體概念。例如：
Every student in our school works hard. 我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.. 每個學(xué)生都可有一本書。
2） every 指三個以上的人或物（含三個），each指兩個以上的人或物 （含兩個）。
3） every 只作形容詞，不可單獨使用。each可作代詞或形容詞。例如：
Every boy has to take one. 每個男孩必須取一個。
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4） every不可以作狀語，each可作狀語。
5） every 有反復(fù)重復(fù)的意思，如 every two weeks等； each沒有。
6） every 與not 連用，表示部分否定； each 和not連用表示全部否定。例如：
Every man is not honest. 并非每個人都誠實。
Each man is not honest. 這兒每個人都不誠實。
3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none
這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。其位置都在be 動詞之后，行為動詞之前或第一個助動詞之后。
1） both （兩者都），either（兩者中任何一個），neither （兩者都不）。以上詞使用范圍為兩個人或物。例如：
Neither of the two boys is clever. 兩個男孩都不聰明。
2） both，either
both與復(fù)數(shù)連用，either與單數(shù)連用。例如：
Both the boys are clever. 兩個男孩都很聰明。
Either of the two boys is clever.
There are flowers on both sides of the street. 路邊長滿了野花。
There are flowers on either side of the street.
3） all （所有的，全部的人或物），any （任何一個）， none （都不）。 以上詞使用范圍為三者以上。例如：
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都謝了。
I don't like any of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。
I like none of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。
注意：all與none用法一樣。跟單數(shù)名詞，用單數(shù)動詞；跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，用復(fù)數(shù)動詞。例如：
All of the students are there. 所有的學(xué)生都在那。
All （of） the milk is there. 所有的牛奶都在那。
3.19 many, much
Many，much都意為"許多"， many + 可數(shù)名詞，much + 不可數(shù)名詞。例如：
How many people are there at the meeting? 多少人出席了會議。
How much time has we left? 還剩多少時間？
Many of the workers were at the meeting.許多工人在開會。
Much of the time was spent on learning.學(xué)習(xí)上化了許多時間。
3.20 few, little, a few, a little
（a） few + 可數(shù)名詞, （a） little + 不可數(shù)名詞
a few / a little 為肯定含義，還有一點
few / little 為否定含義，沒有多少了。例如：
He has a few friends. 他有幾個朋友。
He has few friends. 他幾乎沒有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我們還有點時間。
There is little time left. 幾乎沒剩下什么時間了。
固定搭配：only a few （=few） not a few （=many） quite a few （=many） many a （=many）。例如：
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold. 賣出了許多書。
典型例題:
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是錢，不可數(shù)，只能用little或 a little. 本句為although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，由句意知后句為否定含義，因此應(yīng)用little表示幾乎不。
3.21 代詞練習(xí)
1.There are several pretty girls standing under the tree, but ______ are known to me.
a. neither b. none c. no one d. all
2.In one year rats eat 40 to 50 times ______ weight.
a. its b. and c. their d. theirs
3.You’d better continue to use the same spelling of your name as ______ you used in your application.
a. one b. the one c. any d. some one
4.The little baby was left alone, with ______ to look after it.
a. someone b. anyone c. not one d. no one
5.John can play chess better than ______ else.
a. the one b. no one c. any one d. another
6.The weight of something is another way of describing the amount of force exerted on ______ by gravity.
a. it b. them c. that d. one
7.It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is quite ______ to perform skillfully yourself.
a. other b. another c. some d. any
8.Children should be taught how to get along with ______.
a. another b. other c. others d. any other
9.The poor man lived on wild berries and roots because they had ______ to eat.
a. nothing else b. anything else c. something other d. nothing other
10.I go to the cinema ______ day, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays.
a. each other b. every other c. this and the other d. all other
11.One of the properties of light is ______ traveling in wave form as it goes from one place to another.
a. it b. it’s c. its d. their
12.______ in the world has been asked to do his duty for the human society.
a. Each of the tramps b. Every of the tramps c. The each tramp d. The every tramp
13.In some restaurants, food and service are worse than ______ used to be.
a. they b. it c. them d. that
14.Let the porter take all the baggage out and put ______ in the lobby.
a. it b. they c. them d. its
15.Everyone who comes to the party is given a wooden apple with _____ own names cut in it as a souvenir.
a. his b. her c. their d. our
16.Everybody in the class must give in ______ exercise book within the given time.
a. their b. our c. his d. her
17.During the journey, the boys and girls entertained ______ with songs and games.
a. themselves b. theirselves c. himself d. itself
18.You’d better buy ______ some fruits when you go on a trip.
a. youself b. myself c. yourself d. you
19.The boys in this town like to bully ______.
a. one another b. one and other c. each other d. one and the other
20.One common family name is Black,______ is Anderson.
a. another b. the other c. others d. none other
21.I have two novels: one of the two is “Gone with the Wind’, and ______ is “the Tale of Two Cities’.
a. another b. other c. none other d. the other
22.All girls wear beautiful clothes. Some are dressed in red;______ in green.
a. other b. another c. others d. none other
23.She can’t seem to help herself. And ______ can help her, either.
a. none else b. no one else c. not any d. somebody else
24.Children can usually dress ______ by the age of five.
a. him b. them c. hiself d. themselves
25.The gold watch had belonged to me for years, but the police refused to believe it was ______.
a. me b. my c. mine d. I’s
26.Mother would not let Mary and ______ attend the hockey game.
a. I b. my c. me d. we
27.In a news conference this afternoon, the university announced that ______ intends to make several important changes in next year’s budget.
a. he b. it c. she d. they
28.______ but a fool can make such a mistake.
a. Everyone b. No other c. Not all d. None
29.The poem by Browning is so observed that I cannot grasp ______ meaning.
a. its b. it’s c. their d. that
30.The mayor felt that the police, in spite of the reports, had done ______ best.
a. its b. their c. his d. our
31.I haven’t read ______ of the last four chapters, so I know little about them.
a. anything b. any c. some d. something
32.A pretty face may win friends but it takes character and personality to hold ______.
a. it b. them c. that d. one
33.In the discussion, one speaker held that, since we live in a money-oriented society, the average individual cares little about solving ______.
a. anyone else’s problems b. anyone’s else problems
b. anyone else problems d. problems of anyone else
34.I don’t know whether small oranges are sweeter than big ______.
a. those b. ones c. one d. that
35.‘How much water is left in the bottle?’ ‘______’
a. Nothing b. None c. Not some d. Not one
36.It took two of them to do the work that ______ of us could do.
a. someone b. anyone c. any one d. everyone
37.He has five children, and ______ of them is good at painting.
a. everyone b. everybody d. every one d. every
38.I have three brothers,______ are in Beijing.
a. no one of them b. neither of them c. some of them d. none of them
39.Some of my students study a lot,______ just don’t care.
a. anothers b. the other c. some other d. others
40.As a matter of fact, Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves are second only to ______.
a. Kuweit b. that of Kuweit c. Kuweits’s d. those of Kuweit
41.This book of _______ used to be one of the best sellers in the shop.
a. his b. him c. that man d. this
42.We should always keep ______ well-informed of the changing information.
a. us b. ours c. ourselves d. we
43.The climate here is often said to be similar to ______.
a. Japan b. one of Japan c. that of Japan d. in Japan
44.Hunted by constant fear of arrest, the thief ______ to the police at last.
a. gave it up b. gave up himself c. gave him up d. gave himself up
45.______ of the boys in the class who have passed the test is to receive certificates.
a. Every b. Every one c. Any d. Anyone
46.Do you believe that she has blamed us for the accident, especially ______?
a. you and me b. you and I c. I and you d. me and you
47.Of those who graduated with ______,Ellen is the only one who has found a good job.
a. Betty and he b. he and Betty c. Betty and him d. Him and Betty
48.He is surprised by ______ having to pay for the accident.
a. you b. yours c. your d. your’s
49.This is a left hand glove and that is ______.
a. other b. the other one c. other one d. another
50.Add those examples to ______ you have already noted.
a. one b. the one c. one d. the ones
51.Have you got a ticket? Yes, I’ve got ______.
a. it b. the one c. one d. the ones
52.There’s the doorbell; I hope ______ Tom.
a. its b. it’s c. is d. he’s
53.It’s cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new ______ made.
a. one b. ones c. furniture d. furnitures
54.Those of us who are over fifty years old should get ______ blood pressure checked regularly.
a. their b. their’s c. our d. ours
55.Every man and woman eighteen years of age or older is eligible to vote for the candidate of ______.
a. his choice b. their choice c. the choice of him d. the choice of theirs
56.I bite my nails. I must break ______.
a. the habit of me b. the habit with myself c. myself of the habit d. of the habit myself
57.______ of them shared my opinions, so we have ______ in common to discuss.
a. Nobody/a little b. Few/little c. A few/little d. None/many
58.When science, business and art learn something of ______ methods and goals, the world will have come closer to cultural harmony.
a. one and the other’s b. each and the other’s
c. one another’s d. the one’s and the other’s
59.The boy is ______ of a musician.
a. anyone b. anything c. someone d. something
60.For ______ interested in nature, the club offers hikes and overnight camping each week during the summer.
a. them b. whom c. themselves d. those
61.The use of radar as well as the two-way radio ______ for the police to intercept most speeders.
a. make it possible b. makes it possible c. makes possible d. make it a possibility
62.The family never agree about ______ shares of the property.
a. her b. its c. their d. his
63.The flock of geese was flying through the sky in perfect formation following ______ leader.
a. its b. their c. his d. her
64.When Jonathan went to Spain with his sister, he bought a leather coat for her and another for ______.
a. him b. himself c. he d. his
65.Those of us who wear glasses should have ______ eyes examined at regular intervals.
a. their b. our c. his d. her
66.Frank admired his friends Tom and David. He imitated ______.
a. theirs every action b. every action of theirs c. every of their action d. every action of their one
67.My desk is ______.
a. between his b. between his one c. beside his one d. beside his
68.“May I speak to Iris?”
“This is ______ speaking.”
a. she b. hers’s c. hers d. her
69.Mary is the landlady ______.
a. from who we rent the flat b. from whom we rent the flat
b. whom we rent the flat d. who we rent the flat
70.Give the message to ______ is at the table.
a. whomever b. whosever c. whatever d. whoever
71.It was through experimentation ______ people found out he behavior of electricity.
a. that b. which c. / d. the
72.______ Nat Turner who led a revolt against slavery in Virginia in 1831.
a. Where was b. It was c. He was d. it was him
73.It wasn’t ______ telephoned me.
a. he whom b. him whom c. he who d . his who
74.It was ______ he bought the magazine.
a. from a second-hand store where b. a second-hand store in which
b. in a second-hand store that d. in a second-hand store where
75.It was ______ late in the evening that the students returned to the dormitories.
a. till b. before c. when d. not until
76.It was ______ that he did not go to Mount Lao with us.
a. because he was ill b. as he was ill
b. since he was ill d. though he was ill
77.It was ______ that he joined the evening party.
a. finding Comrade Li b. found Comrade Li c. to find Comrade Li d. find Comrade Li
78.Was it ______ she agreed to help?
a. very reluctantly so that b. very reluctantly that
b. so reluctantly that d. very reluctantly when
79.______ she gave the postcards to?
a. Whom it was that b. Who it was that c. Who was it that d. It was who that
80.______ the camel can go for three days without food or drink?
a. That it is why b. That is it why c. Why it is that d. Why is it that
代詞是代替名詞的詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、自身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種。
一、人稱代詞是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我們"、"你們"、"他們"的詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數(shù)和格的變化，見下表：
數(shù)
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
格
主格
賓格
主格
賓格
第一人稱
I
me
we
us
第二人稱
you
you
you
you
第三人稱
he
him
they
them
she
her
they
them
it
it
they
them
例如：He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。
It's me. 是我。
二、 物主代詞是表示所有關(guān)系的代詞，也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種，其人物和數(shù)的變化見下表。
數(shù)
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
人稱
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
形容詞性物主代詞
my
your
his/her/its
our
your
their
名詞性物主代詞
mine
yours
his/hers/its
ours
yours
theirs
例如： I like his car. 我喜歡他的小汽車。
Our school is here，and theirs is there. 我們的學(xué)校在這兒，他們的在那兒。
三、 指示代詞表示"那個"、"這個"、"這些"、"那些"等指示概念的代詞。指示代詞有this，that，these，those等。例如：
That is a good idea. 那是個好主意。
四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我們自己"、"你們自己"和"他們自己"等的代詞，叫做自身代詞，也稱為"反身代詞"。例如：
She was talking to herself. 她自言自語。
五、 表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫相互代詞，有each other 和one another兩組，但在運(yùn)用中，這兩組詞沒什么大的區(qū)別。例如：
They love each other. 他們彼此相愛。
六、 不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。常見的不定代詞有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代詞，如anybody， something，no one。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞，在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語，但none和由some，any，no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞只能作主語、賓語或表語；every和no只能作定語。例如：
--- Do you have a car? --你有一輛小汽車嗎？
--- Yes，I have one. --是的，我有一輛。
--- I don't know any of them. 他們，我一個也不認(rèn)識。
七、 疑問代詞有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句。疑問代詞都可用作連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句）例如：
Tell me who he is. 告訴我他是誰。
八、 關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。它們在定語從句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語等；另一方面它們又代表主句中為定語從句所修飾的那個名詞或代詞（先行詞）。例如：
He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那個人。
3.1 人稱代詞的用法
1）人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補(bǔ)語。例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home. 約翰等了一會兒，最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗，還真是她。
說明：在復(fù)合句中，如果主句和從句主語相同，代詞主語要用在從句中，名詞主語用在主句中。例如：
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 約翰一到就直接去銀行了。
2）人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語，但在口語中也能作主語補(bǔ)語，第一人稱在省略句中，還可以作主語。例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他們在一起，至少我認(rèn)為是她。（her做賓語，them做介詞賓語，her做主語補(bǔ)語）
a. -- Who broke the vase? --誰打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me. --我。（me做主語補(bǔ)語= It's me.）
說明：在上面兩例句中，her和me分別作主語補(bǔ)語?，F(xiàn)代英語中多用賓格，在正式文體中這里應(yīng)為she和I。
3.2 人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換
1） 賓格代替主格
a.在簡短對話中，當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨使用或在not 后，多用賓語。
---- I like English. --我喜歡英語。
---- Me too. --我也喜歡。
---- Have more wine? --再來點酒喝嗎?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中，常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語的謂語保留，則主語只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2） 主格代替賓格
a. 在介詞but，except 后，有時可用主格代替賓格。
b. 在電話用語中常用主格?！ ?BR> ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和瑪麗通話。
---- This is she. --我就是瑪麗。
注意：在動詞be 或to be 后的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。
I thought it was she. 我以為是她?！ 。ㄖ鞲?---主格）
I thought it to be her. （賓格----賓格）
I was taken to be she. 我被當(dāng)成了她。 （主格----主格）
They took me to be her. 他們把我當(dāng)成了她。 （賓格----賓格）
3.3 代詞的指代問題
1）不定代詞 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one， 及whoever和person在正式場合使用時，可用he, his, him代替。例如：
Nobody came, did he? 誰也沒來，是嗎?
2）動物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替，有時也用he, she，帶有親切的感情色彩。例如：
Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。
3）指代車或國家，船舶的名詞，含感情色彩時常用she。
3.4 并列人稱代詞的排列順序
1） 單數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語時，其順序為：第二人稱－> 第三人稱 －> 第一人稱，即you－> he/she; it -> I。例如：
You, he and I should return on time.
2） 復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞作主語時，其順序為：第一人稱 －> 第二人稱 －> 第三人稱，即we?。?you－>they。
注意： 在下列情況中，第一人稱放在前面。
a. 在承認(rèn)錯誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時，
It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和約翰惹她生氣了。
b. 在長輩對晚輩，長官對下屬說話時，如長官為第一人稱，如：
I and you try to finish it. 我和你去弄好它。
c. 并列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時。
d. 當(dāng)其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時。
3.5 物主代詞
1）物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用。例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
約翰割破了手指，顯而易見，他桌子上有個破玻璃杯。
物主代詞有形容詞性（my, your等）和名詞性（mine, yours等）兩種，形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當(dāng)于省略了中心名詞的--'s屬格結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Jack's cap 意為The cap is Jack's。
His cap 意為The cap is his。
2） 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能
a. 作主語。例如：
May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎？你的比我的好用。
b. 作賓語。例如：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我深愛我的祖國就像你深愛你的祖國一樣。
c. 作介詞賓語。例如：
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你應(yīng)當(dāng)按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話，而不能按你自己的去解釋。
d. 作主語補(bǔ)語。例如：
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命屬于你，屬于你，屬于你。
3.6 雙重所有格
物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置，修飾一個名詞，而必須用雙重所有格。公式為：a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。例如：a friend of mine, each brother of his.
返回代詞目錄
7 .反身代詞
1） 列表
數(shù)
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
人稱
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
人稱代詞
I
you
he/she/it
we
you
they
反身代詞
myself
yourself
yourself/herself/himself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
另外：one的反身代詞為oneself
2）做賓語
a. 有些動詞需有反身代詞，如absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。例如：
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 請你隨便吃點魚。
b. 用于及物動詞+賓語+介詞，如take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth等。例如：
I could not dress（myself）up at that time. 那個時候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些動詞后不跟反身代詞，如：get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。例如：
Please sit down. 請坐。
3） 用作表語，如結(jié)構(gòu)be oneself。例如：
I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
4） 用作同位語
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
5） 在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下，but, except, for 等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如：No one but myself（me）is hurt.
注意：
a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。
（錯） Myself drove the car.
（對） I myself drove the car. 我自己開車。
b. 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語中，第二個主語可用反身代詞，特別是myself 作主語。例如：
Charles and myself saw it. 查爾斯和我看見了這件事。
3.8 相互代詞
1）相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個詞組。他們表示句中動詞所敘述的動作或感覺在涉及的各個對象之間是相互存在的。例如：
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
顯而易見，不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。
2）相互代詞的句法功能：
a. 作動詞賓語；
People should love one another. 人們應(yīng)當(dāng)彼此相愛。
b. 可作介詞賓語；
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對唱。
說明：傳統(tǒng)語法認(rèn)為，相互關(guān)系存在于兩個人或物之間用each other， 存在于兩個以上人和物之間用one another。現(xiàn)代英語中，兩組詞交替使用的實例也很多。例如：
He put all the books beside each other/one another. 他把所有書并列擺放起來。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other. 這些小團(tuán)體通常是相互獨立的。
c. 相互代詞可加-'s構(gòu)成所有格。例如：
The students borrowed each other's notes. 學(xué)生們互借筆記。
3.9 指示代詞
1） 指示代詞分單數(shù)（this / that）和復(fù)數(shù)（these / those）兩種形式，既可作限定詞又可做代詞。例如：
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
限定詞
This girl is Mary.
Those men are my teachers.
代詞
This is Mary.
Those are my teachers.
2） 指示代詞的句法功能；
a. 作主語。例如：
This is the way to do it. 這事兒就該這樣做。
b. 作賓語。例如：
I like this better than that. 我喜歡這個甚至那個。
c. 作主語補(bǔ)語。例如：
My point is this. 我的觀點就是如此。
d. 作介詞賓語。例如：
I don't say no to that. 我并未拒絕那個。
There is no fear of that. 那并不可怕。
說明1：指示代詞在作主語時可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分時只能指物，不能指人。例如：
（對）That is my teacher. 那是我的老師。（that作主語，指人）
（對）He is going to marry this girl. 他要和這個姑娘結(jié)婚。（this作限定詞）
（錯）He is going to marry this. （this作賓語時不能指人）
（對）I bought this. 我買這個。（this指物，可作賓語）
說明2：That和those可作定語從句的先行詞，但this和 these不能，同時，在作先行詞時，只有those可指人，試比較：
（對） He admired that which looked beautiful. 他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。
（對） He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
（錯） He admired that who danced well.?。╰hat作賓語時不能指人）
（對） He admired those who danced well. 他贊賞跳舞好的人。（those指人）
（對） He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。（those指物）
3.10 疑問代詞
1） 疑問代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用，用來構(gòu)成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾個：
指人： who, whom, whose
指物： what
既可指人又可指物： which
2） 疑問代詞在句中應(yīng)位于謂語動詞之前，沒有性和數(shù)的變化，除who之外也沒有格的變化。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。試比較：
疑問代詞：Whose are these books on the desk? 桌上的書是誰的？
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美國的領(lǐng)土擴(kuò)張是朝哪個方向的？
限定詞：Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的書是誰的？
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國？
說明1：無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞，which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無限的，而which則指在一定的范圍內(nèi)。例如：
Which girls do you like best? 你喜歡哪幾個姑娘？
What girls do you like best? 你喜歡什么樣的姑娘？
說明2：Whom是who的賓格，在書面語中，它作動詞賓語或介詞賓語，在口語中作賓語時，可用who代替，但在介詞后只能用whom, 例如：
Who（m）did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了誰？（作動詞賓語）
Who（m） are you taking the book to? 你要把這書帶給誰？（作介詞賓語，置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校園里和誰講話了？（作介詞賓語，置介詞后，不能用who取代。）
說明3： 疑問代詞用于對介詞賓語提問時，過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首，現(xiàn)代英語中，疑問代詞在句首，介詞在句末。例如：
For what do most people live and work? 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（舊文體）
What are you looking for? 你在找什么？（現(xiàn)代英語）
說明4： 疑問代詞還可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。例如：
I can't make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed? 你能告訴我床上的藍(lán)襯衣是誰的嗎？
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你說的我大部分同意，但并不完全贊同。
11. 關(guān)系代詞
1） 關(guān)系代詞用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。它代表先行詞，同時在從句中作一定的句子成分。例如：
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。
該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl，又在從句中作介詞to的賓語。
2） 關(guān)系代詞有主格，賓格和屬格之分，并有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語從句中，that 可指人也可指物，見表：
指人
指物
指人或指物
主 格
who
which
that
賓 格
whom
that
that
屬 格
whose
of which/whose
of which/whose
例如：This is the pencil whose point is broken. 這就是那枝折了尖的鉛筆。（whose 指物，在限定性定語從句中作定語）
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回來取他丟下的書。（which指物，在限定性定語從句中作賓語，可以省略）
說明：非限定性定語從句中，不能用that作關(guān)系代詞。
3） 關(guān)系代詞which的先行詞可以是一個句子。例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他說在那兒看到了我，純屬謊言。
說明： 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略。另外，關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作表語時也可省略，例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 我過去懂拉丁語，現(xiàn)在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was. 他變化很大，已不是過去的他了。
3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor
1）不定代詞有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2）不定代詞的功能與用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代詞既可用作名詞，也可用作形容詞。every和no在句中只能作定語。例如：
I have no idea about it. 我不知該咋辦。
b. all 都，指三者以上。all 的主謂一致：all的單復(fù)數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。例如：
All goes well. 一切進(jìn)展得很好。
all 通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如：不說 all the book，而說 the whole book。
但all可與表時間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如 all day，all night，all the year；但習(xí)慣上不說 all hour，all century。
all還可以與一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用，如 all China，all the city，all my life，all the way
3）both 都，指兩者。
a. both 與復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用，但 both… and…可與單數(shù)名詞連用。
b. both, all 都可作同位語，其位置在行為動詞前， be 動詞之后。如果助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面的實義動詞省去，則位于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞之前。例如：
Who can speak Japanese? 誰能講日本話？
We both（all）can. 我們都不會。
4）neither 兩者都不
a. neither作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
b. 作定語與單數(shù)名詞連用，但neither… nor 用作并列連詞，可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用。其謂語采用就近原則。
c. 可用于下列句型，避免重復(fù)。例如：
She can't sing，neither（can）he. 她不會唱歌，他也不會。
5）neither 與nor 的比較
a. 如前句是否定式從句，則主句用neither，而不用 nor。例如：
If you don't do it，neither should I. 如果你不干，我也不干。
b. 如后連續(xù)有幾個否定句式，則用nor，不用neither。例如：
He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate. 他不會唱歌，不會跳舞，也不會滑冰。
3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones
一、 none 無
1） none作主語，多與of 構(gòu)成短語 none of。 在答語中，none可單獨使用。例如：
Are there any pictures on the wall? 墻上有畫嗎？
None. 沒。
2） none作主語，謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)均可。但如做表語，則其單復(fù)數(shù)與表語一致。例如：
It is none of your business. 閑事莫管。
二、few 一些，少數(shù)
few 作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1） 可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。
2） 當(dāng)做"某一"解時，也可與單數(shù)名詞連用。（= a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day. 總有一天，你會為此后悔的。
A certain （some） person has seen you break the rule. 有些人不同意你的看法。
注意：
（1）在肯定疑問句中用some代替any。
（2）some用于其他句式中:
a.肯定疑問句中：說話人認(rèn)為對方的答案會是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時。
Would you like句式中，表委婉請求或建議。例如：
Would you like some coffee? 喝咖啡嗎？
b.在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時。例如：
If you need some help，let me know. 需要幫助，跟我說。
c.some位于主語部分。例如：
Some students haven't been there before. 有些學(xué)生沒去過那兒。
d.當(dāng)否定的是整體中的部分時，some可用于否定句。例如：
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years. 這些年我沒有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1） any 多用于否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。
當(dāng)句中含有任何的意思時，any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 這有三本小說，你可任讀一本。
五、one, 復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones
ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時無形容詞在前，則用some, any，而不用ones。例如：
Have you bought any rulers? 買尺了嗎？
Yes, I 've bought some. 買了，買了幾把。
3.14 one，that 和it
one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個，而it 與所指名詞為同一個。例如：
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.（不定）我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.（同類但不同個）你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.（ 同一物）我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
返回代詞目錄
3.15 one/another/the other
one… the other 只有兩個
some… the others 有三個以上
one… another，another…
some… others，others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1） 泛指另一個用another。
2） 一定范圍內(nèi)兩人（物），一個用one，另一個用the other。
3） 一定范圍內(nèi)三者，一個用one，另一個用one （another），第三個可用the other，a third。
4） 一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。
5） 泛指別的人或物時，用others當(dāng)在一定范圍內(nèi)，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部時，也用others。
3.16 “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me. 他是幫我的學(xué)生之一。
第一句定語從句與the students 一致。
第二句定語從句與the one 一致。
3.17 anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each
1．a(chǎn)nyone 和 any one
anyone僅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。
2．no one 和none
a） none 后跟of短語，既可指人又可指物，而no one只單獨使用，只指人。
b） none 作主語，謂語動詞用單，復(fù)數(shù)均可，而no one作主語謂語動詞只能是單數(shù)。例如：
None of you could lift it. 你們中沒有人可舉起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now? --剛才有人打電話給我嗎?
---- No one. --沒有。
3．every 和each
1） every 強(qiáng)調(diào)全體的概念， each強(qiáng)調(diào)個體概念。例如：
Every student in our school works hard. 我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.. 每個學(xué)生都可有一本書。
2） every 指三個以上的人或物（含三個），each指兩個以上的人或物 （含兩個）。
3） every 只作形容詞，不可單獨使用。each可作代詞或形容詞。例如：
Every boy has to take one. 每個男孩必須取一個。
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4） every不可以作狀語，each可作狀語。
5） every 有反復(fù)重復(fù)的意思，如 every two weeks等； each沒有。
6） every 與not 連用，表示部分否定； each 和not連用表示全部否定。例如：
Every man is not honest. 并非每個人都誠實。
Each man is not honest. 這兒每個人都不誠實。
3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none
這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。其位置都在be 動詞之后，行為動詞之前或第一個助動詞之后。
1） both （兩者都），either（兩者中任何一個），neither （兩者都不）。以上詞使用范圍為兩個人或物。例如：
Neither of the two boys is clever. 兩個男孩都不聰明。
2） both，either
both與復(fù)數(shù)連用，either與單數(shù)連用。例如：
Both the boys are clever. 兩個男孩都很聰明。
Either of the two boys is clever.
There are flowers on both sides of the street. 路邊長滿了野花。
There are flowers on either side of the street.
3） all （所有的，全部的人或物），any （任何一個）， none （都不）。 以上詞使用范圍為三者以上。例如：
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都謝了。
I don't like any of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。
I like none of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。
注意：all與none用法一樣。跟單數(shù)名詞，用單數(shù)動詞；跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，用復(fù)數(shù)動詞。例如：
All of the students are there. 所有的學(xué)生都在那。
All （of） the milk is there. 所有的牛奶都在那。
3.19 many, much
Many，much都意為"許多"， many + 可數(shù)名詞，much + 不可數(shù)名詞。例如：
How many people are there at the meeting? 多少人出席了會議。
How much time has we left? 還剩多少時間？
Many of the workers were at the meeting.許多工人在開會。
Much of the time was spent on learning.學(xué)習(xí)上化了許多時間。
3.20 few, little, a few, a little
（a） few + 可數(shù)名詞, （a） little + 不可數(shù)名詞
a few / a little 為肯定含義，還有一點
few / little 為否定含義，沒有多少了。例如：
He has a few friends. 他有幾個朋友。
He has few friends. 他幾乎沒有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我們還有點時間。
There is little time left. 幾乎沒剩下什么時間了。
固定搭配：only a few （=few） not a few （=many） quite a few （=many） many a （=many）。例如：
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold. 賣出了許多書。
典型例題:
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是錢，不可數(shù)，只能用little或 a little. 本句為although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，由句意知后句為否定含義，因此應(yīng)用little表示幾乎不。
3.21 代詞練習(xí)
1.There are several pretty girls standing under the tree, but ______ are known to me.
a. neither b. none c. no one d. all
2.In one year rats eat 40 to 50 times ______ weight.
a. its b. and c. their d. theirs
3.You’d better continue to use the same spelling of your name as ______ you used in your application.
a. one b. the one c. any d. some one
4.The little baby was left alone, with ______ to look after it.
a. someone b. anyone c. not one d. no one
5.John can play chess better than ______ else.
a. the one b. no one c. any one d. another
6.The weight of something is another way of describing the amount of force exerted on ______ by gravity.
a. it b. them c. that d. one
7.It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is quite ______ to perform skillfully yourself.
a. other b. another c. some d. any
8.Children should be taught how to get along with ______.
a. another b. other c. others d. any other
9.The poor man lived on wild berries and roots because they had ______ to eat.
a. nothing else b. anything else c. something other d. nothing other
10.I go to the cinema ______ day, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays.
a. each other b. every other c. this and the other d. all other
11.One of the properties of light is ______ traveling in wave form as it goes from one place to another.
a. it b. it’s c. its d. their
12.______ in the world has been asked to do his duty for the human society.
a. Each of the tramps b. Every of the tramps c. The each tramp d. The every tramp
13.In some restaurants, food and service are worse than ______ used to be.
a. they b. it c. them d. that
14.Let the porter take all the baggage out and put ______ in the lobby.
a. it b. they c. them d. its
15.Everyone who comes to the party is given a wooden apple with _____ own names cut in it as a souvenir.
a. his b. her c. their d. our
16.Everybody in the class must give in ______ exercise book within the given time.
a. their b. our c. his d. her
17.During the journey, the boys and girls entertained ______ with songs and games.
a. themselves b. theirselves c. himself d. itself
18.You’d better buy ______ some fruits when you go on a trip.
a. youself b. myself c. yourself d. you
19.The boys in this town like to bully ______.
a. one another b. one and other c. each other d. one and the other
20.One common family name is Black,______ is Anderson.
a. another b. the other c. others d. none other
21.I have two novels: one of the two is “Gone with the Wind’, and ______ is “the Tale of Two Cities’.
a. another b. other c. none other d. the other
22.All girls wear beautiful clothes. Some are dressed in red;______ in green.
a. other b. another c. others d. none other
23.She can’t seem to help herself. And ______ can help her, either.
a. none else b. no one else c. not any d. somebody else
24.Children can usually dress ______ by the age of five.
a. him b. them c. hiself d. themselves
25.The gold watch had belonged to me for years, but the police refused to believe it was ______.
a. me b. my c. mine d. I’s
26.Mother would not let Mary and ______ attend the hockey game.
a. I b. my c. me d. we
27.In a news conference this afternoon, the university announced that ______ intends to make several important changes in next year’s budget.
a. he b. it c. she d. they
28.______ but a fool can make such a mistake.
a. Everyone b. No other c. Not all d. None
29.The poem by Browning is so observed that I cannot grasp ______ meaning.
a. its b. it’s c. their d. that
30.The mayor felt that the police, in spite of the reports, had done ______ best.
a. its b. their c. his d. our
31.I haven’t read ______ of the last four chapters, so I know little about them.
a. anything b. any c. some d. something
32.A pretty face may win friends but it takes character and personality to hold ______.
a. it b. them c. that d. one
33.In the discussion, one speaker held that, since we live in a money-oriented society, the average individual cares little about solving ______.
a. anyone else’s problems b. anyone’s else problems
b. anyone else problems d. problems of anyone else
34.I don’t know whether small oranges are sweeter than big ______.
a. those b. ones c. one d. that
35.‘How much water is left in the bottle?’ ‘______’
a. Nothing b. None c. Not some d. Not one
36.It took two of them to do the work that ______ of us could do.
a. someone b. anyone c. any one d. everyone
37.He has five children, and ______ of them is good at painting.
a. everyone b. everybody d. every one d. every
38.I have three brothers,______ are in Beijing.
a. no one of them b. neither of them c. some of them d. none of them
39.Some of my students study a lot,______ just don’t care.
a. anothers b. the other c. some other d. others
40.As a matter of fact, Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves are second only to ______.
a. Kuweit b. that of Kuweit c. Kuweits’s d. those of Kuweit
41.This book of _______ used to be one of the best sellers in the shop.
a. his b. him c. that man d. this
42.We should always keep ______ well-informed of the changing information.
a. us b. ours c. ourselves d. we
43.The climate here is often said to be similar to ______.
a. Japan b. one of Japan c. that of Japan d. in Japan
44.Hunted by constant fear of arrest, the thief ______ to the police at last.
a. gave it up b. gave up himself c. gave him up d. gave himself up
45.______ of the boys in the class who have passed the test is to receive certificates.
a. Every b. Every one c. Any d. Anyone
46.Do you believe that she has blamed us for the accident, especially ______?
a. you and me b. you and I c. I and you d. me and you
47.Of those who graduated with ______,Ellen is the only one who has found a good job.
a. Betty and he b. he and Betty c. Betty and him d. Him and Betty
48.He is surprised by ______ having to pay for the accident.
a. you b. yours c. your d. your’s
49.This is a left hand glove and that is ______.
a. other b. the other one c. other one d. another
50.Add those examples to ______ you have already noted.
a. one b. the one c. one d. the ones
51.Have you got a ticket? Yes, I’ve got ______.
a. it b. the one c. one d. the ones
52.There’s the doorbell; I hope ______ Tom.
a. its b. it’s c. is d. he’s
53.It’s cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new ______ made.
a. one b. ones c. furniture d. furnitures
54.Those of us who are over fifty years old should get ______ blood pressure checked regularly.
a. their b. their’s c. our d. ours
55.Every man and woman eighteen years of age or older is eligible to vote for the candidate of ______.
a. his choice b. their choice c. the choice of him d. the choice of theirs
56.I bite my nails. I must break ______.
a. the habit of me b. the habit with myself c. myself of the habit d. of the habit myself
57.______ of them shared my opinions, so we have ______ in common to discuss.
a. Nobody/a little b. Few/little c. A few/little d. None/many
58.When science, business and art learn something of ______ methods and goals, the world will have come closer to cultural harmony.
a. one and the other’s b. each and the other’s
c. one another’s d. the one’s and the other’s
59.The boy is ______ of a musician.
a. anyone b. anything c. someone d. something
60.For ______ interested in nature, the club offers hikes and overnight camping each week during the summer.
a. them b. whom c. themselves d. those
61.The use of radar as well as the two-way radio ______ for the police to intercept most speeders.
a. make it possible b. makes it possible c. makes possible d. make it a possibility
62.The family never agree about ______ shares of the property.
a. her b. its c. their d. his
63.The flock of geese was flying through the sky in perfect formation following ______ leader.
a. its b. their c. his d. her
64.When Jonathan went to Spain with his sister, he bought a leather coat for her and another for ______.
a. him b. himself c. he d. his
65.Those of us who wear glasses should have ______ eyes examined at regular intervals.
a. their b. our c. his d. her
66.Frank admired his friends Tom and David. He imitated ______.
a. theirs every action b. every action of theirs c. every of their action d. every action of their one
67.My desk is ______.
a. between his b. between his one c. beside his one d. beside his
68.“May I speak to Iris?”
“This is ______ speaking.”
a. she b. hers’s c. hers d. her
69.Mary is the landlady ______.
a. from who we rent the flat b. from whom we rent the flat
b. whom we rent the flat d. who we rent the flat
70.Give the message to ______ is at the table.
a. whomever b. whosever c. whatever d. whoever
71.It was through experimentation ______ people found out he behavior of electricity.
a. that b. which c. / d. the
72.______ Nat Turner who led a revolt against slavery in Virginia in 1831.
a. Where was b. It was c. He was d. it was him
73.It wasn’t ______ telephoned me.
a. he whom b. him whom c. he who d . his who
74.It was ______ he bought the magazine.
a. from a second-hand store where b. a second-hand store in which
b. in a second-hand store that d. in a second-hand store where
75.It was ______ late in the evening that the students returned to the dormitories.
a. till b. before c. when d. not until
76.It was ______ that he did not go to Mount Lao with us.
a. because he was ill b. as he was ill
b. since he was ill d. though he was ill
77.It was ______ that he joined the evening party.
a. finding Comrade Li b. found Comrade Li c. to find Comrade Li d. find Comrade Li
78.Was it ______ she agreed to help?
a. very reluctantly so that b. very reluctantly that
b. so reluctantly that d. very reluctantly when
79.______ she gave the postcards to?
a. Whom it was that b. Who it was that c. Who was it that d. It was who that
80.______ the camel can go for three days without food or drink?
a. That it is why b. That is it why c. Why it is that d. Why is it that