【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句】
定語(yǔ)從句一般緊接被它所修飾的先行詞；但有時(shí)候它和先行詞之間有可能插入其他成分，使它與先行詞分隔開(kāi)來(lái)，這種定語(yǔ)從句叫作被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句，在閱讀文章時(shí)會(huì)經(jīng)常遇到這種情況，在閱讀是要注意識(shí)別先行詞的修飾對(duì)象。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，定語(yǔ)從句被分割開(kāi)來(lái)大致有以下三種：
①在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間插入一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)。
如：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
在太空中有成千上萬(wàn)的象太陽(yáng)般的星星。
乍一看，that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在名詞sky的后面，似乎應(yīng)該是修飾sky的。但仔細(xì)一想，”不對(duì)啊，天空怎么能象太陽(yáng)呢？“，原來(lái)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句被in the sky這個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)分隔開(kāi)來(lái)，修飾中心詞stars。
②在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間插入一個(gè)定語(yǔ)。
如：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
你還記得嗎，十年前的一天下午，我來(lái)到你家，找你借了一條鉆石項(xiàng)鏈？
when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace實(shí)際上是修飾afternoon而不是修飾 years。ten years ago 實(shí)際上是定語(yǔ)后置修飾afternoon。
③先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句被謂語(yǔ)分隔開(kāi)來(lái)。此時(shí)，先行詞通常是句子的主語(yǔ)，因定語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)，主句謂語(yǔ)較短，為使句子平衡，常將定語(yǔ)從句移至謂語(yǔ)之后
如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
明天，新（男）老師將來(lái)較你德語(yǔ)。
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from的區(qū)別】
（１） besides與except
前者表示＂除．．．以外，還有．．．＂；后者表示＂從整體中除去．．．＂
這個(gè)大家都知道，就不舉例子了．
（２）except與except for
a．除去的和非除去的是同類(lèi)事物，用except
eg：
All the essays are well written except Nelson"s.
Nelson的文章（除去的）和All the essays（非除去的）是同類(lèi)事物，所以用except．
b．除去的和非除去的不是同類(lèi)事物，用except for，并且從語(yǔ)氣上通常表示遺憾．
eg：His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.
a few spelling mistakes(除去的）和His essay（非除去的）是不同類(lèi)的事物．
（３）apart from 具有多重意義：既可表示besides，也可以表示exept或exept for，還可以表示without的意思
eg：
Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besides)
The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except)
He has done good work,apart from a few slight faults.(=except for)
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.實(shí)踐出真知．（＝without）
（４）excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not，without，always等詞之后
eg:
Excepting his brother,they are all right.
Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame.
All of us,without excepting those who know more about the subject,should study.
All my brothers com here every day,always excepting the youngest.
（５）but與except同義，但but多用在every，any，no等和由這些詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞如everything，anywhere，nobody等詞以后及all，none之后
eg：
The children go to school everyday but Sunday.
They are all gone but me.
You can get the book anywhere but here.
There is no one but me.
Who but George would do such a thing?
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)之too...to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義的情況】（連載中）
【too...to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義的情況】
我們知道too...to結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示否定含義,意為"太...以致于不能"
eg:He is too old to work.
但too...to在下列情況下卻表示肯定含義:
⑴當(dāng)too前或to前有否定詞構(gòu)成雙重否定時(shí).
eg:English is not too difficult to learn.
英語(yǔ)并不太難學(xué).
He is too wise not to see that.
他很聰明,不會(huì)不懂這一點(diǎn).
⑵當(dāng)too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,
early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容詞或副詞時(shí).
eg:They are too anxious to leave.
他們急于離開(kāi).
He is too ready to help others.
他總是樂(lè)于助人.
與這些詞連用時(shí),too前還常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副詞,意思不變,因?yàn)檫@些詞加上too后與very同義.
eg:I"m only too glad to see you .
見(jiàn)到你非常高興.
They are but too pleased to hear the news.
他們聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,非常高興.
⑶與cannot連用時(shí).
eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework.
你做作業(yè)越仔細(xì)越好(=無(wú)論怎樣仔細(xì)也不過(guò)分).
⑷當(dāng)不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)或真正的主語(yǔ)時(shí).
eg:There are too many problems to be solved.
有很多問(wèn)題有待解決.
It is too much to say that he is a fool.
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】
⑴"every other+單數(shù)名詞”
意思是“每隔一。。?！?BR> 如：every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵樹(shù)
⑵“every+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”或“every+序數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞”
意思是“每隔。。?！保ㄝ^英語(yǔ)數(shù)詞少一個(gè)）
如：every three days=every third day 每隔兩天（或者譯為每三天）
因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天（或者譯為每?jī)商欤?BR> ⑶“every few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”
意思是“每隔幾。。?！?BR> 如：every few days（每隔幾天）
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之a(chǎn)live、live、living和lively的用法】
⑴ lively 有“活潑的、快活的、生動(dòng)的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定語(yǔ)或標(biāo)語(yǔ)；但它沒(méi)有“活著的”意思，而其他三個(gè)都有。
如：
Young children are usually lively.
小孩子們通常是活潑的。
He told a very lively story.
他講了一個(gè)生動(dòng)的故事。
⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，與dead意義相反。但live通常只作前置定語(yǔ)，且一般用于動(dòng)物；alive、living不僅可作定語(yǔ)（alive只能置于名詞后；living一般置于名詞前，也可置于名詞后），也可以作表語(yǔ)。
如：
This is a live(=living) fish.(=This is a fish alive.)
這是一條活魚(yú)。（指動(dòng)物，且作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，三者均可用）
Who"s the greatest man alive(=living man)?
誰(shuí)是當(dāng)今偉大的人物？（指人，不能用live）
The fish is still alive(=living)
那條魚(yú)還活著。（指動(dòng)物作表語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用live）。
⑶living主要指在某個(gè)時(shí)候是活著的，而alive指本來(lái)有死的可能，但仍活著的。而且，作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用alive；作比喻義（如“活像。。?！?、“活生生的”等）解時(shí)，要用living。
如：
The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不用living）
那位敵方軍官被活捉了。
We found the snake alive.(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不用living）
He is the living image of his father.(比喻義，不用alive）
他活象他父親。
⑷只有l(wèi)iving前加the方可表示“活著的人”，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，視作復(fù)數(shù)。
如：
The living are more important to us than the dead.
活著的人對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)比死去的人更重要。
語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之含義因有無(wú)冠詞而迥異的短語(yǔ)】
at play 在玩
at the play 在看戲
behind time 遲到
behind the times 落在時(shí)代后
by day 在白天
by the day 按日計(jì)算
by sea 乘船
by the sea 在海邊
in front of 在...(外面的)前面
in the front of 在...(內(nèi)部的前面)
in charge of 看護(hù),負(fù)責(zé)
in the charge of 由...看護(hù),由...負(fù)責(zé)
in secret 秘密地(作狀語(yǔ))
in the secret 知道內(nèi)情(作表語(yǔ))
in course of 在...過(guò)程中(作表語(yǔ)后置定語(yǔ))
in the course of 在...期間(作狀語(yǔ))
in red 穿著紅衣服
in the red 負(fù)債,赤字
of age 成年
of an age (歲數(shù))同年
on fire 著火
on the fire 在考慮中
on occasion 不時(shí)地;必要時(shí)
on the occasion 在那時(shí)
out of question 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)
out of the question 不可能
to death 十分
to the death 到后
five of us 我們中的五人(部分)
the five of us 我們五個(gè)人(全部)
a yellow and white cat 一只黃白相間的貓
a yellow and a white cat 一只黃貓和一只白貓
in a faimly way 象一家人一樣
in the family way 懷孕
die of cold 凍死
die of a cold 感冒而死
have words with 與...爭(zhēng)吵
have a word with 與...略談
keep house 管理家務(wù)
keep the house 守在家里
take rest 就寢
take a reat 休息一下
take place 發(fā)生
take the place of 代替
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之與-ly副詞同義的介詞短語(yǔ)】
in angry= angrily
in despair= desparingly
in admiration= admiringly
in common = commonly
in fact = acrually
in fear = fearfully
in fairness = fairly
in fun = funnily
in grief = grievously
in joke = jokingly
in line = lineally
in mercy = mercifully
in public = publicly
in silence =silently
in spite =spitefully
in sorrow =sorrily/sorrowfully
in surprise =surprisedly
with a smile =smilingly
with satisfaction = satisfactorily
with attention =attentively
with care =carefully
with courage =courageously
with difficult =difficultly
with emphasis = emphatically
with fascination =fascinatingly
with grace =gracefully
with joy = joyfully
with pride =proudly
with pleasure =pleasantly
with warmth =warmly
out of breath =breathlessly
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之用to do還是of doing作后置定語(yǔ)】
不同的名詞,對(duì)這兩種后置定語(yǔ)的選擇是有區(qū)別的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的兩種都可以.現(xiàn)分述如下:
⑴will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
瑪麗有獲得一等獎(jiǎng)的決心.
He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning)
他已作出了攜家去國(guó)外的決定.
⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game.
事實(shí)上,他們沒(méi)有希望贏得這場(chǎng)比賽.(不能說(shuō)for them to win)
He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child.
他將冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子.
⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短語(yǔ),又可用of doing短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost.
他們失去了出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì).
He has the right to do (of doing) that.
他有權(quán)那樣做.
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之用to do還是of doing作后置定語(yǔ)】
不同的名詞,對(duì)這兩種后置定語(yǔ)的選擇是有區(qū)別的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的兩種都可以.現(xiàn)分述如下:
⑴will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
瑪麗有獲得一等獎(jiǎng)的決心.
He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning)
他已作出了攜家去國(guó)外的決定.
⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game.
事實(shí)上,他們沒(méi)有希望贏得這場(chǎng)比賽.(不能說(shuō)for them to win)
He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child.
他將冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子.
⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短語(yǔ),又可用of doing短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost.
他們失去了出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì).
He has the right to do (of doing) that.
他有權(quán)那樣做.
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的重點(diǎn)是：
1．一些常見(jiàn)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)。
2．虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式，即用來(lái)表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬形式。
3．主從句表示不同的時(shí)間概念、事實(shí)或假設(shè)情況，從而交錯(cuò)成為復(fù)合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
4．含蓄條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。
上述四個(gè)要點(diǎn)往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識(shí)的題目，而在閱讀理解里，我們掌握上述四個(gè)重點(diǎn)對(duì)于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助，了解哪些觀(guān)點(diǎn)是作者假設(shè)的、虛擬的，哪些是真實(shí)的，這樣對(duì)于我們回答關(guān)于作者態(tài)度觀(guān)點(diǎn)題很有幫助。
下面我們將主要從上述四個(gè)方面來(lái)重點(diǎn)論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問(wèn)題。
一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型和句型
（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
A．用wish表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的愿望時(shí)，它所引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：過(guò)去式（be動(dòng)詞用were）。
B．用wish表示對(duì)將來(lái)的愿望時(shí)，它所引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：would, could, might+ 動(dòng)詞原形。
C．wish用于對(duì)過(guò)去的事實(shí)表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：had+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞或could, would + have +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2)had hoped引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中備用語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為would+動(dòng)詞原形，表示一種過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過(guò)去式表示當(dāng)時(shí)或?qū)?lái)的情況，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。例如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書(shū)還了。
（4）It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，即動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現(xiàn)在是我們?cè)摻Y(jié)束講座的時(shí)候了。
（5）as, 或者whether…or…謂語(yǔ)多用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
（6）由連接詞in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might, would)+動(dòng)詞原形，例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那個(gè)嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反， if it had not been for與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，兩個(gè)都相當(dāng)于but for：
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
(8) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于as if（though）引起的方式狀語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中，其動(dòng)詞形式與wish賓語(yǔ)從句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自?xún)?nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽(yáng)光一樣，常常流露出來(lái)。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著，就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起來(lái)好像要哭了。
(9)其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
二、特殊形式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式，即用來(lái)表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬形式，其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成往往是由should(可省略)+動(dòng)詞原形that從句。
A、 用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請(qǐng)求等動(dòng)詞后的that賓語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：
ask要求 advise建議 arrange安排 beg請(qǐng)求
command命令 decide決定 demand要求 desire渴望
determine決定 insist堅(jiān)持 intend打算 maintain堅(jiān)持主張
move建議，動(dòng)員 propose提議 object反對(duì) order命令
prefer建議 require 需要 request要求 resolve下決心
recommend推薦 suggest建議 stipulate約定，規(guī)定 urge強(qiáng)調(diào)，促進(jìn)
vote公認(rèn)，提議 decree頒布（法令） pray請(qǐng)求
注意：這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…來(lái)表達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒(méi)有什么差別。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（書(shū)面體）
She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口語(yǔ)）
She advised keeping the gate locked.(較隨便)
B、用于It is+形容詞或過(guò)去分詞+主語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)形容詞或分詞有：
advisable合理的 decided決定的 crucial關(guān)鍵的 appropriate恰當(dāng)?shù)?BR> determined決定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential緊要的，基本的
complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的
desirable合意的 better較好的，更好 insistent堅(jiān)持的 desired想要
asked請(qǐng)求 keen渴望的 incredible難以置信的 adamant堅(jiān)定不移的
natural自然的 insisted堅(jiān)持 necessary必要的 suggested建議
urgent緊迫的 ordered命令 shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的
possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一點(diǎn)） proposed提議
requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推薦 resolved決定的
probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遺憾
注意：這類(lèi)形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以for…to do…
來(lái)表達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒(méi)有什么差別。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
C．用于由表示建議、要求、命令、請(qǐng)示等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)名詞常見(jiàn)的有：
advice忠告 decision決定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望
insistence堅(jiān)持 motion提議 necessity必要性 order命令
preference偏愛(ài) proposal提議 pray懇求 recommendation推薦
request要求 requirement要求 resolution決心 suggestion勸告、忠告
例如：
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.這是他們的決議：要使得課外活動(dòng)成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.該提議要求把后一個(gè)發(fā)言的人的講話(huà)從記錄上除掉。
三、混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣
有時(shí)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)需要用混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在這種情況下，主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指代的時(shí)間不同，所以我們又可以錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，在這種虛擬情況，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活使用，在做這些題目時(shí)候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語(yǔ)：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。絕大多數(shù)情況下，從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這是我解題的關(guān)鍵。
If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.
A. haven’t watched B. didn’t watch
C. hadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched 答案選C。
Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣還有一種情況就是事實(shí)和虛擬假設(shè)的混合句，這樣的句子不僅僅是時(shí)間的不同，而重要是事實(shí)和假設(shè)的混合。
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
該句前半部分是假設(shè)虛擬，而后半部分是事實(shí)的陳述。
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
該句前半句用的是假設(shè)虛擬，后半句主句也用的是假設(shè)虛擬（如果你去并且解釋的話(huà)），但是后半句的從句用的是事實(shí)語(yǔ)氣，因?yàn)椤案改覆×恕笔强陀^(guān)事實(shí)，故不需要用虛擬形式had been。
四、含蓄虛擬條件句
含蓄條件句是指句中沒(méi)有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來(lái)暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類(lèi)隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導(dǎo)的條件句。常來(lái)表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有：
（1）介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。
the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案選B。
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)連詞，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。
She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用should+動(dòng)詞原形，但可以不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而用動(dòng)詞的陳述語(yǔ)氣形式。)例如：
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 這位外籍教師說(shuō)得很慢以免我們聽(tīng)不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法時(shí)要小心謹(jǐn)慎，以免會(huì)發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象。
（3）通過(guò)上下文及內(nèi)在含義，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等類(lèi)似轉(zhuǎn)折詞。
I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep選擇 B。
(4)形容詞及其比較級(jí)
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.
A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.
(5)分詞短語(yǔ)
Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.
Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.
(6)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虛擬。
I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.
To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.
She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.
It would be easier to do it this way.
(7)名詞短語(yǔ)和名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.
A diligent student would have worked harder.
(8)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
All things considered, the price would be reasonable.
(9)定語(yǔ)從句
Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.
(10）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(11)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬
動(dòng)詞原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一種虛擬，常見(jiàn)于正式文體中，動(dòng)詞原形一般用在條件從句中，有時(shí)倒裝置于句首，同時(shí)這種用法也常見(jiàn)于獨(dú)立句中表達(dá)愿望。
God bless you!
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).
If that be so, we shall take action at once.
強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練：虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.
A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be
2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.
A. should call B. should not have been able
C. were not able D. are not able
4. If you asked your father you permission.
A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get
5. today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
6. ______I you, I would go with him to the party.
A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were
7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost
8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted
10. he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadn’t contacted
13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years.
A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won
14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.
A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been
15. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
16. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his
insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed
C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed
17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______
fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. was
18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended
19. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d there by now.
A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ________round the earth.
A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
21. I wish that I ______ with you last night.
A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone
22. I wish I with her.
A. would be B. am C. was D. were
23. I wish that I the concert last night.
A. could B. have attended C. could have attended D. attended
24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I to it.
A. had not gone B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have gone
25. “I wish you me to put these things away,” he said.
A. will help B. help C. are helping D. would help
26. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.
A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling
27. I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me
28. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .
A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened
C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself
29. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.
A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the
C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his
30. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______a Chinese.
A. were B. had been C. is D. has been
31. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success.
A. had been B. has been C. were D. was
32. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.
A. has been B. was C. is D. had been
33. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.
A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift
34. He described the town as if he it himself.
A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees
35. At that thought he shook himself, as though he from an evil dream.
A. woke B. wakes C. would wake D. had woke
36. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims until
they investigate the situation.
A. do B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t do
37. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.
A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
38. It is important that the TOEFL office your registration.
A. will confirm B. confirm C. confirms D. must confirm
39. Without electronic computers, much of today’s advanced technology .
A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achieved
C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved
40. He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it .
A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have
41. It is time that the government measures to protect the rare birds and animals.
A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking
42. Some people are too particular about school records, insisting that every applicant ______all diplomas from elementary school to university.
A. has B. will have C. should have D. must have
43. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.
A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come
44. I must say he reads very well, and I shouldn’t be surprised if he acting for a living one day.
A. had taken up B. takes up C. have taken up D. would have taken up
45. If I had seen the movie, I you all about it now.
A. would tell B. will tell C. have told D. would have told
46. I hadn’t expected Henry to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him t call me up B. him calling me up
C. that he would call me up D. that he will call me
47. I had hoped that John ______a year in Africa, but he stayed there only for three months.
A. spends B. spent C. would spend D. will spend
48. I had hoped that Jennifer a doctor, but she wasn’t good enough at science.
A. will become B. became C. would become D. becomes
49. I’d rather you anything about it for the time being.
A. do B. didn’t do C. don’t D. didn’t
50. I’d just as soon_______ rudely to her.
A. that you won’t speak B. you not speaking
C. you not speak D. you didn’t speak
51. It’s high time they this road.
A. mend B. mended C. must have mended D. will mend
52. It’s about time people______ notice of what women did during the war.
A. take B. took C. have taken D. will take
53. Everybody has arrived. It’s time we the class.
A. shall start B. would start C. had started D. start
54. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
55. Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
A. has received B. ought to have received
C. couldn’t have received D. shouldn’t have received
56. John did not feel well yesterday; otherwise he _______to see his classmates off.
A. came B. would come C. would have come D. should be coming
57. He’s working hard for fear that he .
A. should fall behind B. fell behind C. may fall behind D. would fall behind
58. Without the dreams of the youth, this invention might for a century.
A. have been postponed B. has been postponed
C. postpone D. be postponed
59. In the past men generally preferred that their wives______ in the home.
A. worked B. would work C. work D. were working
60. For a child to give up his less mature idea for a more mature one, it requires that the child
psychologically ready for the new idea.
A. is B. were C. be D. would be
61. Tom’s father, as well as his mother, in New York for a few days more.
A. ask him to stay B. ask he to stay C. asks he stays D. asks he stay
62. Your advice that______ till next week is reasonable.
A. she waits B. she wait C. wait she D. she waited
63. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
64. It was essential that we lease before the end of the month.
A. sing B. singed C. had signed D. were signing
65. It is appropriate that some time ______thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission.
A. devotes to B. devoted to C. is devoted to D. be devoted to
定語(yǔ)從句一般緊接被它所修飾的先行詞；但有時(shí)候它和先行詞之間有可能插入其他成分，使它與先行詞分隔開(kāi)來(lái)，這種定語(yǔ)從句叫作被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句，在閱讀文章時(shí)會(huì)經(jīng)常遇到這種情況，在閱讀是要注意識(shí)別先行詞的修飾對(duì)象。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，定語(yǔ)從句被分割開(kāi)來(lái)大致有以下三種：
①在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間插入一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)。
如：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
在太空中有成千上萬(wàn)的象太陽(yáng)般的星星。
乍一看，that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在名詞sky的后面，似乎應(yīng)該是修飾sky的。但仔細(xì)一想，”不對(duì)啊，天空怎么能象太陽(yáng)呢？“，原來(lái)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句被in the sky這個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)分隔開(kāi)來(lái)，修飾中心詞stars。
②在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間插入一個(gè)定語(yǔ)。
如：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
你還記得嗎，十年前的一天下午，我來(lái)到你家，找你借了一條鉆石項(xiàng)鏈？
when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace實(shí)際上是修飾afternoon而不是修飾 years。ten years ago 實(shí)際上是定語(yǔ)后置修飾afternoon。
③先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句被謂語(yǔ)分隔開(kāi)來(lái)。此時(shí)，先行詞通常是句子的主語(yǔ)，因定語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)，主句謂語(yǔ)較短，為使句子平衡，常將定語(yǔ)從句移至謂語(yǔ)之后
如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
明天，新（男）老師將來(lái)較你德語(yǔ)。
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from的區(qū)別】
（１） besides與except
前者表示＂除．．．以外，還有．．．＂；后者表示＂從整體中除去．．．＂
這個(gè)大家都知道，就不舉例子了．
（２）except與except for
a．除去的和非除去的是同類(lèi)事物，用except
eg：
All the essays are well written except Nelson"s.
Nelson的文章（除去的）和All the essays（非除去的）是同類(lèi)事物，所以用except．
b．除去的和非除去的不是同類(lèi)事物，用except for，并且從語(yǔ)氣上通常表示遺憾．
eg：His essay is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.
a few spelling mistakes(除去的）和His essay（非除去的）是不同類(lèi)的事物．
（３）apart from 具有多重意義：既可表示besides，也可以表示exept或exept for，還可以表示without的意思
eg：
Apart from the cost,it will take a lot of time.(=besides)
The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.(=except)
He has done good work,apart from a few slight faults.(=except for)
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.實(shí)踐出真知．（＝without）
（４）excepting =except,但一般用于句首或用于not，without，always等詞之后
eg:
Excepting his brother,they are all right.
Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame.
All of us,without excepting those who know more about the subject,should study.
All my brothers com here every day,always excepting the youngest.
（５）but與except同義，但but多用在every，any，no等和由這些詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞如everything，anywhere，nobody等詞以后及all，none之后
eg：
The children go to school everyday but Sunday.
They are all gone but me.
You can get the book anywhere but here.
There is no one but me.
Who but George would do such a thing?
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)之too...to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義的情況】（連載中）
【too...to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義的情況】
我們知道too...to結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示否定含義,意為"太...以致于不能"
eg:He is too old to work.
但too...to在下列情況下卻表示肯定含義:
⑴當(dāng)too前或to前有否定詞構(gòu)成雙重否定時(shí).
eg:English is not too difficult to learn.
英語(yǔ)并不太難學(xué).
He is too wise not to see that.
他很聰明,不會(huì)不懂這一點(diǎn).
⑵當(dāng)too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,
early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容詞或副詞時(shí).
eg:They are too anxious to leave.
他們急于離開(kāi).
He is too ready to help others.
他總是樂(lè)于助人.
與這些詞連用時(shí),too前還常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副詞,意思不變,因?yàn)檫@些詞加上too后與very同義.
eg:I"m only too glad to see you .
見(jiàn)到你非常高興.
They are but too pleased to hear the news.
他們聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,非常高興.
⑶與cannot連用時(shí).
eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework.
你做作業(yè)越仔細(xì)越好(=無(wú)論怎樣仔細(xì)也不過(guò)分).
⑷當(dāng)不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)或真正的主語(yǔ)時(shí).
eg:There are too many problems to be solved.
有很多問(wèn)題有待解決.
It is too much to say that he is a fool.
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】
⑴"every other+單數(shù)名詞”
意思是“每隔一。。?！?BR> 如：every other day 每隔一天 every other tree 每隔一棵樹(shù)
⑵“every+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”或“every+序數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞”
意思是“每隔。。?！保ㄝ^英語(yǔ)數(shù)詞少一個(gè)）
如：every three days=every third day 每隔兩天（或者譯為每三天）
因此every two days=every other day 每隔一天（或者譯為每?jī)商欤?BR> ⑶“every few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”
意思是“每隔幾。。?！?BR> 如：every few days（每隔幾天）
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之a(chǎn)live、live、living和lively的用法】
⑴ lively 有“活潑的、快活的、生動(dòng)的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定語(yǔ)或標(biāo)語(yǔ)；但它沒(méi)有“活著的”意思，而其他三個(gè)都有。
如：
Young children are usually lively.
小孩子們通常是活潑的。
He told a very lively story.
他講了一個(gè)生動(dòng)的故事。
⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，與dead意義相反。但live通常只作前置定語(yǔ)，且一般用于動(dòng)物；alive、living不僅可作定語(yǔ)（alive只能置于名詞后；living一般置于名詞前，也可置于名詞后），也可以作表語(yǔ)。
如：
This is a live(=living) fish.(=This is a fish alive.)
這是一條活魚(yú)。（指動(dòng)物，且作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，三者均可用）
Who"s the greatest man alive(=living man)?
誰(shuí)是當(dāng)今偉大的人物？（指人，不能用live）
The fish is still alive(=living)
那條魚(yú)還活著。（指動(dòng)物作表語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用live）。
⑶living主要指在某個(gè)時(shí)候是活著的，而alive指本來(lái)有死的可能，但仍活著的。而且，作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用alive；作比喻義（如“活像。。?！?、“活生生的”等）解時(shí)，要用living。
如：
The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不用living）
那位敵方軍官被活捉了。
We found the snake alive.(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，不用living）
He is the living image of his father.(比喻義，不用alive）
他活象他父親。
⑷只有l(wèi)iving前加the方可表示“活著的人”，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，視作復(fù)數(shù)。
如：
The living are more important to us than the dead.
活著的人對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)比死去的人更重要。
語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之含義因有無(wú)冠詞而迥異的短語(yǔ)】
at play 在玩
at the play 在看戲
behind time 遲到
behind the times 落在時(shí)代后
by day 在白天
by the day 按日計(jì)算
by sea 乘船
by the sea 在海邊
in front of 在...(外面的)前面
in the front of 在...(內(nèi)部的前面)
in charge of 看護(hù),負(fù)責(zé)
in the charge of 由...看護(hù),由...負(fù)責(zé)
in secret 秘密地(作狀語(yǔ))
in the secret 知道內(nèi)情(作表語(yǔ))
in course of 在...過(guò)程中(作表語(yǔ)后置定語(yǔ))
in the course of 在...期間(作狀語(yǔ))
in red 穿著紅衣服
in the red 負(fù)債,赤字
of age 成年
of an age (歲數(shù))同年
on fire 著火
on the fire 在考慮中
on occasion 不時(shí)地;必要時(shí)
on the occasion 在那時(shí)
out of question 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)
out of the question 不可能
to death 十分
to the death 到后
five of us 我們中的五人(部分)
the five of us 我們五個(gè)人(全部)
a yellow and white cat 一只黃白相間的貓
a yellow and a white cat 一只黃貓和一只白貓
in a faimly way 象一家人一樣
in the family way 懷孕
die of cold 凍死
die of a cold 感冒而死
have words with 與...爭(zhēng)吵
have a word with 與...略談
keep house 管理家務(wù)
keep the house 守在家里
take rest 就寢
take a reat 休息一下
take place 發(fā)生
take the place of 代替
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之與-ly副詞同義的介詞短語(yǔ)】
in angry= angrily
in despair= desparingly
in admiration= admiringly
in common = commonly
in fact = acrually
in fear = fearfully
in fairness = fairly
in fun = funnily
in grief = grievously
in joke = jokingly
in line = lineally
in mercy = mercifully
in public = publicly
in silence =silently
in spite =spitefully
in sorrow =sorrily/sorrowfully
in surprise =surprisedly
with a smile =smilingly
with satisfaction = satisfactorily
with attention =attentively
with care =carefully
with courage =courageously
with difficult =difficultly
with emphasis = emphatically
with fascination =fascinatingly
with grace =gracefully
with joy = joyfully
with pride =proudly
with pleasure =pleasantly
with warmth =warmly
out of breath =breathlessly
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之用to do還是of doing作后置定語(yǔ)】
不同的名詞,對(duì)這兩種后置定語(yǔ)的選擇是有區(qū)別的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的兩種都可以.現(xiàn)分述如下:
⑴will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
瑪麗有獲得一等獎(jiǎng)的決心.
He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning)
他已作出了攜家去國(guó)外的決定.
⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game.
事實(shí)上,他們沒(méi)有希望贏得這場(chǎng)比賽.(不能說(shuō)for them to win)
He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child.
他將冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子.
⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短語(yǔ),又可用of doing短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost.
他們失去了出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì).
He has the right to do (of doing) that.
他有權(quán)那樣做.
【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之用to do還是of doing作后置定語(yǔ)】
不同的名詞,對(duì)這兩種后置定語(yǔ)的選擇是有區(qū)別的,有的只能用to do,有的只可用of doing,有的兩種都可以.現(xiàn)分述如下:
⑴will, willingness, suggestion, conclusion, decision, permission, agreement, refusal, determination, proposal, resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Mary has the will to win the first prize.(不用of winning)
瑪麗有獲得一等獎(jiǎng)的決心.
He has drawn a conclusion to go abroad with his family.(不用of winning)
他已作出了攜家去國(guó)外的決定.
⑵hope, risk, possibility, impossibility, probability, intention, prospect, responsiblility, aim等,一般只能用of doing作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
In fact,tere is no hope of their winning the game.
事實(shí)上,他們沒(méi)有希望贏得這場(chǎng)比賽.(不能說(shuō)for them to win)
He will run the risk of losing his life to save the child.
他將冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子.
⑶way, chance, need, necessity, right, freedom, power, opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短語(yǔ),又可用of doing短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ).
如:
Their chance to go(of ging) abroad was lost.
他們失去了出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì).
He has the right to do (of doing) that.
他有權(quán)那樣做.
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的重點(diǎn)是：
1．一些常見(jiàn)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)。
2．虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式，即用來(lái)表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬形式。
3．主從句表示不同的時(shí)間概念、事實(shí)或假設(shè)情況，從而交錯(cuò)成為復(fù)合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
4．含蓄條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。
上述四個(gè)要點(diǎn)往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識(shí)的題目，而在閱讀理解里，我們掌握上述四個(gè)重點(diǎn)對(duì)于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助，了解哪些觀(guān)點(diǎn)是作者假設(shè)的、虛擬的，哪些是真實(shí)的，這樣對(duì)于我們回答關(guān)于作者態(tài)度觀(guān)點(diǎn)題很有幫助。
下面我們將主要從上述四個(gè)方面來(lái)重點(diǎn)論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問(wèn)題。
一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型和句型
（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
A．用wish表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的愿望時(shí)，它所引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：過(guò)去式（be動(dòng)詞用were）。
B．用wish表示對(duì)將來(lái)的愿望時(shí)，它所引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：would, could, might+ 動(dòng)詞原形。
C．wish用于對(duì)過(guò)去的事實(shí)表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：had+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞或could, would + have +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2)had hoped引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中備用語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為would+動(dòng)詞原形，表示一種過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過(guò)去式表示當(dāng)時(shí)或?qū)?lái)的情況，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。例如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書(shū)還了。
（4）It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，即動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現(xiàn)在是我們?cè)摻Y(jié)束講座的時(shí)候了。
（5）as, 或者whether…or…謂語(yǔ)多用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
（6）由連接詞in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might, would)+動(dòng)詞原形，例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那個(gè)嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反， if it had not been for與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，兩個(gè)都相當(dāng)于but for：
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
(8) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于as if（though）引起的方式狀語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中，其動(dòng)詞形式與wish賓語(yǔ)從句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自?xún)?nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽(yáng)光一樣，常常流露出來(lái)。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著，就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起來(lái)好像要哭了。
(9)其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
二、特殊形式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式，即用來(lái)表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬形式，其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成往往是由should(可省略)+動(dòng)詞原形that從句。
A、 用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請(qǐng)求等動(dòng)詞后的that賓語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：
ask要求 advise建議 arrange安排 beg請(qǐng)求
command命令 decide決定 demand要求 desire渴望
determine決定 insist堅(jiān)持 intend打算 maintain堅(jiān)持主張
move建議，動(dòng)員 propose提議 object反對(duì) order命令
prefer建議 require 需要 request要求 resolve下決心
recommend推薦 suggest建議 stipulate約定，規(guī)定 urge強(qiáng)調(diào)，促進(jìn)
vote公認(rèn)，提議 decree頒布（法令） pray請(qǐng)求
注意：這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…來(lái)表達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒(méi)有什么差別。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（書(shū)面體）
She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口語(yǔ)）
She advised keeping the gate locked.(較隨便)
B、用于It is+形容詞或過(guò)去分詞+主語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)形容詞或分詞有：
advisable合理的 decided決定的 crucial關(guān)鍵的 appropriate恰當(dāng)?shù)?BR> determined決定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential緊要的，基本的
complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的
desirable合意的 better較好的，更好 insistent堅(jiān)持的 desired想要
asked請(qǐng)求 keen渴望的 incredible難以置信的 adamant堅(jiān)定不移的
natural自然的 insisted堅(jiān)持 necessary必要的 suggested建議
urgent緊迫的 ordered命令 shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的
possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一點(diǎn)） proposed提議
requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推薦 resolved決定的
probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遺憾
注意：這類(lèi)形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以for…to do…
來(lái)表達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒(méi)有什么差別。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
C．用于由表示建議、要求、命令、請(qǐng)示等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)名詞常見(jiàn)的有：
advice忠告 decision決定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望
insistence堅(jiān)持 motion提議 necessity必要性 order命令
preference偏愛(ài) proposal提議 pray懇求 recommendation推薦
request要求 requirement要求 resolution決心 suggestion勸告、忠告
例如：
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.這是他們的決議：要使得課外活動(dòng)成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.該提議要求把后一個(gè)發(fā)言的人的講話(huà)從記錄上除掉。
三、混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣
有時(shí)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)需要用混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在這種情況下，主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指代的時(shí)間不同，所以我們又可以錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，在這種虛擬情況，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活使用，在做這些題目時(shí)候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語(yǔ)：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。絕大多數(shù)情況下，從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這是我解題的關(guān)鍵。
If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.
A. haven’t watched B. didn’t watch
C. hadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched 答案選C。
Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣還有一種情況就是事實(shí)和虛擬假設(shè)的混合句，這樣的句子不僅僅是時(shí)間的不同，而重要是事實(shí)和假設(shè)的混合。
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
該句前半部分是假設(shè)虛擬，而后半部分是事實(shí)的陳述。
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
該句前半句用的是假設(shè)虛擬，后半句主句也用的是假設(shè)虛擬（如果你去并且解釋的話(huà)），但是后半句的從句用的是事實(shí)語(yǔ)氣，因?yàn)椤案改覆×恕笔强陀^(guān)事實(shí)，故不需要用虛擬形式had been。
四、含蓄虛擬條件句
含蓄條件句是指句中沒(méi)有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來(lái)暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類(lèi)隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導(dǎo)的條件句。常來(lái)表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有：
（1）介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。
the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案選B。
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)連詞，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。
She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用should+動(dòng)詞原形，但可以不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而用動(dòng)詞的陳述語(yǔ)氣形式。)例如：
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 這位外籍教師說(shuō)得很慢以免我們聽(tīng)不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法時(shí)要小心謹(jǐn)慎，以免會(huì)發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象。
（3）通過(guò)上下文及內(nèi)在含義，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等類(lèi)似轉(zhuǎn)折詞。
I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep選擇 B。
(4)形容詞及其比較級(jí)
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.
A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.
(5)分詞短語(yǔ)
Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.
Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.
(6)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虛擬。
I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.
To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.
She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.
It would be easier to do it this way.
(7)名詞短語(yǔ)和名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.
A diligent student would have worked harder.
(8)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
All things considered, the price would be reasonable.
(9)定語(yǔ)從句
Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.
(10）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(11)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬
動(dòng)詞原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一種虛擬，常見(jiàn)于正式文體中，動(dòng)詞原形一般用在條件從句中，有時(shí)倒裝置于句首，同時(shí)這種用法也常見(jiàn)于獨(dú)立句中表達(dá)愿望。
God bless you!
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).
If that be so, we shall take action at once.
強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練：虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1．Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.
A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be
2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.
A. should call B. should not have been able
C. were not able D. are not able
4. If you asked your father you permission.
A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get
5. today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
6. ______I you, I would go with him to the party.
A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were
7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost
8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted
10. he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadn’t contacted
13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years.
A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won
14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.
A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been
15. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
16. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his
insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed
C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed
17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______
fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. was
18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended
19. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d there by now.
A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ________round the earth.
A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
21. I wish that I ______ with you last night.
A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone
22. I wish I with her.
A. would be B. am C. was D. were
23. I wish that I the concert last night.
A. could B. have attended C. could have attended D. attended
24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I to it.
A. had not gone B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have gone
25. “I wish you me to put these things away,” he said.
A. will help B. help C. are helping D. would help
26. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.
A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling
27. I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me
28. George would certainly have attended the proceedings .
A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened
C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself
29. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.
A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the
C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his
30. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______a Chinese.
A. were B. had been C. is D. has been
31. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success.
A. had been B. has been C. were D. was
32. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.
A. has been B. was C. is D. had been
33. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.
A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift
34. He described the town as if he it himself.
A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees
35. At that thought he shook himself, as though he from an evil dream.
A. woke B. wakes C. would wake D. had woke
36. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claims until
they investigate the situation.
A. do B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t do
37. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.
A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
38. It is important that the TOEFL office your registration.
A. will confirm B. confirm C. confirms D. must confirm
39. Without electronic computers, much of today’s advanced technology .
A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achieved
C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved
40. He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it .
A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have
41. It is time that the government measures to protect the rare birds and animals.
A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking
42. Some people are too particular about school records, insisting that every applicant ______all diplomas from elementary school to university.
A. has B. will have C. should have D. must have
43. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.
A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come
44. I must say he reads very well, and I shouldn’t be surprised if he acting for a living one day.
A. had taken up B. takes up C. have taken up D. would have taken up
45. If I had seen the movie, I you all about it now.
A. would tell B. will tell C. have told D. would have told
46. I hadn’t expected Henry to apologize but I had hoped .
A. him t call me up B. him calling me up
C. that he would call me up D. that he will call me
47. I had hoped that John ______a year in Africa, but he stayed there only for three months.
A. spends B. spent C. would spend D. will spend
48. I had hoped that Jennifer a doctor, but she wasn’t good enough at science.
A. will become B. became C. would become D. becomes
49. I’d rather you anything about it for the time being.
A. do B. didn’t do C. don’t D. didn’t
50. I’d just as soon_______ rudely to her.
A. that you won’t speak B. you not speaking
C. you not speak D. you didn’t speak
51. It’s high time they this road.
A. mend B. mended C. must have mended D. will mend
52. It’s about time people______ notice of what women did during the war.
A. take B. took C. have taken D. will take
53. Everybody has arrived. It’s time we the class.
A. shall start B. would start C. had started D. start
54. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
55. Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
A. has received B. ought to have received
C. couldn’t have received D. shouldn’t have received
56. John did not feel well yesterday; otherwise he _______to see his classmates off.
A. came B. would come C. would have come D. should be coming
57. He’s working hard for fear that he .
A. should fall behind B. fell behind C. may fall behind D. would fall behind
58. Without the dreams of the youth, this invention might for a century.
A. have been postponed B. has been postponed
C. postpone D. be postponed
59. In the past men generally preferred that their wives______ in the home.
A. worked B. would work C. work D. were working
60. For a child to give up his less mature idea for a more mature one, it requires that the child
psychologically ready for the new idea.
A. is B. were C. be D. would be
61. Tom’s father, as well as his mother, in New York for a few days more.
A. ask him to stay B. ask he to stay C. asks he stays D. asks he stay
62. Your advice that______ till next week is reasonable.
A. she waits B. she wait C. wait she D. she waited
63. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
64. It was essential that we lease before the end of the month.
A. sing B. singed C. had signed D. were signing
65. It is appropriate that some time ______thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission.
A. devotes to B. devoted to C. is devoted to D. be devoted to